Psychosocial aspects of pregnancy: The scope for intervention

References

• Adelstein , A. M. , Macdonald Davies , I. M. and Weatherall , J. C. 1980 . ‘Perinatal and infant mortality: social and biological factors 1975–77’ , 23 27 32 36 41 London : OPCS, HMSO . Studies on Medical and Population Subjects No. 4
   Google Scholar
• Antonov , A. N. 1947 . ‘Children born during the siege of Leningrad in 1942’ . Journal of Pediatrics , 30 : 250 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett , Frederick Sir . 1932 . Remembering: A Study of Experimental and Social Psychology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beard , R. W. and Sharp , F. , eds. . Preterm Labour and its Consequences. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Study Group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . Manchester, , England : Richard Bates .
   Google Scholar
• Bontekoe , E. H. M. 1978 . ‘The influence of sex steroid hormones on the uterine response to epinephrine and to stress in the laboratory rabbit’ . Sonderdruck aus Zf Saugetierkunde Bd , 43 : 357 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Bontekoe , E. H. M. , Blacquiere , J. F. , Naaktgeboren , C. , Dieleman , S. J. and Willems , P. P. M. 1977 . ‘Influence of environmental disturbances on uterine motility during pregnancy and parturition in rabbit and sheep’ . Behavioural Processes , 2 : 41 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. W. and Harris , T. 1978 . Social Origins of Depression , London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. E. , Jacobson , H. N. , Askue , L. H. and Peick . 1981 . ‘Influences of pregnancy weight gain on the size of infants born to underweight women’ . Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 57 : 13 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buchan , P. C. 1983 . ‘Cigarette smoking in pregnancy and fetal hyperviscocity’ . British Medical Journal , 286 : 1315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chamberlain , R. , Chamberlain , G. , Howlett , B. and Claireaux , A. 1975 . British Births 1970 Vol. 1. The First Week of Life , 21 London : Heinemann Medical Books .
   Google Scholar
• Clarren , S. K. 1981 . ‘Recognition of fetal alcohol syndrome’ . Journal of American Medical Association , 245 : 2436 – 2439 .
   Google Scholar
• Copher , E. D. and Huber , C. P. 1967 . ‘Heart rate response of the human fetus in induced maternal hypoxia’ . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 98 : 320 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Crandon , A. J. 1978 . ‘Maternal anxiety and obstetric complications’ . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 23 : 109 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Davids , A. and Devault , S. 1962 . ‘Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and childbirth abnormalities’ . Psychosomatic Medicine , 24 ( 5 ) : 464 – 470 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , J. M. , Latto , I. P. , Jones , J. G. , Veale , A. and Wardrop , C. A. J. 1979 . ‘Effects of stopping smoking for 48 hours on oxygen availability from the blood: a study on pregnant women’ . British Medical Journal , 2 : 355 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• D'Sousa , S. W. , Black , P. and Richards , B. 1981 . ‘Smoking in pregnancy: associations with skinfold thickness, maternal weight gain and fetal size at birth’ . British Medical Journal , 282 : 1661 – 1663 .
   Google Scholar
• Ebbs , J. H. , Tisdall , F. F. and Scott , W. A. 1941 . ‘The influences of the prenatal diet on the mother and child’ . Journal of Nutrition , 22 : 515 – 526 .
