126
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The beginnings of mind–evidence from the behaviour of the fetus

&
Pages 143-154 | Received 06 Jul 1993, Accepted 13 Oct 1993, Published online: 11 Dec 2007

References

  • Anand , K. J.S. and Hickey , P. R. 1987 . Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus . New England Journal of Medicine , 317 : 1321 – 1329 .
  • Birnholz , J. C. 1981 . The development of human fetal eye movements . Science , 213 : 679 – 681 .
  • Birnholz , J. C. and Benacerraf , B. R. 1983 . The development of human fetal hearing . Science , 222 : 516 – 518 .
  • Birnholz , J. C. , Stephens , J. C. and Faria , M. 1978 . Fetal movement patterns: a possible means of defining neurologic developmental milestones in utero . American Journal of Roentgenology , 130 : 537 – 540 .
  • Bornstein , M. H. 1989 . “ Stability in early mental development: from attention and information processing in infancy to learning and cognition in childhood ” . In Stability and Continuity in Mental Development , Edited by: Bornstein , M. H. and Krasnegor , N. A. 147 – 170 . Hillsdale : Erlbaum .
  • Caubct , N. J. Y. , Jaisson , P. and Lenoir , A. 1992 . Preimaginal induction of adult behaviour in insects . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 44B : 165 – 178 .
  • Carmichael , L. 1941 . The experimental embryology of mind . Psychological Bulletin , 38 : 1 – 28 .
  • DeCaspcr , A. J. and Fifer , W. P. 1980 . Of human bonding: new‐boms prefer dieir mothers' voices . Science , 208 : 1174 – 1176 .
  • DeCasper , A. J. and Prescott , P. A. 1984 . Human new‐boms' perception of male voices: preference, discrimination and reinforcing value . Developmental Psychobiology , 17 : 481 – 491 .
  • De Snoo , K. 1937 . Das trinkendc Kind im Uterus . Monatsschrift für Geburtshilfi und Gynaekologie , 105 : 88 – 97 .
  • Devoe , L. D. , Murray , C. , Faircloth , D. and Ramos , E. 1990 . Vibroacoustic stimulation and fetal behavioural state in normal and term human pregnancy . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 163 : 1156 – 1161 .
  • Drachman , D. B. and Sokoloff , L. 1966 . The role of movement in embryonic joint development . Developmental Biology , 14 : 401 – 420 .
  • Dunstan , G. R. and Seller , M. J. 1988 . The Status of the Human Embryo , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Fedor‐Freybergh , P. and Vogcl , M. L.V. 1988 . Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Medicine , Carnforth : Parthenon .
  • Feijoo , J. 1975 . Ut conscientia Noscatue . Cahicr de Sophrologie , 13 : 14 – 20 .
  • Feijoo , J. 1981 . “ Le foetus Pierre et le loup. ouune approche originale de l'audition prcnatalc humainc ” . In L'aube des Sens , Edited by: Herbinet , E. and Busnel , M. C. Paris : Stock .
  • Fifer , W. P. 1981 . Attachment in the neonate: die ontogeny of maternal voice preference , Doctoral dissertation Greensboro : University of North Carolina .
  • Fifer , W. P. and Moon , C. 1989 . Psychobiology of new‐born auditory preferences . Seminars in Perinatology , 13 : 430 – 433 .
  • Gagnon , R. 1989 . Stimulation of human fetuses with sound and vibration . Seminars in Perinatology , 13 : 393 – 402 .
  • Gertler , G. B. 1986 . Brain birth: a proposal for defining when a fetus is entitled to human life status . Southern California Law Review , 59 : 1061 – 1078 .
  • Goldenring , J. M. 1985 . The brain‐life theory: towards a consistent biological definition of humanness . Journal of Medical Ethics , 11 : 198 – 204 .
  • Goto , S. and Kato , T. K. 1983 . Early movements arc useful for estimating the gestational weeks in the first trimester of pregnancy . Ultrasound in Pregnancy and Biology , : 577 – 582 .
  • Hepper , P. G. 1988 . Foetal ‘soap’ addiction . Lancet , ii : 1347 – 1348 .
  • Hepper , P. G. 1989 . Foetal learning: implications for psychiatry? . British Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 289 – 293 .
  • Hepper , P. G. 1991 . An examination of fetal learning before and after birth . Irish Journal of Psychology , 12 : 95 – 107 .