   Google Scholar
• Engstrom , L. , Geijerstam , G. A. F. , Holmberg , N. G. and Uhrus , K. 1964 . ‘A prospective study of the relationship between psychosocial factors and course of pregnancy and delivery’ . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 8 : 151 – 155 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fedrick , J. and Adelstein , P. 1973 . ‘Influence of pregnancy spacing on outcome of pregnancy’ . British Medical Journal , 4 : 753 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes , J. F. , Boddy , F. A. , Pickering , R. and Wylie , M. M. 1982 . ‘Perinatal mortality in Scotland: 1970–9’ . Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health , 36 : 282 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , H. A. 1979 . ‘The effects of catecholamines and drug treatment on the fetus and newborn’ . Birth and the Family Journal , 6 ( 3 ) : 157 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Gorsuch , R. L. and Key , M. K. 1974 . ‘Abnormalities of pregnancy as a function of anxiety and life stress’ . Psychosomatic Medicine , 36 ( 4 ) : 352 – 362 .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , H. 1976 . ‘Smoking in pregnancy: the attitudes of expectant mothers’ . Social Science and Medicine , 10 : 399 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiss , F. C. and Gobble , F. L. Jr. 1967 . ‘Effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on the uterine vascular bed’ . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 97 : 962 – 967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieve , J. F. K. , Campbell-Brown , M. and Johnstone , F. D. 1979 . “ ‘Dieting in pregnancy: a study of the effect of high protein low carbohydrate diet on birth weight in an obstetric population’ ” . In Carbohydrate Metabolism during Pregnancy and the Newborn , Edited by: Sutherland , M. W. and Stowers , J. M. 518 – 533 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Habicht , J. P. , Lechtig , A. , Yarbrough , C. and Klein , R. E. 1974 . “ ‘Maternal nutrition, birthweight and infant mortality’ ” . In Size at Birth, Ciba Foundation 27 (new series) , Edited by: Elliott , K. and Knight , J. 353 – 377 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , M. and Chng , P. K. 1982 . “ ‘Antenatal care in practice’ ” . In Effectiveness and Satisfaction in Antenatal Care , Edited by: Erskin , M. and Chalmers , I. Levenham : Spastic International Medical Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , M. , Chng , P. K. and Macgillivray , I. 1980 . ‘Is routine antenatal care worthwhile?’ . Lancet , ii : 78 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Helper , M. M. , Cohen , R. L. , Beitenman , E. T. and Eaton , L. F. 1968 . ‘Life events and acceptance of pregnancy’ . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 12 : 183 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illsley , R. 1980 . Professional or Public Health? , London : Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust .
   Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. 1979 . ‘A strategy for studying differential vulnerability to the psychological consequences of stress’ . Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 20 : 100 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaus , M. H. , Kennell , J. H. , Robertson , S. S. and Sosa , R. 1986 . ‘Effects of social support during parturition on maternal and infant morbidity’ . British Medical Journal , 293 : 585 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotelchuck , M. , Schwartz , J. B. , Anderka , M. T. and Finison , K. S. 1984 . ‘WIC participation and pregnancy outcomes: Massachusetts statewide evaluation project’ . American Journal of Public Health , 74 : 1086 – 1092 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar , P. , Gueguen , S. , Dreyfus , J. , Renaud , R. , Pontonnier , C. and Papiernik , E. 1984 . ‘Multicentred controlled trial of cervical cerclage in women at moderate risk of preterm delivery’ . British Medical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 91 : 731 – 735 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lederman , R. P. , Lederman , E. , Work , B. A. and McCann , D. S. 1978 . ‘The relationship of maternal anxiety, plasma catecholamines and plasma cortisol to progress in labour’ . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 132 : 495 – 500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederman , R. P. , McCann , D. S. , Work , B. and Huber , M. J. 1977 . ‘Endogenous plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine in the last trimester pregnancy and labor’ . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 129 : 5 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson , G. and Schnider , S. M. 1979 . ‘Catecholamines: the effects of maternal fear and its treatment on uterine function and circulation’ . Birth and the Family Journal , 6 : 167 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , E. 1982 . ‘Attendance for antenatal care’ . British Medical Journal , 284 : 788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little , R. W. 1977 . ‘Moderate alcohol use during pregnancy and decreased infant birthweight’ . American Journal of Public Health , 67 : 1154 – 1156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke , B. , Dickinson , C. and Petrie , R. H. 1981 . ‘Intrauterine growth: correlations and maternal nutritional status and rate of gestational weight gain’ . European Journal of Obstetrics , 123 : 113 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• McCormick , M. C. 1985 . ‘The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity’ . New England Journal of Medicine’ , 312 : 82 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , R. , Gynther , M. D. and Christakos , A. C. 1963 . ‘Relations between maternal anxiety and obstetric complications’ . Psychosomatic Medicine , 25 : 357 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon , B. , Trichopoulas , D. , Cole , P. and Brown , J. 1982 . ‘Cigarette smoking and urinary estrogens’ . New England Journal of Medicine , 307 : 1062 – 1065 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamelle , N. , Munoz , F. and Collin , D. 1981 . ‘Fatigue professionelle et prématurité’ . Archives Françaises des Maladies Professionelles , 42 : 205 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Morishima , H. O. , Pedersen , H. and Finster , M. 1978 . ‘The influence of maternal psychological stress on the fetus’ . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 131 : 286 – 290 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris , J. 1979 . ‘Social inequalities undiminished’ . Lancet , i : 87
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , J. F. , Dauncey , M. , Newcombe , R. , Garcia , J. and Elbourne , D. 1984 . ‘Employment in pregnancy: prevalence, maternal characteristics, perinatal outcome’ . Lancet , i : 1163 – 1166 .
   Google Scholar
• Myers , R. E. and Myers , S. E. 1979 . ‘Use of sedative analgesic and anaesthetic drugs during labor and delivery: bane or boon?’ . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 133 ( 1 ) : 83 – 104 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naeye , R. L. 1979 . ‘Weight gain and the outcome of pregnancy’ . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 135 : 3 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeye , R. L. , Blanc , W. and Paul , C. 1973 . ‘Effects of maternal nutrition on the human fetus’ . Pediatrics , 52 : 494
   Google Scholar
• Newton , R. W. 1982 . ‘Psychosocial stress and its relation to adverse pregnancy outcome’ Thesis submitted to the Board of the Faculty of Medicine for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the University of London
   Google Scholar
• Newton , R. W. . ‘The influence of psychosocial stress on low birth weight and preterm labour’ . Proceedings of the Thirteenth Study Group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . Edited by: Beard , R. W. and Sharp , F. Manchester : Richard Bates .
   Google Scholar
• Newton , R. W. and Hunt , L. P. 1984 . ‘Psychosocial stress in pregnancy and its relation to low birth weight’ . British Medical Journal , 288 : 1191 – 1194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , R. W. , Webster , P. A. C. , Binu , P. S. , Maskrey , N. and Phillips , A. B. 1979 . ‘Psychosocial stress in pregnancy and its relation to the onset of premature labour’ . British Medical Journal , 2 : 411 – 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuckolls , K. B. , Cassel , J. and Kaplan , B. H. 1972 . ‘Psychosocial assets, life crisis and the prognosis of pregnancy’ . American Journal of Epidemiology , 95 : 431 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakley , A. , Macfarlane , A. and Chalmers , I. 1982 . “ ‘Social class, stress and reproduction’ ” . In Disease and the Environment , Edited by: Rees , A. A. and Purcell , H. Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Olds , D. L. , Henderson , C. R. , Tatelbaun , R. and Chamberlain , R. 1986a . ‘Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy. A randomised trial of nurse home visitation’ . Pediatrics , 77 : 16 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olds , D. L. , Henderson , C. R. , Tatelbaun , R. and Chamberlain , R. 1986b . ‘Preventing child abuse and neglect. A randomised trial of nurse home visitation’ . Pediatrics , 78 : 65 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ounsted , M. and Ounsted , K. 1978 . “ Latitude and sacrifice in care of the handicapped Child ” . In Clinics in Developmental Medicine 67 , Edited by: Apley , J. London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Papiernik , E. 1969 . ‘Coefficient de risque d'accouchement prématuré (CRAP)’ . La Presse Médicale , 77 ( 21 ) : 793 – 794 .
   Google Scholar
• Papiernik , E. 1982 . ‘Can preterm babies be prevented?’ . Lancet , i : 1412
   Google Scholar
• Papiernik , E. 1984 . ‘Prediction of the preterm baby’ . Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 11 : 315 – 336 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papiernik , E. , Bouyer , J. and Drefus , J. . ‘Risk factors for preterm births and results of a prevention policy. The Hagenau Perinatal Study 1971–1982’ . Preterm Labour and its Consequences, Proceedings of the Thirteenth Study Group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . Richard Bates, Manchester. Edited by: Beard , R. W. and Sharp , F.
   Google Scholar
• Papiernik , E. and Vial , M. 1979 . ‘Problems actuels de la prévention de la prématurité’ . Médicine et Hygiène , 37 : 1658 – 1665 .
   Google Scholar
• Polani , P. E. , Briggs , N. N. , Ford , C. E. , Clarke , C. M. and Bergs , J. M. 1960 . ‘A mongol girl with 46 chromosomes’ . Lancet , i : 721 – 724 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosett , H. L. , Weiner , L. , Lee , A. , Zuckerman , B. , Dooling , E. and Oppenheimer , E. 1983 . ‘Patterns of alcohol consumption and fetal development’ . Obstetrics and Gynecology , 61 : 539 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. H. , Krasilnikoft , P. A. , Leventhal , J. M. , Waite , B. and Berget , A. 1986 . ‘Effect of passive smoking on birthweight’ . Lancet , ii : 415 – 417 .