  • Hepper , P. G. 1992 . “ Fetal psychology. An embryonic science ” . In Fetal Behaviour. Developmental and Perinatal Aspects , Edited by: Nijhuis , J. G. 129 – 156 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Hepper , P. G. , Scott , D. S. and Shahidullah , S. 1993 . New‐born and fetal response to maternal voice . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 11 : 143 – 149 .
  • Hepper , P. G. and Shahidullah , S. 1992 . Habituation in normal and Down Syndrome fetuses . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 448 : 305 – 317 .
  • Hepper , P. G. and Shahidullah , S. 1993 . Noise and the Foetus , London : HMSO .
  • Hepper , P. G. and Waldman , B. 1992 . Embryonic learning in an amphibian . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 44B : 179 – 196 .
  • Hill , L. M. , Piatt , L. D. and Manning , F. A. 1979 . Immediate effects of amniocentesis on fetal breathing and gross body movements . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 135 : 689 – 690 .
  • Hirsch , H. V.B. and Spinelli , D. N. 1970 . Visual experience modifies distribution of horizontally and vertically oriented receptive fields in cats . Science , 168 : 869 – 871 .
  • Hooker , D. 1952 . The Prenatal Origin of Behavior , Kansas : University of Kansas Press .
  • Horimoto , N. , Hepper , P. G. , Shahidullah , S. and Koyanagi , T. 1993 . Fetal eye movements . Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 3 : 362 – 369 .
  • Home , J. A. 1983 . “ Mammalian sleep function with particular reference to man ” . In Sleep Mechanisms and Functions in Humans and Animals , Edited by: Mayes , A. R. 262 – 312 . Wokingham : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
  • 1989 . Prenatal abuse of licit and illicit drugs . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , : 562 Hutchings, D.E. (Ed.)
  • Iannirubcrto , A. and Tajani , E. 1981 . Ultrasonic study of fetal movements . Seminars in Perinatology , 5 : 175 – 181 .
  • Leader , L. R. , Bailie , P. , Martin , B. and Vermeulcn , E. 1982 . The assessment and significance of habituation to a repeated stimulus by the human foetus . Early Human Development , 7 : 211 – 219 .
  • Leader , L. R. , Bailie , P. , Martin , B. , Molteno , C. and Wynchank , S. 1984 . Foetal responses to vibrotactile stimulation. A possible predictor of foetal and neonatal outcome . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 24 : 251 – 256 .
  • Lecanuet , J‐P. , Granier‐Deferre , C. and Busnel , M‐C. 1988 . Fetal cardiac and motor response to octave‐band noises as a function of central frequency, intensity and heart rate variability . Early Human Development , 18 : 81 – 93 .
  • Lickliter , R. and Stoumbos , J. 1992 . Modification of prenatal auditory experience alters postnatal auditory preferences of bobwhite quail chicks . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 44B : 199 – 214 .
  • Liley , A. W. 1972 . The foetus as a personality . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 6 : 99 – 105 .
  • Minkowski , M. 1928 . Neurobiologische studien am menschlichen foetus . Handbk biol. ArbMeth , 5 : 511 – 618 .
  • Moessinger , A. C. 1988 . “ Morphological consequences of depressed or impaired fetal activity ” . In Behavior of the Fetus , Edited by: Smother‐man , W. P. and Robinson , S. R. 163 – 173 . Caldwell, NJ : Telford .
  • Neldam , S. 1986 . Fetal movements as an indicator of fetal well‐being . Danish Medical Bulletin , 33 : 212 – 220 .
  • Nijhuis , J. G. , ed. 1992 . Fetal Behaviour. Developmental and Perinatal Aspects , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Nijhuis , J. G. , Prechtl , H. F.R. , Martin , C. B. and Bots , R. S. G. M. 1982 . Are there behavioural states in the human fetus? . Early Human Development , 6 : 177 – 195 .
  • Patrick , J. , Campbell , K. , CarmichacI , L. , Natale , R. and Richardson , B. 1980 . Patterns of human fetal breathing during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy . Obstetrics and Gynecology , 56 : 24 – 30 .
  • Peiper , A. 1925 . Sinnesempfindungen des Kindes vor seiner geburt . Monatsschriftfur Kinderheilkunde , 29 : 237 – 241 .
  • Peleg , D. and Goldman , J. A. 1980 . Fetal heart rate acceleration in response to light stimulation as a clinical measure of fetal well‐being. A preliminary report . Journal of Perinatal Medicine , 8 : 38 – 41 .
  • Piontelli , A. 1992 . From Fetus to Child , London : Routledge .
  • Ploye , P. M. 1973 . Does prenatal mental life exist? . International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 54 : 241 – 246 .
  • Polishuk , W. Z. , Laufer , N. and Sadovsky , E. 1975 . Fetal reaction to external light . Harefuah , 89 : 395 – 397 .
  • Prechtl , H. F.R. 1974 . The behavioural states of the new‐bom infant (a review) . Brain Research , 76 : 1304 – 1311 .
  • Prechtl , H. F.R. 1988 . Developmental neurology of the fetus . Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 2 : 21 – 36 .
  • Preycr , W. 1888 . The Mind of the Child. Part 1. The Senses and the WilL , New York : Appleton .
  • Prcyer , W. 1885 . Die spcziellc physiologic des embryo , Leipzig : Griebcn . Qucrieu, D., Rcnard, X
  • Versyp , F. , Paris‐Delrue , L. and Crepin , G. 1988 . Fetal hearing . European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology , 29 : 191 – 212 .
  • Qucrieu , D. , Rcnard , X. , Boutteville , C. and Crepin , G. 1989 . Hearing by the human fetus? . Seminars in Perinatology , 13 : 409 – 420 .
  • Ray , W. S. 1932 . A preliminary report on a study of foetal conditioning . Child Development , 3 : 175 – 177 .
  • Read , J. and Miller , F. 1977 . Fetal heart rate acceleration in response to acoustic stimulation as a measure of fetal well‐being . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 129 : 512 – 517 .
  • Reinold , E. 1971 . Beobachtung foetaler Aktivitat in der ersten Halfte der graviditat mil dem ultraschall . Padiatrie und Padologie , 6 : 274 – 279 .
  • Ridgeway , R. 1981 . Foetal memory: fact or fiction? . BMA News Review , April : 13 – 18 .
  • Robinson , S. R. and Smotherman , W. P. 1991 . “ Fetal learning: implications for the development of kin recognition ” . In Kin Recognition , Edited by: Hepper , P. G. 308 – 334 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Ron , M. , Yaffe , H. and Polishuk , W. Z. 1976 . Fetal heart rate response to amniocentesis in cases of decreased fetal movements . Obstetrics and Gynecology , 48 : 456 – 459 .
  • Salk , L. 1960 . The effects of the normal heartbeat sound on die behaviour of the new‐born infant: implications for mental health . World Mental Health , 12 : 168 – 175 .
  • Salk , L. 1962 . Mothers' heartbeat as an imprinting stimulus . Transactions of the New York Academy of Science , 24 : 753 – 763 .
  • Schaal , B. and Orgeur , P. 1992 . Olfaction in utero. Can the rodent model be generalized? . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 44B : 245 – 278 .
  • Shahidullah , S. 1993 . Hearing in the fetus , MD thesis Queen's University of Belfast .
  • Shahidullah , S. and Hepper , P. G. 1993 . The developmental origins of fetal responsiveness to an acoustic stimulus . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 11 : 135 – 142 .
  • Smotherman , W. P. and Robinson , S. R. 1988 . The Behavior of the Fetus , Caldwell, NJ : Telford .
  • Sontag , L. W. and Wallace , R. F. 1934 . Preliminary report of the Fels Fund. Study of foetal activity . American Journal of Diseases of Children , 48 : 1050 – 1057 .
  • Spelt , D. K. 1948 . The conditioning of die human foetus in utero . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38 : 338 – 346 .
  • Stickrod , G. , Kimble , D. P. and Smotherman , W. P. 1982 . In utero taste/odor aversion conditioning in the rat . Physiology and Behavior , 28 : 5 – 7 .
  • Timor‐Tritsch , I. E. 1986 . The effect of external stimuli on fetal behaviour . European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology , 21 : 321 – 329 .
  • van den Bergh , B. R.H. 1992 . “ Maternal emotions during pregnancy and fetal and neonatal behaviour ” . In Fetal Behaviour , Edited by: Nijhuis , J. G. 157 – 178 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Visser , G. H.A. , Mulder , H. H. , Mulder , H. P.E.J.H. and Prcchtl , H. F. R. 1989 . Vibro‐acoustic stimulation of the human fetus: effect on behavioural state organisation . Early Human Development , 19 : 285 – 296 .
  • de Vries , J. P. P. , Visser , G. H.A. and Prechd , H. F.R. 1982 . The emergence of fetal behaviour I. Qualitative aspects . Early Human Development , 7 : 301 – 322 .
  • de Vries , J. P.P. , Visser , G. H. A. and Prechd , H. F.R. 1985 . The emergence of fetal behaviour II. Quantitative aspects . Early Human Development , 12 : 99 – 120 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.