   Google Scholar
• Rumeau-Rouquette , C. , Beart , G. , Du Mazaubrun , C. and Crost , M. 1979 . Naitre en France. Enquetes Nationales sur la Grossesse et l'Accouchement 1972–1976 , Paris : Inserm .
   Google Scholar
• Rush , D. , Stein , Z. and Susser , M. 1980 . ‘A randomised controlled trial and prenatal nutritional supplementation in New York City’ . Pediatrics , 65 : 683 – 697 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush , D. , Stein , Z. and Susser , M. 1986 . ‘Diet in pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial of nutritional supplements. March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation’ , 163 – 200 . New York : Alan R. Hiss .
   Google Scholar
• Sexton , M. and Hebel , J. R. 1984 . ‘A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight’ . Journal of the American Medical Association , 251 : 911 – 915 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , W. J. 1957 . ‘A preliminary report on cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity’ . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 73 : 808 – 815 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , J. W. , Lawless , R. W. and Mitchell , A. C. 1975 . ‘Responsibility of obstetrician to the fetus, II. Influence of pre-pregnancy weight and pregnancy weight gain on birth weight’ . Obstetrics and Gynecology , 45 : 481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. 1947 . ‘The effect of wartime starvation in Holland upon pregnancy and its product’ . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 53 : 599 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokol , R. J. , Miller , S. I. and Reed , G. 1980 . ‘Alcohol abuse during pregnancy: and epidemiological study’ . Alcoholism , 4 : 135 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Sokol , R. J. , Woolf , R. B. , Rosen , M. G. and Weingarden , K. 1980 . ‘Risk, ante-partum care, and outcome. Imapct of a maternity and infant care project’ . Obsetrics and Gynecology , 56 : 150 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sontag , L. W. 1940 . ‘Effect of fetal activity on the nutritional state of the infant at birth’ . American Journal of the Diseases of the Child , 10 : 621 – 630 .
   Google Scholar
• Sontag , L. W. , Steele , W. G. and Lewis , M. 1969 . ‘The fetal and maternal cardiac response to environmental stress’ . Human Development , 12 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Spencer , B. 1982 . Family Workers in France 4 – 8 . Social work Service No. 30, Summer edition
   Google Scholar
• Spencer , B. , Morris , J. and Thomas , H. . The South Manchester Family Worker Scheme . Presented to the Fourth Annual Conference of the Society for Reproductive and Infant Psychology . September 1985 , Manchester, UK. And personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. and Lushere , R. E. 1970 . State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , Palo Alto, Calif : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spira , N. , Audras , F. , Chape , A. , Debuisson , E. , Jacquelin , J. , Kirchhoffer , C. , Lebrun , C. and Prudent , C. 1981 . ‘Surveillance à domicile des grossesses pathologiques par les sages-femmes’ . Journal Gynécologie, Obstétriques Biologie et Reproduction , 10 : 543 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stott , D. H. 1958 . ‘Some psychosomatic aspects of causality in reproduction’ . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 3 : 42 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streissguth , A. P. , Barr , H. A. , Martin , D. C. and Herman , C. S. 1980 . ‘Effects of maternal alcohol, nicotine and caffeine during pregnancy on infant and mother development at eight months’ . Alcoholism , 4 : 152 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. , Collins , M. and Edwards , J. 1984 . Report of the West Glamorgan Perinatal Mortality Survey , Swansea : West Glamorgan Health Authority .
   Google Scholar
• Wainwright , R. L. 1983 . ‘Change in observed birth weight associated with change in maternal cigarette smoking’ . American Journal of Epidemiology , 117 : 668 – 675 .
   Google Scholar
• Woolf , N. , Pittilo , R. M. and Machin , S. J. 1983 . ‘Cigarette smoking and platelet adhesion’ . Lancet , ii : 1091
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , K. J. and Kinney , D. K. 1976 . ‘Pregnant women's rating of different factors influencing psychological stress during pregnancy’ . Psychological Reports , 39 : 203 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar