1,420
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

New Approaches to the Detection of Microbial Plant Pathogens

, , &
Pages 45-112 | Published online: 15 Apr 2013

References

  • Abdul Rahman, N., Diner, A.M., Karnosky, D.F. and Skilling, D.D. (1986). Differential responses by four coniferous tree species inoculated in vitro with Gremmeniella abietina. In Proceedings of the VIth International Congress of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture (D.A. Somers, B.G. Gengenbach, D.D. Biesboer, W.P. Hackettand C.E. Green, Eds), volume 1, Abstract 410. International Association for Plant Tissue Culture, Minneapolis.
  • Agrios, G.N. (1988). Plant Pathology, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • al-Hakim, A.H. and Hull, R. (1986). Studies towards the development of chemically synthesized non-radioactive biotinylated nucleic acid hybridization probes. Nucleic Acids Research 14, 9965–9976.
  • Alvarez, A.M., Benedict, A.A. and Mizumoto, C.Y. (1985). Identification of xanthomonads and grouping of strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris with monoclonal antibodies. Phytopathology 75, 722–728.
  • Alwine, J.C., Kemp, D.J. and Stark, G.R. (1977). Method for detection of specific RNAs in agarose gels by transfer to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper and hybridization with DNA probes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74, 5350–5354.
  • Amasino, R.M. (1986). Acceleration of nucleic acid hybridization rate by polyethylene glycol. Analytical Biochemistry 152, 304–307.
  • Anderson, M.L.M. and Young, B.D. (1985). Quantitative filter hybridization. In Nucleic Acid Hybridization. A Practical Approach (B.D.Hames and S.J. Higgins, Eds), pp. 73–111. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Anonymous (1987). Annual Report, 1984–6. Plant Research Institute, Victorian Department of Agriculture.
  • Antoniw, J.F., Linthorst, H.J.M., White, R.F. and Bol, J.F. (1986). Molecular cloning of the double-stranded RNA of beet cryptic viruses. Journal of General Virology 67, 2047–2052.
  • Arrand, J.E. (1985). Preparation of nucleic acid probes. In Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach (B.D. Hames and S.J. Higgins, Eds), pp. 17–45. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Arundel, PH., van de Velde, R. and Holloway, P.J. (1988). Optimal conditions for the use of complementary DNA probes to measure the concentration of barley yellow dwarf virus in barley Hordeum vulgare. Journal of Virological Methods 19, 307–318.
  • Atabekov, J.G., Schaskolskaya, S.P., dementyeva, S.P., Sacharovskaya, G.N. and Senchenokov, E.P. (1968). Serological study on barley stripe mosaic virus protein polymerisation. I. Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoretic characteristics and adsorption experiments. Virology 36, 587–600.
  • Atkinson, T. and Smith, M. (1985). Solid phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by the phosphite-triester method. In Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Practical Approach (M.J. Gait, Ed.), pp. 35–81. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Bald, J.G. (1966). Cytology of Plant virus infections. Advances in Virus Research 12, 103–125.
  • Baldwin, T.O., Holzman, T.F. and Holzman, R.B. (1986). Active center-based immunoassay approach using bacterial luciferase. Methods in Enzymology 133, 248–264.
  • Banttari, E.E. and Goddwin, P.H. (1985). Detection of potato viruses S. X, Y, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on nitrocellulose membranes (dot-ELISA). Plant Disease 69, 202–205.
  • Banttari, E.E. and Zeyen, R.J. (1970). Synergism of oat blue dwarf virus and aster yellows in flax as observed by light and electron microscopy. Phytopathology 60, 1282.
  • Barbara, D.J. and Clark, M.F. (1982). A simple indirect ELISA using F(ab’)2 fragments of immunoglobulin. Journal of General Virology 58, 315–322.
  • Barbara, D.J., Kawata, E.E., Ueng, P.P., Lister, R.M. and Larkins, B.A. (1987). Production of complementary DNA clones from the MAV isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus. Journal of General Virology 68, 2419–2428.
  • Bar-Joseph, M. and Rosner, A. (1984). Diagnosis of plant viruses by the molecular hybridization method. Phytoparasitica 12, 214.
  • Bar-Joseph, M., Rosner, A., Moscovitz, M. and Hull, R. (1983). A simple procedure for the extraction of double-stranded RNA from virus infected plants. Journal of Virological Methods 6, 1–8.
  • Bates, D.L. (1987). Enzyme amplification in diagnostics. Trends in Biotechnology 5, 204–209.
  • Beck, S. (1988). Protein blotting with direct blotting electrophoresis. Analytical Biochemistry 170, 361–366.
  • Beckett, D. and Uhlenbech, O.C. (1985). Enzymatic synthesis of oligoribonucleotides. In Oligonucleotide Synthesis, A Practical Approach (MJ. Gait, Ed.), pp. 185–197. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Beckmann. J.S. and Soller, M. (1983). Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in genetic improvement: Methodologies, mapping and costs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 67, 35–43.
  • Beckmann, J.S. and Soller, M. (1986). Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and genetic improvement of agricultural species. Euphytica 35, 111–124.
  • Beltz, G.A., Jacobs, K.A., Eickbush, T.H., Cherbas, P.T. and Kafatos, F.C. (1983). Isolation of multigene families and determination of homologies by filter hybridization methods. Methods in Enzymology 100, 266–285.
  • Benhamau, N., Parent, J.G., Garzon, S. Asselin. A., Oullette G.B. and Joly, J.R. (1987). Use of monoclonal antibody against poly(I):poly(C) for detecting mycoviruses and potential applications to potato spindle tuber viroid and animal reoviruses. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 9, 106–114.
  • Bennett, C.W. (1971). The curly top disease of sugarbeet and other plants. Monograph No. 7, American Phytopathological Society. St Paul, Minnesota.
  • Berry, M.J. and Samuel, C.E. (1982). Detection of subnanogram amounts of RNA in polyacrylamide gels in presence and absence of protein by staining with silver. Analytical Biochemistry 124, 180–184.
  • Biernat, J., Gobel, U.B. and Koster, H. (1989). Preparation of single stranded insert DNA free of vector sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 17, 810.
  • Bio-Rad Bulletin. Blotting Detection Systems: How Do You Choose?
  • Bio-Rad Bulletin 1110. Zeta-Probe Blotting Membranes.
  • Bio-Rad Bulletin 1149. Protocol for Single Copy Gene Detection Using Zeta-Probe Blotting Membranes.
  • Black, L.M., Morgan, C. and Wyckoff, R.W.G. (1950). Visualization of tobacco mosaic virus within infected cells. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 73, 119–122.
  • Blake, D.A., Skarstedt, M.T., Shultz, J.L. and Wilson, D.P. (1984). Zymogen activation – a new system for homogeneous ligand binding assay. Clinical Chemistry 30, 1452–1456.
  • Blake, M.S., Johnston, K.H., russel-Jones, G.J. and Gotschlich, E.C. (1984). A rapid sensitive method for detection of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibodies on Western blots. Analytical Biochemistry 136, 175–179.
  • Boehm, T.L.J., Werle, A. and Drahovsky, D. (1987). A rapid and efficient screening method for DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Clinical Genetics 32, 349–354.
  • Boehringer Mannheim (1988a). Non-radioactive DNA labelling and detection kit. Biochemica Brief Fourth Quarter, 7–9.
  • Boehringer Mannheim (19881,). Instructions for DNA Labelling and Detection Kit: Non-Radioactive. Random Primed DNA Labelling with Digoxigenin-dUTP, Detection of Hybrids by Enzyme Immunoassay.
  • Boll, W., Fujisawa, J.I., Niemi, J. and Weissmann, C. (1986). A new approach to high sensitivity differential hybridization. Gene 50, 41–53.
  • Borkhsenius, S.N., Chernova, O.A., Merkulova, N.A. and Are, A.F. (1987). Detection and identification of Mycoplasma infection by DNA hybridization. Isitologiya 29, 934–941.
  • Bos, J.L., Fearon, E.R., Hamilton, S.R., Verlaan-De Vries, M., Van Boom, J.H., Van der Eb, A.J. and Vogelstein, B. (1987). Prevalence of ras gene mutations in human colorectal cancers. Nature 327, 293–297.
  • Botstein, D., White, R.L., Skolnick, M. and Davis, R.W. (1980). Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics 32, 314–331.
  • Bové, J.M. (1984). Wall-less prokaryotes of plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology 22, 361–396.
  • Bozicevich, J., Scott, H.A. and Vincent, M.M. (1963). The bentonite flocculation test for the detection of Plant viruses and titration of antibodies. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 114, 794–798.
  • Brenner, S. and Horne, R.W. (1959). A negative staining method for high resolution electron microscopy of viruses. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 34, 103–110.
  • Brisbane, P.G. and Kerr, A. (1983). Selective media for three biovars of Agrobacterium. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 54, 425–431.
  • Britten, R.J. and Davidson, E.H . (1985). Hybridization strategy. In Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach (B.D. Hames and S.J. Higgins, Eds), pp. 3–15. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Brochu, M., Carrie, M.L., Terouanne, B., Belanger, A. and Nicolas, J.C. (1987). Bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay for progesterone using monoclonal antibodies and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase labels. Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence 1, 215–222.
  • Buchen-Osmond, C., Crabtree, K., Gibbs, A. and McLean, G. (1988). Viruses of Plants in Australia. Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Australia National University, Canberra.
  • Burns, J., Graham, A.K., Frank, C., Fleming, K.A., Evans, M.F. and McGee, J.O. (1987). Detection of low copy human papilloma virus DNA and mRNA in routine paraffin sections of cervix by nonisotopic in situ hybridization. Journal of Clinical Pathology 40, 858–864.
  • Burr, T.J., Katz, B.H. and Myers, C.A. (1987). Crown gall of grapevine: disease management considerations. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7June, 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 885–890. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Butler, E.T. and Chamberlin, M.J. (1982). Bacteriophage SP6-specific RNA polymerase: Isolation and characterisation of the enzyme. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257, 5772–5778.
  • Buvoli, M., Biamonti, G., Riva, S. and Morandi, C. (1987). Hybridization of oligodeoxynucleotide probes to RNA molecules: specificity and stability of duplexes. Nucleic Acids Research 15, 9091.
  • Calisher, C.H., Auvinen, P., Mitchell, C.J., Rice, C.M., Hukkanen, V. and Hyypia, T. (1987). Use of enzyme immunoassay and nucleic acid hybridization for detecting sindbis virus in infected mosquitoes. Journal of Virological Methods 17, 229–236.
  • Caskey C.T. (1987). Disease diagnosis by recombinant DNA methods. Science 236, 1223–1229.
  • Chee, R., Pool, R.M. and Bucher. D. (1984). A Method for Large Scale in vitro Propagation of Vitis, New York’s Food and Life Sciences Bulletin No. 109.
  • Chen, M.-H., Kiyakawa, T. and Matsui, C. (1972). Simultaneous infections of citrus leaves with tristeza virus and mycoplasmalike organisms. Phytopathology 62, 663–666.
  • Chen, T. A., Wells, J.M. and Liao, C.H. (1982). Cultivation in vitro: Spiroplasmas, plant mycoplasmas, and other fastidious walled prokaryotes. In Phytopathogenic Prokaryotes (M.S. Mount and G.H. Lacey. Eds), volume 2. pp. 417–446. Academic Press, New York.
  • Chien, A., Edgar. D.B. and Trela J.M. (1976). Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aqualicus. Journal of Bacteriology 127, 1550–1557.
  • Choo, Y.S. and Holland, A.A. (1970). Direct and indirect fluorescent antibody staining of Oophiobolus graminis sacc. in culture and rhizosphere of cereal plants. Antonic van Leeuwenhoek 36, 549–554.
  • Christie, R.G. and Edwardson.J.R. (1977). Light and electron microscopy of plant virus inclusion. Florida Agricultural Experimental Station Monograph, No. 9.
  • Christie, R.G., Ko, N.-J., Flak, B.W. Hiebert. E., Lastra. R., Bird. J. and Kim, K.S. (1986). Light microscopy of geminivirus-induced nuclear inclusion bodies. Phytopathology 76, 124–126.
  • Chu, P.W.G. and Helms. K. (1988). Novel virus-like particles containing circular single-stranded DNAs associated with subterranean clover stunt disease. Virology 167, 38–49.
  • Chu, P.W.G. Francki, R.I.B. and Hatta, T. (1983). Some properties of tomato ringspot virus isolated from Pentas lanceolata in South Australia. Plant Pathology 32, 353–356.
  • Chu, P.W.G., Francki, R.I.B. and Randles. J.W. (1983). Detection, isolation and characterization of high molecular weight double stranded RNA in plants infected with velvet tobacco mottle virus. Virology 126, 480–492.
  • Chu, P.W.G., Helms. K. and Martin, R.R. (1989). Subterranean clover distortion disease: A new virus-like disease of subterranean clover and lucerne with unusual features. In Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference, Brisbane, 3–7 July, p. 96.
  • P.W.G., Waterhouse, P.M. and Helms, K. (1989). Diagnostic assays for routine detection of subterranean clover stunt virus in pastures. In Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference, Brisbane, 3–7 July, p. 95.
  • Church, G.M. and Gilbert, W. (1984). Genomic sequencing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 81, 1991–1995,
  • Clark, M.F. and Adams, A.N. (1977). Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of plant viruses. Journal of General Virology 34, 475–483.
  • Clark, M.F. and Bar-Joseph, M. (1984), Enzyme immunosorbent assays in plant virology. Methods in Virology 7, 51–85.
  • Clemens, M.J. (1984). Purification of eukaryotic messenger RNA. In Transcription and Translation, A Practical Approach (B.D. Hames and S.J. Higgins, Eds). pp. 211–230. IRL Press. Oxford.
  • Coates, P.J., Hall, P.A., Butler. M.G. and D’Ardenne. A.J. (1987). Rapid technique of DNA–DNA in situ hybridization on formalin fixed tissue sections using microwave irradiation. Journal of Clinical Pathology 40, 865–869.
  • Conway. K. (1985). Selective medium for isolation of Pythium spp. from soil. Plant Disease 69, 393–395.
  • Cornelissen. B.J.C., Hooft Van Huijsduijnen, R.A.M., Van Loon. L.C. and Bol, J.F. (1986). Molecular characterization of messenger RNAs for ‘pathogenesis-related’ proteins 1a. 1b and 1c, induced by TMV infection of tobacco. EMBO Journal 5, 37–40.
  • Cox, A.E. and Large, E.C. (1960). Potato blight epidemics throughout the world. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Handbook 174, 1–230.
  • Crossway, A., and Houck, C.M. (1985). A microassay for detection of DNA and RNA in small numbers of Plant cells. Plant Molecular Biology 5, 183–190.
  • Crowley, P. and Oliver, S.G. (1987). A microculture hybridization technique for the detection of specific DNA sequences in filamentous fungi. Experimental Mycology 11, 70–73.
  • Cunningham. I.C., Tinsley, T.W. and Walker, J.M. (1966). Hemagglutination with plant and insect viruses. Journal of General Microbiology 42, 397–401.
  • Cunningham, M.W. and Mundy, C.R. (1987). Labelling nucleic acids for hybridization. Nature 326, 723–724.
  • Cuppels, D.A. (1984). The use of pathovar-indicative bacteriophages for rapidly detecting Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in tomato leaf and fruit lesions. Phytopathology 74, 891–894.
  • Curran, J. and Webster, J.M. (1987). Identification of nematodes using restriction fragment length differences and species-specific DNA probes. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 9, 162–166.
  • Dahlén, P. (1987). Detection of biotinylated DNA probes by using Eu-labelled streptavidin and time-resolved fluorometry. Analytical Biochemistry 164, 78–83.
  • Danckaert, A., Mugnier, C., Dessen, P. and Cohen-Solal, M. (1987). A computer-program for the design of optimal synthetic oligonucleotide probes for protein coding genes. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 3, 303–307.
  • Daniels, M.J., Turner, P.C., Barber, C.E., Sawczyc, M.K. and Dums, F. (1987). Pathogenicity genes of Xanthomonas campestris. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (EL. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 394–403. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Dattagupta, N., Rabin, D., Michaud, G. and Rae, P.M.M. (1987). A simple method for generation of high specific activity oligonucleotide probes. BioTechniques 5, 38–45.
  • Davis, M.J. (1987). Etiology of ratoon stunting disease and host resistance. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 327–333. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Davis, M.J., Raju, B.C., Brlansky, R.H., Lee, R.F., Timmer, L.W., Norris, R.C. and McCoy, R.E. (1983). Periwinkle wilt bacterium: Axenic culture, pathogenicity and relationships to other Gram-negative, xylem-inhabiting bacteria. Phytopathology 73, 1510–1515.
  • Davis, R.E., Lee, I.-M., Jordan, R. and Konai, M. (1987). Detection of corn stunt spiroplasma in plants by ELISA employing monoclonal antibodies and by isolation of the pathogen and its phages in serum-free medium. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 306–312. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • De Boer, S.H. (1987a). Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify and detect plant pathogenic bacteria. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 9, 182–187.
  • De Boer, S.H. (1987b). Specific detection of Corynebacterium sepedonicion in potato with monoclonal antibodies as an aid in bacterial ring rot control. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland. 2–7 June 1985 (E. L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 906–913. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • De Boer, S.H. and Mcnaughton. M.E. (1986). Evaluation of immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies for detecting latent bacterial ring rot infections. Potato Journal 63, 533–543.
  • De Boer, S.H. and Mcnaughton, m.e. (1987). monoclonal antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide of erivinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica serogroup 1. phytopathology 74, 1431–1434.
  • de Sequeira, O.A. and Lister, R.M. (1969). Applicability of latex flocculation serology testing to apple viruses. Phytopathology 59, 572–574.
  • Deeley, J., Stevens, W.A. and Fox, R.T.V. (1979). Use of Dienes’ stain to detect plant diseases induced by mycoplasmalike organisms. Phytopathology 69, 1169–1171.
  • Delhotal, P. (1987). Developing expert systems for diagnosis in plant pathology. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l’Academie d’Agriculture de France 73, 21–30.
  • Derrick, K.S. (1972). Immunospecific grids for electron microscopy of plant viruses. Phytopathology 62, 753.
  • Derrick, K.S. (1973). Quantitative assay for plant viruses using serologically specific electron microscopy. Virology 56, 652–653.
  • Dhingra, O.D. and Sinclair, J.B. (1985). Basic Plant Pathology Methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
  • Diener, T.O. and Owens. R.A. (1985). Diagnosis of viroid-caused plant diseases by nucleic-acid hybridization. In Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology; Meeting, Berlin, West Germany. 7–10 June 1984 (K.-O. Habermehl, Ed.), pp. 57–67. Springer-Verlag, New York.
  • Dodds, A.J., Morris, T.J. and Jordan. R. (1984). Plant viral double-stranded RNA. Annual Review of Phytopathology 22, 151–168.
  • Donis-Keller, H., Barker. D.F., Knowlton, R.G., Schumm, J.W., Braman. J C. and Green. P. (1986). Highly polymorphic RFLP probes as diagnostic tools. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 51, 317–324.
  • Donovan, R.M., Bush, C.E., Peterson, W.R., Parker, L.H., Cohen, S.H., Jordan. G.W., Brink. K.M.V. and Goldstein, E. (1987). Comparison of non-radioactive DNA hybridization probes to detect human immunodeficiency virus nucleic acid. Molecular and Cellular Probes 1, 359–366.
  • Dower, W.J., Miller, J.F. and Ragsdale, C.W. (1988). High efficiency transformation of E. coli by high voltage electroporation. Nucleic Acids Research 16, 6127–6145.
  • Downing, R.G., Duggleby, C.J., Villems, R. and Broda. P. (1979). An endonuclease cleavage map of the plasmid pWW0–8, a derivative of the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonas putida mt-2. Molecular and General Genetics 168, 97–99.
  • Edwardson. J.R. and Christie. R.G. (1978). Use of virus-induced inclusions in classification and diagnosis. Annual Review of Phytopathology 16, 31–55.
  • Edwardson, J.R. and Christie. R.G. (EDs) (1986). Viruses Infecting Forage Legumes. volumes I-III. University of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Engvall, E. and Perlmann, P. (1972). Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA. III. Quantitation of species specific antibodies by enzyme-labelled anti-immunoglobulin in antigen coated tubes. Journal of immunology 109, 129–135.
  • Erlich. H.A., Gelfand, D.H. and Saiki R.K. (1988). Specific DNA amplification. Nature 331, 461–462.
  • Ezaki, T., Dejsirilert, S., Yamamoto, H., Takeuchi, N., Liu. S. and Yabuuchi, E. (1988). Simple and rapid genetic identification of Legionella species with photobiotin-labeled DNA. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 34, 191–199.
  • Fahrlander, P.D. and Klausner, A. (1988). Amplifying DNA probe signals a christmas tree approach. Bio/Technology 6, 1165–1168.
  • Fahy, P.C. and Hayward, A.C. (1983). Media and methods for isolation and diagnostic tests. In Plant Bacterial Diseases: A Diagnostic Guide (P.C. Fatly and G.F. Persley. Eds), pp. 337–378. Academic Press, Sydney.
  • Fahy, P.C. and Persley, G.J. (EDs) (1983). Plant Bacterial Diseases: A Diagnostic Guide. Academic Press, Sydney.
  • Feinberg, A.P. and Vogelstein, B. (1983). A technique for radiolabelling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Analytical Biochemistry 132, 6–13.
  • Feinberg, A.P. and Vogelstein, B. (1984). A technique for radiolabelling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity, Addendum. Analytical Biochemistry 137, 266–267.
  • Fernández-Moran, H. (1953). A diamond knife for ultrathin sectioning. Experimems in Cellular Research 5, 255–256.
  • Ferrari, C., de Panfilis, G., Allegri, L. and Manara, G.C. (1988). Detection of cell surface antigens in tissue sections by means of pre-embedding immunogold staining. Stain Technology 63, 39–48.
  • Festl, H., Ludwig, W. and Schleifer, K.H. (1986). DNA hybridization probe for the Pseudomonas fluorescens group. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 52, 1190–1194.
  • Fiedler, S. and Wirth, R. (1988). Transformation of bacteria with plasmid DNA by electroporation. Analytical Biochemistry 170, 38–44.
  • Finch, J.T. (1964). Resolution of the substructure of tobacco mosaic virus in the electron microscope. Journal of Molecular Biology 8, 872–874.
  • Forster, A.C., Mcinnes, J.L., Skingle, D.C. and Symons, R.H. (1985). Non-radioactive hybridization probes prepared by the chemical labelling of DNA and RNA with a novel reagent, photobiotin. Nucleic Acid Research 13, 745–761.
  • Foster, J.A. (1988). Recommendation for improvements in the international exchange of temperate fruit tree germplasm. In Conservation and Movement of Vegetatively Propagated Germplasm: In Vitro Culture and Disease Aspects. Report of a Subcommittee Meeting Held at North Carolina State University, USA, 17–19 August, 1987, pp. 27–30. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, IBPGR Advisory Committee on in vitro Storage. IBPGR, Rome.
  • Francki, R.I.B. (1973). Plant rhabdoviruses, Advances in Virus Research 18, 257–345.
  • Franck, R.I.B., Milne, R.G. and Hatta, T. (1985). Atlas of Plant Viruses, volumes I and II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
  • Fry, W.E., Apple, A.E. and Bruhn, J. (1983). Evaluation of potato late blight forecasts modified to incorporate host resistance and fungicide weathering. Phytopathology 73, 1054–1059.
  • Fujimoto, D.K. and Vidaver, A.K. (1987). Analysis of strain variation in Xanthomonas campestris pv.phaseoli. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), p. 797. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Gabriel, C.J. (1986). Detection of double-stranded RNA by immunoblot electrophoresis. Journal of Virological Methods 13, 279–283.
  • Gait, M.J. (ED.) (1985). Oligonucleotide Synthesis. A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Galfre, G. and Milstein, C. (1981). Preparation of monoclonal antibodies: Strategies and procedures. Methods in Enzymology 73, 3–52.
  • Garnsey, S.M. (1988). Detection of citrus diseases and prevention of their spread during international exchange of citrus germplasm. In Conservation and Movement of Vegetatively Propagated Germplasm: In Vitro Culture and Disease Aspects. Report of a Subcommittee Meeting Held at North Carolina State University, USA, 17–19 August, 1987, pp. 39–41. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. IBPGR Advisory Committee on in vitro Storage. IBPGR, Rome.
  • Gatti, R.A., Concanon, P. and Salser, W. (1984). Multiple use of Southern blots. Bio Techniques 2, 148–155.
  • Gebeyehu, G., Rao, P.Y., Soo Chan, P., Simms, D.A. and Klevan, L. (1987). Novel biotinylated nucleotide-analogs for labelling and colorimetric detection of DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 15, 4513–4534.
  • Geiger, R. and Miska, W. (1987). Bioluminescence enhanced enzyme immunoassay: New ultrasensitive detection systems for enzyme immunoassays, II. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 25, 31–38.
  • Gillespie, D. and Spiegelman, S. (1965). A quantitative assay for DNA–RNA hybrids with DNA immobilised on a membrane. Journal of Molecular Biology 12, 829–842.
  • Gingeras, T.R. Kwoh, D.Y, and Davis, G.R. (1987). Hybridization properties of immobilised nucleic acids. Nucleic Acids Research 15, 5373–5390.
  • Glauert, A.M., Rogers, G.E. and Glauert, R.H. (1956). A new embedding medium for electron microscopy. Nature 178, 803.
  • Glover, D.M. (ED.) (1985a). DNA Cloning. Volume I, A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Glover, D.M. (ED.) (1985b). DNA Cloning. Volume II, A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Glover, D.M. (ED.) (1987). DNA Cloning. Volume III. A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Gobel, U., Maas, R., Haun, G., Vinga-Martins, C. and Stanbridge, E.J. (1987). Synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to rRNA for group- and species-specific detection of mycoplasmas. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 23, 742–746.
  • Goldkorn, T. and Prockop, D.J. (1986). A simple and efficient enzymatic method for covalent attachment of DNA to cellulose. Application for hybridization-restriction analysis and for in vitro synthesis of DNA probes. Nucleic Acids Research 14, 9171–9191.
  • Gratzner, H.G. (1982). Monoclonal antibody to 5-bromo- and 5-iododeoxyuridine: A new reagent for detection of DNA replication. Science 218, 474–475.
  • Green, M.R., Maniatis, T. and Melton, D.A. (1983). Human li-globin pre-mRNA synthesized in vitro is accurately spliced in Xenopus oocyte nuclei. Cell 32, 681–694.
  • Grogan, R.G. (1981). The science and art of plant disease diagnosis. Annual Review of Phytopathology 19, 333–351.
  • Gronowitz, J.S. and Källander, C.F.R. (1983). A sensitive assay for detection of deoxythymidine kinase and its application to herpesvirus diagnosis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 104, 235–245.
  • Gross, D.S., Huang, S. Y. and Gerrard, W.T. (1985). Chromatin structure of the potential Z-forming sequence (dT-dG)n.(dC-dA)n: evidence for an ‘alternating-B’ conformation. Journal of Molecular Biology 183, 251–265.
  • Gubler, U. and Hoffman, B.J. (1983). A simple and very efficient method for generating cDNA libraries. Gene 25, 263–269.
  • Guy, P.L. and Rath, A.C. (1989). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to detect spore surface antigens of Metarhizium anisopliae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, in press.
  • Haase, A.T., Blum, H., Stowring, L., Geballe, A., Brahic, M. and Jensen, R. (1985). Hybridization analysis of viral infection at the single-cell level, In Clinical Laboratory Molecular Analyses, pp. 247–256. Grune and Stratton, Orlando, Florida.
  • Haber, S., Polston, J.E. and Bird, J. (1987). Use of DNA to diagnose plant diseases caused by single-strand DNA plant viruses. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 9, 156–161,
  • Habili, N., Mcinnes, J.L. and Symons, R.H. (1987). Non-radioactive, photobiotin-labelled DNA probes for the routine diagnosis of barley yellow dwarf virus. Journal of Virological Methods 16, 224–238.
  • Halk, E.L. and de Boer, S.H. (1985). Monoclonal antibodies in plant disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology 23, 321–350.
  • Hall, C.E. (1955). Electron densitometry of stained virus particles. Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology 1, 1–12.
  • Halonen, P., Meurman, O., Lovgren, T., Hemmila, I. and Soini, E. (1986). Detection of viral antigens by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. In Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology; Meeting, Berlin, West Germany, 7–10 June (K.-O. Habermehl, Ed.), pp. 133–146. Springer-Verlag, New York.
  • Hamilton, R.I. (1983). Certification schemes against seed-borne viruses in leguminous hosts. present status and further areas for research and development. Seed Science and Technology 11, 1051–1062.
  • Hamilton, R.I., Edwardson, J.R., Francki, R.I.B., Hsu, H.T., Hull R., Koenig, R. and Milne, R.G. (1981). Guidelines for the identification and characterization of plant viruses. Journal of General Virology 54, 223–241.
  • Hanold, D., Langridge, P. and Randles, J.W. (1988). The use of cloned sequences for the identification of coconut foliar decay disease-associated DNA. Journal of General Virology 69, 1323–1329.
  • Hansen, C., Libert, F., Vassart, G. and Christophe, D. (1987). Preparation of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid probes using an immobilised template. Analytical Biochemistry 162, 130–136.
  • Hardham, A.R., Suzaki, E. and Perkin, J.L. (1986). Monoclonal antibodies to isolate species- and genus-specific components on the surface of zoospores and cysts of the fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi. Canadian Journal of Botany 64, 311–321.
  • Hartley, J.L., Berninger, M., Jessee, J.A., Bloom, F.R. and Temple, O.F. (1986). Bioassay for specific DNA sequences using a non-radioactive probe. Gene 49, 295–302.
  • Hatta, T. and Francki, R.I.B. (1979). Enzyme cytochemical method for identification of cucumber mosaic virus particles in infected cells. Virology 93, 265–268.
  • Hauber, R. and Geiger, R. (1987). A new, very sensitive, bioluminescence-enhanced detection system for protein blotting. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 25, 511–514.
  • Hauber, R. and Geiger, R. (1988). A sensitive, bioluminescent-enhanced detection method for DNA dot-hybridization. Nucleic Acids Research 16, 1213.
  • Hayward, A.C. (1983). Preliminary diagnosis of Plant diseases caused by bacteria. In Plant Bacterial Diseases: A Diagnostic Guide (P.C. Fahy and G.J. Persley, Eds), pp. 1–26. Academic Press, Sydney.
  • Hayward, A.C. (1987). Prospects for the integrated control of bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum). In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (EL. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 891–899. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Hejtmancik, J.F., Harris, S.G., Ward, P.A., and Caskey, C.T. (1986). A recombinant DNA diagnostic program in practice. Annals of Clinical Research 18, 250–257.
  • Heller, M.J. Morrison, L.E., Prevatt, W.D. and Ain, C. (1983). Homogeneous nucleic acid hybridisation diagnostic by non-radiative energy transfer. European Patent Application 070, 685.
  • Hellman, L. and Pettersson, U. (1987). Analysis of closely related genes by the use of synthetic oligonucleotide probes labelled to a high specific activity. Gene Analysis Techniques 4, 9–13.
  • Hiruki, C. and da Rocha, A. (1986). Histochemical diagnosis of mycoplasma infections in Catharanthus roseus by means of a fluorescent DNA-binding agent 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-dihydrochloride. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 8, 185–188.
  • Hiruki, C., Giannotti, J. and Dijkstra, J. (1974). A comparative study of fluorescence in stems of Vinca rosea infected with mycoplasmas of different plant origins. Netherland Journal of Plant Pathology 80, 145–153.
  • Hitchborn, J.G. and Hills, G.J. (1965). The use of negative staining in the electron microscopic examination of plant viruses in crude extracts. Virology 27, 528–540.
  • Hitchborn, J.H. and Hills, G.J. (1968). A study of tubes produced in plants infected with a strain of turnip yellow mosaic virus. Virology 35, 50–70.
  • Hodgson, C.P. and FISK, R.Z. (1987). Hybridization probe size control: Optimized ‘oligolabelling’. Nucleic Acid Research 15, 6295.
  • Hofler, H. (1987). What’s new in in situ hybridization? Pathology, Research and Practice 182, 421–430.
  • Honda, Y. and Matsui, C. (1974). Electron microscopy of cucumber mosaic virus-infected tobacco leaves showing mosaic symptoms. Phytopathology 64, 534–539.
  • Hopman, A.H.N., Wiegant, J. and van Duijn, P. (1987). Mercurated nucleic acid probes, a new principle for non-radioactive in situ hybridization. Experimental Cell Research 169, 357–368.
  • Horie, M., Saito, K., Hoshino, Y., Nose, N., Nakazawa H. (1988). Determination of tylosin in chicken, pork and beef by high-performance liquid chromatography. Eisei Kagaku 34, 128–134.
  • Horne, R.W. (1967). Electron microscopy of isolated virus particles and their components. Methods in Virology 3, 521–574.
  • Horne, R.W. and Wildy, P. (1961). Symmetry in virus architecture. Virology 15, 348–373.
  • Horne, R.W. and Wildy, P. (1979). An historical account of the development and applications of the negative staining technique to the electron microscopy of viruses. Journal of Microscopy (Oxford) 117, 103–122.
  • Horst, J., Oehme, R., Epplen, J.T. and Kohne, E. (1988). Hemoglobin Freiburg direct detection by synthetic oligonucleotide probes. Human Genetics 79, 172–174.
  • Hsu, Y.H. (1984). Immunogold for detection of antigen on nitrocellulose paper. Analytical Biochemistry 142, 221–225.
  • Hsu, S.M., Raine, L. and Fanger, H. (1981). Use of avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: A comparison between ABC and unlabelled antibody (PAP) procedures. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 29, 577–580.
  • Hu, N. and Messing, J. (1982). The making of strand specific M13 probes. Gene 17, 171–277.
  • Huang, E.S. and Pagano, J.S. (1977). Nucleic acid hybridization technology and detection of proviral genomes. Methods in Virology 6, 457–497.
  • Hulbert, S.H. and Michelmore, R.W. (1988). DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism and somatic variation in the lettuce downy mildew fungus, Bremia lactucae. Molecular Plant–Microbe Interactions 1, 17–24.
  • Hull, R. (1984). Rapid diagnosis of Plant virus infections by spot hybridization. Trends in Biotechnology 4, 88–91.
  • Hull, R. and Al-Hakim, A. (1988). Nucleic acid hybridization in plant virus diagnosis and characterization. Trends in Biotechnology 6, 213–217.
  • Hung, H.Y., Wells, J.M. and Chen, T.A. (1987). Monoclonal antibodies for differentiating some strains of the fastidious gram-negative bacteria from plants. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E. L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 352–356. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Hutchinson, N.J., Langer-Sofer, P.R., Ward, D.C. and Hamkalo, B.A. (1982). In situ hybridization at the electron microscope level: hybrid detection by autoradiography and colloidal gold. Journal of Cell Biology 95, 609–618.
  • Huxley, H.E. and Zubay, G. (1960). The structure of the protein shell of turnip yellow mosaic virus. Journal of Molecular Biology 2, 189–196.
  • Infantolino, D. and Pinarello, A. (1987). Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver by in situ hybridization methodological approach to improve sensitivity in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material. Basic and Applied Histochemistry 31, 207.
  • International Board For Plant Genetic Resources. IBPGR Advisory Committee On In Vitro Storage (1988). Conservation and Movement of Vegetatively Propagated Germplasm: In vitro Culture and Disease Aspects. Report of a Subcommittee Meeting Held at North Carolina State University, 17–19 August 1987. IBPGR, Rome.
  • Ishikawa, E., Imagawa, M., Hashida, S., Yoshitake, S., Hamaguchi, Y. and Ueno, T. (1983). Enzyme labelling of antibodies and their fragments by enzyme immunoassay and immunohistochemical staining. Journal of Immunoassay 4, 209–327.
  • Itakura, K., Rossi, J.J. and Wallace, R.B. (1984). Synthesis and use of synthetic oligonucleotides. Annual Review of Biochemistry 53, 323–356.
  • Jeffers, S.N. and Aldwinckle, H.S. (1986). Seasonal variation in extent of colonization of two apple rootstocks by five species of Phytophthora. Plant Disease 70, 941–945.
  • Jelkmann, W., Martin, R.R. and Maiss, E. (1989). Cloning of four plant viruses from small quantities of double-stranded RNA. Phytopathology 79, in press.
  • Johannson, A., Ellis, D.H., Bates, D.L., Plumb, A.M. and Stanley, C.J. (1986). Enzyme amplification for immunoassays: Detection limit of one hundredth of an attomole. Journal of Immunological Methods 87, 7–11.
  • John, V.T. (1965). A micro immuno-osmophoresis technique for assay of tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 27, 121–123.
  • Jordan, R.L. (1986). Diagnosis of Plant viruses using double-stranded RNA, In Tissue Culture as a Plant Production System for Horticultural Crops (R.H. Zimmerman, R.J. Griesbach, F.A. Hammerschlag and R.H. Lawson, Eds), pp. 125–134. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Joshi, B. and Vidaver, A.K. (1984). Evaluation of cellular protein profiles for identification of Corynebacterium michiganese ssp. nebraskense and C.M. ssp, tessellarius from infected plants. Phytopathology 74, 879.
  • Kafatos, F.C., Jones, C.W. and Efstratiadis, A. (1979). Determination of nucleic acid sequence homologies and relative concentrations by a dot hybridization procedure. Nucleic Acids Research 7, 1541–1552.
  • Karjalainen, R., Rouhainen, L. and Söderlund, H. (1987). Diagnosis of plant virus by nucleic acid hybridization. Journal of Agricultural Science in Finland 59, 179–191.
  • Katz, B.H., Yanofsky, M., Burr, T.J. and Nester, E. (1987). Host range, virulence, and genetic variability of Agrobacteriztm tumefaciens strains from New York vineyards. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (EL. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), p. 103. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Kazazian, H.H. (1986). Gene probes: application to prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases. Clinical Chemistry 31, 1509–1513.
  • Kelman, A. and Maher, E. (1987). Approaches in the diagnosis of soft rot diseases of the potato. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (EL. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 262–267. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Kempe, T., Sundquist, W.I., Chow, F. and Hu, S.-L. (1985). Chemical and enzymatic biotin-labelling of oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Research 13, 45–57.
  • Kendall., C., Ionescu-Mayiu, I. and Dreesman, G.R. (1983). Utilization of the biotin/avidin system to amplify the sensitivity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Journal of Immunological Methods 56, 329–339.
  • Kerr, A. (1987). The impact of molecular genetics on plant pathology. Annual Review of Phytopathology 25, 87–110.
  • Khandjian, E.W. (1987). Optimised hybridization of DNA blotted and fixed to nitrocellulose and nylon membranes. Bio/Technology 5, 165–167.
  • Kincaid, R.L. and Nightingale, M.S. (1988). A rapid non-radioactive procedure for plaque hybridization using biotinylated probes prepared by random primed labelling. BioTechniques 6, 42–49.
  • Kingsbury, D.T. (1987). DNA probes in the diagnosis of genetic and infectious diseases. Trends in Biotechnology 5, 107–111.
  • Kiraly, Z. (ED.) (1970). Methods in Plant Pathology: With Special Reference to Breeding for Disease Resistance. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
  • Kirkpatrick, B.C., Stenger, D.C., Morris, T.J. and Purcell, A.H. (1987a). Detection of X-disease mycoplasma-like organisms in plant and insect hosts using cloned disease specific DNA. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), p. 982. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Kirkpatrick, B.C., Stenger, D.C., Morris, T.J. and Purcell, A.H. (1987b). Cloning and detection of DNA from a nonculturable plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organism. Science 238, 197–200.
  • Klausner, A. (1987). Immunoassays flourish in new markets. Bio/Technology 5, 551–556.
  • Klich. M.A. and Mullaney. E.J. (1987). DNA restriction enzyme fragment polymorphism as a tool for rapid differentiation of Aspergillus flavus from Aspergillus oryzae. Experimental Mycology 11, 170–175.
  • Ko, N.-J. (1988). A new approach to plant virus identification by light microscopy. Plant Protection Bulletin 30, 1–14.
  • Koertge, T.E., Butler, J.E. and Dierks, S.E. (1985). The relationship between the binding of primary antibodies to the solid-phase antigenin microtiter plates and its detection by ELISA. Journal of Immunoassay 6, 371–390.
  • Kogan, S.C., Doherty. M. and Gitschier, J. (1987). An improved method for prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases by analysis of amplified DNA sequences. New England Journal of Medicine 317, 985–990.
  • Kohler, G. and Milstein, C. (1975). Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibodies of predefined specificity. Nature 256, 495–497.
  • Kostka, S.J. and Mcaleese. C. (1987). A simplified technique for the isolation of Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (EL. Civerolo. A. Collmer. R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie. Eds). pp. 883. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Kricka, L.J. (1988). Clinical and biochemical applications of luciferases and luciferins. Analytical Biochonistry 175, 12–21.
  • Krieg, P.A. and Melton. D.A. (1987). In vitro RNA synthesis with SP6 RNA polymerase. Methods in Enzymology 155, 397–415.
  • Kukla, B.A., Majiwa, P.A.O., Young. J.R., Moloo, S.K. and Ole-Moiyoi, O. (1987). Use of species-specific DNA probes for detection and identification of trypanosome infection in tsetse flies. Parasitology 95, 1–16.
  • Kurppa, A. and Martin, R.R. (1986). Use of double-stranded RNA for detection and identification of virus diseases of Rubus species. Acta Horticulturae 186, 51–62.
  • Kurppa, A. and Vuento. M. (1987). A simple kit for rapid field diagnosis of potato virus Y by latex serological test. Journal of Agricultural Science in Finland 59, 169–178.
  • Kwok, S., Mack, D.H., Mullis, K.B., Poiesz, B., Ehrlich, G., Blair. D., Friedman-Kien A. and Sninsky, J.J. (1987). Identification of human immunodeficiency virus sequences by using in vitro enzymatic amplification and oligomercleavage detection. Journal of Virology 61, 1690–1694.
  • Laidlaw, W.M.R. (1986). Mechanical aids to improve the speed and sensitivity of plant virus diagnosisby the biological test method. Annals of Applied Biology 108, 309–318.
  • Lakshman. D.K., Hiruki, C., Wu, X.N. and Leung, W.C. (1986). Use of [32P] RNA probes for the dot-hybridization detection of potato spindle tuberviroid. Journal of Virological Methods 14, 309–319.
  • Landegren, U., Kaiser, R., Sanders, J. and Hood, L. (1988). A ligase-mediated gene detection technique. Science 241, 1077–1080.
  • Landry, B.S. and Michelmore, R.W. (1987). Methods and applications of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to plants. In Tailoring Genes for Crop Improvement: An Agricultural Perspective (G. Bruening, T. Kosuge, J. Harada and A. Hollaender, Eds). pp. 25–44. Plenum Press, New York.
  • Lane, LC. (1986). Propagation and purification of RNA plant viruses. Methods in Enzymology 118, 687–696.
  • Langer, P.R., Waldrop, A.A. and Ward. D.C. (1981). Enzymatic synthesis of biotin-labelled polynucleotides: Novel nucleic acid affinity probes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 75, 6633–6637.
  • Langer-Safer, P.R., Levine. M. and Ward, D.C. (1982). Immunological method for mapping genes in Drosophilia chromosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States of America 79, 4381–4385.
  • Laroche, M. (1987). The search for a specific antigen on Erwinia amylovora. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), p. 877. MartinusNijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Lawson, R.H. (1986). Pathogen detection and elimination. In Tissue Cultureasa Plant Production System for Horticulture Crops, (R.H. Zimmerman, Ed.), pp. 97–117. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Lazo, G.R. and Gabriel, D.W. (1987). Conservation of plasmid DNA sequences and pathovar identification ofstrains of Xanthomonas campestris. Phytopathology 77, 448–453.
  • Lazo, G.R., Roffey, R. and Gabriel, D.W. (1987). Pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris are distinguishable by restriction fragment-length polymorphism. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 37, 214–221.
  • le Minor, L., Chalon, A.M. and Véron, M. (1972). Recherches sur la presence de l’antigène commun des Enterobacteriaceae (antigène Kunin). Annales de I’Institut Pasteur 123, 761–774.
  • Leary, J.J., Brigati, D.J. and Ward, D.C. (1983), Rapid and sensitive colorimetric method for visualizing biotin-labelled DNA probes hybridized to DNA or RNA immobilized on nitrocellulose: Bio-blots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80, 4045–4049.
  • Lee, I.M. and Davis, R.E. (1984). New media for rapid growth of Spiroplasma cirri and corn stunt spiroplasma. Phytopathology 74, 84–89.
  • Lee, I.M. and Davis, R.E. (1986). Prospects forin vitro culture of plant-pathogenic mycoplasmalike Organisms. Annual Review of Phytopathology 24, 339–354.
  • Lee, M,-S., Chang, K.-S., Cabanillas, F., Freireich, E.J., Trujillo, J.M. and Stass, S.A. (1987). Detection of minimal residual cells carrying the t(14; 18) by DNA sequence amplification. Science 237, 175–178.
  • Lejour, C. and Kummert, J. (1986). Comparative study of the detection of double-stranded RNA in different plant viral systems. Atznales de Gembloux 92, 177–188.
  • Leong, M.M.L., Milstein, C. and Pannell, R. (1986). Luminescent detection method for immunodot, Western, and Southern blots. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 34, 1645–1650.
  • Lewis, F.A., Griffiths, S., Dunnicliff, R., Wells, M., Dudding, N. and Bird, C.C. (1987). Sensitive in situ hybridization technique using biotin–streptavidin–polyalkaline phosphatase complex. Journal of Clinical Pathology 40(2), 163–166.
  • Li, P., Medon, P.P., Skingle, D.C., Lanser, J.A. and Symons, R.H. (1987). Enzyme-linked synthetic oligonucleotide probes: Non-radioactive detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in faecal specimens. Nucleic Acids Research 15, 5275–5287.
  • Lin, C.P. and Chen, T.A. (1985a). Monoclonal antibodies against the aster yellows agent. Science 227, 1233–1235.
  • Lin, C.P. and Chen, T.A. (1985b). Production of monoclonal antibodies against Spiroplasma citri. Phytopathology 75, 848–851.
  • Lin, C.P. and Chen, T.A. (1987). Differentiation of strains of Spiroplasma curl with monoclonal antibodies. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 347–351. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Lo, Y.-M.D., Mehal, W.Z. and Fleming, K.A. (1988). Rapid production of vector-free biotinylated probes using the polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Research 16, 8719.
  • Lopez, M.M. and Navarro, L. (1981). A new in vitro inoculation method for citrus canker diagnosis. In Proceedings of the International Society for Citriculture. 1981. volume 1, pp. 399–401.
  • Lopez, M.M., Arregui, J.M. and Navarro, L. (1983). Nueva tecnica de inoculacion con Xanthomonas ampelina de plantas de vina cultivad in vitropara elestudio de las relaciones huesped/parasito. In Proceedings des II congreso Nacional De Fitopathologia, pp. 45–50.
  • Lukezic, F.L. and Levine, R.C. (1987). Pectolytic fluorescent pseudomonads associated with alfafa root and crown rot. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), p. 298. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • McInnes, J.L., Habili, N. and Symons, R.H. (1989). Non-radioactive. Photobiotin-labelled DNA probes for the routine diagnosis of viroids in plant extracts. Journal of Virological Methods, 23, 299–312.
  • McInnes, J. L., Dalton, S., Vize, P.D. and Robins, A.J. (1987). Non-radioactive photobiotin-labelled probes detect single copy genes and low abundance messenger RNA. Bio/Technology 5, 269–272.
  • McIntyr, J.L. and Sands, D.C. (1977). How disease is diagnosed. In Plant Disease: An Advanced Treatise. Volume 1. How Disease is Managed (J.G. Horsfall and E.B. Cowling, Eds), pp. 35–53. Academic Press, New York.
  • McLaughlin, G.L., Ruth, J.L., Jablonski, E., Steketee, R. and Campbell, G.H. (1987). Use of enzyme-linked synthetic DNA in diagnosis of falciparum malaria. Lancet 1, 714–716.
  • McMahon, G., Davis, E. and Wogan. G.N. (1987). Characterization of c-Ki-ras oncogene alleles by direct sequencing of enzymatically amplified DNA from carcinogen-induced tumours. Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States of America 84, 4974–4978.
  • McMaster, G.K. and Carmichael, G.G. (1977). Analysis of single and double-stranded nucleic acids on polyacrylarnide and agarose gels by using glyoxal and acridine orange. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74, 4835–4838.
  • Magee, B.B., D’Souza, T.M. and Magee, P.T. (1987). Strain and species identification by restriction fragment length polymorphisms in ribosomal DNA repeat of Candida species. Journal of Bacteriology 169, 1639–1643.
  • Malajczuk, N., McComb, A. J. and Parker, C.A. (1975). An immunofluorescence technique for detecting Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Australian Journal of Botany 23, 289–309.
  • Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E.F. and Sambrook, J. (1982). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor.
  • Manicom, B.Q., Bar-Joseph, M., Rosner, A., Vigodsky-Haas, H. and Kotze, J.M. (1987). Potential application of random DNA probes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the taxonomy of the fusaria. Phytopathology 77, 669–672.
  • Martin, R.R. and Bristow, P.R. (1988). A carlavirus associated with blueberry scorch disease. Phytopathology 78, 1636–1640.
  • Mason, P.J. and Williams, J.G. (1985). Hybridization in the analysis of recombinant DNA. In Nucleic Acid Hybridization. A Practical Approach (B.D. Hames and S.J. Higgins, Eds), pp. 113–137. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Matthews, R.E.F. (1967). Serological tests for plant viruses. In Methods in Virology (K. Maramorosch and H. Koprowski, Eds), volume 3, pp. 199–241. Academic Press, New York.
  • Maxam, A.M. and Gilbert, W. (1980). Sequencing end-labelled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods in Enzymology 65, 499–560.
  • Mead, D., Goiffon, V., Crowell, V., Fiandt, M. and Morris, B. (1988). Efficient construction of unbiased genomic libraries using unfractionated DNA. Promega Notes 14, 1–4.
  • Meredith, D.S. (1970). Banana leaf spot disease (Sigatoka) caused by Mycosphaerella musicola. Commonwealth Mycological Institute Phytopathological Paper 11, 1–147.
  • Merril, C.R., Goldman, D., Sedman, S.A. and Ebert, M.H. (1981). Ultrasensitive stain for proteins in polyacrylamide gels shows regional variation in cerebrospinal fluid proteins. Science 211, 1437–1438.
  • Michelmore, R.W. and Hulbert, S.H. (1987). Molecular markers for genetic analysis of phytopathogenic fungi. Annual Review of Phytopathology 25, 383–404.
  • Mierendorf, R. (1988). Riboclone cDNA synthesis systems. Promega Notes 12, 1–2.
  • Mierendorf, R., Morris. B. and Schenborn, E. (1988). cDNA cloning simplified: The riboclone EcoRI adaptor ligation system. Promega Notes 14, 6–7.
  • Mifflin, T.E., Bowden, J., Lovell, M.A., Bruns, D.E., Hayden, F.G., Groschel, D.H.M. and Savory, J. (1987). Comparison of radioactive (P-32 and S-35) and biotinylated probes for detection of cytomegalovirus DNA. Clinical Biochemistry 20, 231–236.
  • Miller, L.T. and Sasser, M. (1984). Fatty acid profiling of plant related bacteria. Phytopathology 74, 757.
  • Miller, S.A. and Martin, R.R. (1988). Molecular diagnosis of plant diseases. Annual Review of Phytopathology 26, 409–432.
  • Mills, P.R. (1987). Comparison of cDNA hybridization and other tests for the detection of potato mop-top virus. Potato Research 30, 319–328.
  • Mills, D., Niepold, F. and Bertoni, G. (1987). Molecular analysis of pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae pathovars phaseolicola and syringae. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 404–411. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Milne, R.G. (1967). Electron microscopy of leaves infected with sowbane mosaic virus and other small polyhedral viruses. Virology 32, 589–600.
  • Mink, G.S. and Aichlee, M.D. (1984). Detection of prunus necrotic ringspot and prune dwarf viruses in Prunus seed and seedlings by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plant Disease 68, 378–381.
  • Mitchell, L.A. (1986). Derivation of Sirococcus strobilnius specific monoclonal antibodies. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 16, 939–944.
  • Moeremans, M., Daneels, G. and de Mey, J. (1985). Sensitive colloidal metal (gold or silver) staining of protein blots on nitrocellulose membranes. Analytical Biochemistry 145, 315–321.
  • Moeremans, M., Daneels, G., van Dijck, A., Langanger, G. and de Mey, J. (1984). Sensitive visualization of antigen-antibody reactions in dot and blot immune overlay assays with immunogold and immunogold/silver staining. Journal of Immunological Methods 74, 353–360.
  • Morris, T.J. and Dodds, J.A. (1979). Isolation and analysis of double-stranded RNA from virus-infected plant and fungal tissue. Phytopathology 69, 854–858.
  • Morris, C.F., Hama-Inaba, H., Mace, D., Sinha, N.K. and Alberts, B. (1979). Purification of the gene 43, 44, 45 and 62 proteins of the bacteriophage T4 DNA replication apparatus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 254, 6787–6796.
  • Moyer, J.W. (1988). Virus indexing and distribution of sweet potato germplasm. In Conservation and Movement of Vegetatively Propagated Germplastn: In Vitro Culture and Disease Aspects. Report of a Subcommittee Meeting Held at North Carolina State University, 17–19 August 1987, pp. 23–25. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, IBPGR Advisory Committee on in vitro Storage. IBPGR, Rome.
  • Mullis, K.B. and Faloona, F.A. (1987). Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalysed chain reaction. Methods in Enzymology 155, 335–350.
  • Munoz, G., Marshall, S., Cabrera, M. and Horvat, A. (1988). Enhanced detection of glycoproteins in polyacrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry 170, 491–494.
  • Murasugi, A., Takemori, N. and Hashimoto, S. (1987). Discrimination and quantitative analysis of wild type and point mutant early region 1B genes of adenovirus using oligodeoxyribonucleotide hybridization probes. Journal of Biochemistry 102, 627–634.
  • Navarro, L. (1981). Effect of citrus exocortis viroid (CEV) on root and callus formation by stem tissue of Etrog Citron (Citrus medica L.) cultured in vitro. Proceedings of the International Society for Citriculture 1, 437–439.
  • Nguyen, V.T., Morange, M. and Bensaude, O. (1988). Firefly luciferase assays using scintillation counters for quantitation in transfected mammalian cells. Analytical Biochemistry 171, 404–408.
  • Nicholls. J.J., Langdale, J.A. and Malcolm, A.D.B. (1987). Sandwich hybridization using immobilised DNA. Biochemical Society Transactions 15, 140.
  • Nilsson, B.L. and Tomenius, K. (1987). Electron microscopyin plant virus diagnosis. Vaxtskyddsnotiser 51, 14–18, 31.
  • Nur, I., Leblanc, D.J. and Tully, J.G. (1987). Short interspersed and repetitive DNA sequencesin Spiroplasma spp. Plasmid 17, 110–116.
  • Okayama, H. and Berg, P. (1982). High-efficiency cloning of full-length cDNA. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2, 161–170.
  • Ouellette, G.B. and Benhamou, N. (1987). Use of monoclonal antibodies to detect molecules of fungal plant pathogens. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 9, 167–176.
  • Pachmann, K. (1987). In situ hybridizationwith fluorochrome-labelled clone DNAfor quantitative determination of the homologous mRNA in individual cells. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Immunology 3, 13–20.
  • Palva, A. (1986). Microbial diagnostics by nucleic acid hybridization. Annals of Clinical Research 18, 327–336.
  • Palva, A., Nyberg, K. and Palva, I. (1988). Quantification of alpha-amylase messenger RNA in Bacillus subtilis by nucleic acid sandwich hybridization. DNA 7, 135–142.
  • Pardue, M.L. (1985). In situ hybridization. In Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach (B.D. Hames and S.J. Higgins, Eds), pp. 179–202. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Parent, J.-G., Belanger, S., Desiardins, S. and Brisson. J.D. (1985). Dot-immunobinding for the detection of tomato mosaic virus and potato virus X infecting greenhouse tomatoes. Phytoprotection 66, 53–57.
  • Parkkinen, S. (1988). Nucleic acid sandwich hybridization in detection of HPV 16: DNA technique and its clinical application. Journal of Virological Methods 19, 69–78.
  • Penschow, J.D., Haralambidis, J., Darling, P.E., Darby, I.A., Wintour, E.M., Tregear, G.W. and Coghlan, J.P. (1987). Hybridization histochemistry. Experientia 43, 741–750.
  • Perkin Elmer Cetus. Protocol for DNA Amplification.
  • Perombelon, M.C.M. (1987). A rapid method to identify soft rot Erwinias directly from plant material. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), p. 269. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Perombelon, M.C.M. and Hyman, L.J. (1986). A rapid method for identifying and quantifying soft rot Erwinias directly from plant material based on their temperature tolerance and sensitivity to erythromycin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 60, 61–66.
  • Persley. G.J. (1983). Bacteriophages for the identification of plant pathogenic bacteria. In Plant Bacterial Diseases: A Diagnostic Guide, (P.C. Fahy and G.J. Persley, Eds). pp. 259–273. Academic Press, Australia.
  • Peterschmitt, M., Chatenet, M. and Baudin, P. (1987). Application of the ELISA method to the diagnosis of maize virus diseases. Agronomie Tropicale Riz et Riziculture et Cultures Vivrieres Tropicale 42, 131–138.
  • Pinkel, D., Gray, J.W., Trask, B., van den Engh, G., Fuscoe, J. and van Dekken, H. (1986). Cytogenetic analysis by in situ hybridization with fluorescently labelled nucleic acidprobes. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 51, 151–157.
  • Poor, M.L., Santa, P.F. and Sittampalam, G.T. (1988). Visualization of multiple protein bands on the same nitrocellulose membrane by double immunoblotting. Analytical Biochemistry 175, 191–195.
  • Puget, K., Michelson, A.M. and Avrameas, S. (1977). Light emission techniques for the microestimation of femtogram levels of peroxidase. Analytical Biochemistry 79, 447–456.
  • Raju, B.C. and Olson, C.J. (1985). Indexing systems for producing clean stock for disease control in commercial floriculture. Plant Disease 69, 189–192.
  • Raju, B.C. and Wells, J.M. (1987). Detection and control of plant diseases caused by fastidious prokaryotes. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Cotimer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 334–339. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Randles, J.W., Julia, J.F., Calvez, C. and Dollet, M. (1986). Association of single-stranded DNA with the foliar decay disease of coconut palm in Vanuatu. Phytopathology 76, 889–894.
  • Rashtchian, A., Eldredge, J., Ottaviani, M., Abbott, M., Mock, G., Lovern, D., Klinger, J. and Parsons, G. (1987). Immunological capture of nucleic acid hybrids and application to nonradioactive DNA probe assay. Clinical Chemistry 33, 1526–1530.
  • Razin, S., Hyman, H.C., Nur, I. and Yogev, D. (1987). DNA probesfor detection and identification of mycoplasmas (Mollicutes). Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 23, 735–741.
  • Reed, K.C. and Mann, D.A. (1985). Rapid transfer of DNA from agarose gels to nylon membranes. Nucleic Acids Research 13, 7207–7221.
  • Reisfeld, A., Rothenberg, J.M., Bayer, E.A. and Wilchek, M. (1987). Non-radioactive hybridization probes prepared by the reaction of biotin hydrazide with DNA. Biochemical and BiophysicalResearch Communications 142, 519–526.
  • Renz, M. and Kurz, C. (1984). A colorimetric method for DNA hybridization. Nucleic Acids Research 12, 3435–3444.
  • Richardson, C.C. (1965). Phosphorylation of nucleic acid by an enzyme from T4 bacteriophage infected Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 54, 158–165.
  • Rigby, P.W.J., Dieckmann, M., Rhodes, C. and Berg, P. (1977). Labelling deoxyribonucleicacid tohigh specific activity in vitro by nicktranslation with DNA polymerase I. Journal of Molecular Biology 113, 237–251.
  • Rittenburg, J.H., Petersen, F.P., Grothaus, G.D. and Miller, S.A. (1988). Development of a rapid, field usable immunoassay format, for detection and quantitation of Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Sclerotinia spp. in plant tissue. Phytopathology 78, 1516.
  • Roberts, D.L., Baker, K.K. and Vargas, J.M., Jr (1983). Scanning electron microscopy as a rapid diagnostic aid in the study of the etiology and distribution of bacterial wilt of Toronto creeping bentgrass. Scanning Electron Microscopy 4, 1719–1722.
  • Roberts, I.M., Tamada, T. and Harrison, B.D. (1980). Relationship of potato leafroll virus to luteoviruses: Evidence from electron microscope serological tests. Journal of General Virology 47, 209–213.
  • Roberts, M.C., Hooton, M., Stamm, W., Holmes, K.K. and Kenny, G.E. (1987). DNA probes for the detection of mycoplasmas in genital specimens. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 23, 618–620.
  • Rochitz, C.F., Scott, G.K., Dodson, J.M. and Benz, C.C. (1988). Use of the polymerase chain reaction technique to create base-specific ras oncogene mutations. DNA 7, 515–519.
  • Rollo, F., Amici, A., Forest, F. and di Silvestro, I. (1987). Construction and characterization of a cloned probe for the detection of Phomatracheiphila in plant tissues. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 26, 352–357.
  • Rose, D.G., McCarra, S. and Mitchell, D.H. (1987). Diagnosis of potato virus YN: A comparison between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and a biological assay. Plant Pathology 36, 95–99.
  • Rosner, A., Bar-Joseph, M., Moscovitz, M. and Mevarech, M. (1983). Diagnosis of specific viral RNA sequences in plant extracts by hybridization with a polynucleotide kinase mediated phosphorus-32 labelled double-stranded RNA probe. Phytopathology 73, 699–702.
  • Rubio-Huertos, M., Diaz Ruiz, J.R., Lopez Abella, D., Moreno, R. and Santaolalla, M. (1985). Diagnosis of plant virus diseases by light and electron microscopy. Anales Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias Sane Agricole 28, 311–322.
  • Ruissen, M.A., Helderman, C.A.J., Schipper, J. and van Vuurde, J.W.L. (1987). Selective isolation and concentration of phytopathogenic bacteria on immunoaffinity columns. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. CoIlmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), p. 882. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Rulli, R.D. (1988). Quantitative evaluation by computer-based video densitometry of film response to different isotopes and fluorographic treatments. Analytical Biochemistry 175, 145–153.
  • Russo, M., di Franco, A. and Martelli, G.P. (1987). Cytopathology in the identification and classification of tombusviruses. Intervirology 28, 134–143.
  • Sabatini, D.D., Bensch, K. and Barrnett, R.J. (1963). Cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructures and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation. Journal of Cell Biology 17, 19.
  • Saiki, R.K., Scharf, S., Faloona, F., Mullis, K.B., Horn, G.T., Erlich, H.A. and Arnheim, N. (1985). Enzymatic amplification of ß-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science 230, 1350–1345.
  • Saiki, R.K., Bugawan, T.L., Horn, G.T., Mullis. K.B. and Erlich, H.A. (1986). Analysis of enzymatically amplified ß-globin and HLA-DQa DNA with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. Nature 324, 163–166.
  • Saiki, R.K., Gelfand, D.H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S.J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G.T., Mullis, K.B. and Erlich, H.A. (1988). Primer-directedenzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239, 487–491.
  • Saldanha, J.A., Karayiannis, P., Thomas, H.C. and Monjardino, J. P. (1987). Use of biotinylated probes in serum hepatitis B virus DNA detection. Journal of Virological Methods 16, 339–342.
  • Salmond, G.P.C. (1987). Genetic systems in the soft rot Erwinia group. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davisand A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 189–197. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Santha, M., Burg, K., Rasko, I. and Stipkovits, L. (1987). A species-specific DNA probe for the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Infections and Immunity 55, 2857–2859.
  • Schaad, N.W. (1987). Use of selective agarmedia in diagnosis of Plant diseases caused by bacteria. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E. L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie. Eds), pp. 818–820. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Schäfer, R. Zischler. H. and Epplen J.T. (1988). DNA fingerprints using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes specific for simple repeats. Nucleic Acids Research 16, 9344.
  • Scharf, S.J., Horn, G.T. and Erlich, H.A. (1986). Direct cloning and sequence analysis of enzymatically amplified genornic sequences. Science 233, 1076–1078.
  • Schumacher, J., Meyer, N., Riesner, D. and Weidemann, H.L. (1986). Diagnostic procedure for detection of viroids and viruses with circular DNA by return-gel electrophoresis. Journal of Phytopathology 115, 332–343.
  • Sealey, P.G. and Southern, E.M. (1982). Gel electrophoresis of DNA. In Gel Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids, A Practical Approach (D. Rickwood and B.D. Hames, Eds), pp. 39–76. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Sela, I., Reichman, M. and Weissbach, A. (1984). Comparison of dot molecular hybridization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting tobacco mosaic virus in plant tissue and protoplasts. Phytopathology 74, 385–389.
  • Self, C.H. (1985). Enzyme amplification. A general method applied to provide an irmuunoassisted assay for placental alkaline phosphatase. Journal of Immunological Methods 76, 389–393.
  • Seriwatana, J., Echeverria, P., Taylor, D.N., Sakuldaipeara, T., Changchawalit, S. and Chivoratanond, O. (1987). Identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli with synthetic alkaline phosphatase-conjugated oligonucleotide DNA probes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25, 1438–1441.
  • Shaw, J.J. and Kado, C.I. (1986). Development of a Vibrio bioluminescence gene-set to monitor phytopathogenic bacteria during the ongoing disease process in a non-disruptive manner. Bio/Technology 4, 560–564.
  • Shepard, J.F. (1970). A radial-immunodiffusion test for the simultaneous diagnosis of potato viruses S and X. Phytopathology 60, 1669–1672.
  • Shi, Z.-R., Itzkowitz, S.H. and Kim, Y.S. (1988). A comparison of three immunoperoxidase techniques for antigen detection in colorectal carcinoma tissues. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 36, 317–322.
  • Shirako, Y. and Ehara, Y. (1986). Rapid diagnosis of Chinese yam necrotic mosaic virus infection by electro-blot immunoassay. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 52, 453–459.
  • Shukla, D.D., Strike, P.M., Tracey, S.L., Gough, K.H. and Ward, C.W. (1988). The N and C termini of the coat proteins of potyviruses are surface-located and the Nterminus containsmajor virus-specific epitopes. Journal of General Virology 69, 1497–1508.
  • Shukla, D.D., TRIBBICK, G., Mason, T.J., Hewih, D.R., Geysen, H.M. and Ward, C.W. (1989a). Localisation of virus specific and group specific antibodies by systematic immunochemical analysis of overlapping fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86, in press.
  • Shukla, D.D., Jilka, J., Tosic, M. and Ford, R.E. (1989b). A novel approach to the serology of potyviruses involving affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies directed towards virus-specific N termini of coat proteins. Journal of General Virology 70, 13–23.
  • Siiari, H. and Kurppa, A. (1987). Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in the detection of Plant viruses. Journal of General Virology 68, 1423–1428.
  • Simpson, D., Crosby, R.M. and Skopek, T.R. (1988). A method for specific cloning and sequencing of human HPRT cDNA for mutation analysis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 151, 487–492.
  • Sinjarv, R., Jarvekulg, L., Andreeva, E. and Saarma, M. (1988). Detection of potato virus X by one incubation europium time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay and ELISA. Journal of General Virology 69, 991–998.
  • Sletten, A. (1987). Prospects for detecting and controlling potato ring rot in Norway. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), p. 884. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Soller, M. and Beckmann, J.S. (1988). Genomic genetics and the utilization for breeding purposes of genetic variation between populations. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Quantitative Genetics (B.S. Weir, E.J. Eisen, M.M. Goodman and G. Namkoong. Eds). pp. 161–188. Sinaver Associates, Sunderland.
  • Southern, E.M. (1975). Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated bygel electrophoresis. Journal of Molecular Biology 98, 503–517.
  • Spiegel, S. (1987). Double-stranded RNA in strawberry plants with strawberry mild yellow-edge virus. Phytopathology 77, 1492–1494.
  • Spiegel, S. (1988). Disease indexing and the international movement of temperate small fruits and grapevine germplasms. In Conservation and Movement of Vegetatively Propagated Germplasm: In Vitro Culture andDiseaseAspects. Report of a Subcommittee Meeting Held at North Carolina State University, 17–19 August 1987, pp. 31–36. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. IBPGR Advisory Committee on in vitro Storage. IBPGR, Rome.
  • Sproat, B.S. and Gait, M.J. (1985). Solid-phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by the phosphotriester method. In Oligonucleotide Synthesis, A Practical Approach (M.J. Gait, Ed.), pp. 83–115. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Stall, R.E., Civerolo, E.L., Ducharme. E.P., Krass, C.J., Poe, S.R., Miller, J.W. and Schoulties, C.L. (1987). Managementof citrus canker by eradication of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (EL. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 900–905. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Stead, D.E., Chauveau, J.F., Janse, J.D., Ruissen, M.A., van Vaerenbergh. J. and van Vuurde, J.W.L. (1987). Immuno-isolation techniques for the detection and isolation of plant pathogenic bacteria. In Immunological Techniques in Microbiology, pp. 189–193. Society for Applied Bacteriology.
  • Stollar, B.D. and Rashtchian, A. (1987). Immunochemical approaches to gene probe assays. Analytical Biochemistry 161, 387–394.
  • Stolp, H. and Starr, M.P. (1981). Principles of isolation, cultivation, and conservation of bacteria. In The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification of Bacteria (M.P. Starr. H. Stolp, H.G. Truper, A. Balows and H.G. Schlegel, Eds), volume I, pp. 135–175. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  • Stover, R.H. (1962). Fusarial wilt (Panama disease) of bananas and other Musa species. Commonwealth Mycological Institute Phytopathological Papers 4, 1–117.
  • Suggs, S.V., Hirose, T., Miyake, T., Kawashima, E.H., Johnson, M.J., Itakura, K. and Wallace, R.B. (1981). Synthetic oligo-nucleotides as hybridization probesfor specificgenes. ICN-University of California at Los Angeles Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, 682–693.
  • Sullivan, D.E., Auron, P.E., Quigley, G.J., Watkins, P., Stanchfield, J.E. and Bolon, C. (1987). The nucleic acid blot analyzer. I. Highspeed imaging and quantitation of 32P-labelled blots. BioTechniques 5, 672–679.
  • Tabares, E. (1987). Detection of DNA viruses by radioactive and non radioactive DNA probes: Application to African swine fever virus. Archives of Virology 92, 233–242.
  • Takayama, M., Kawai, A. and Suetsugu, T. (1985). Studies on the diagnosis of foreign bacterial diseases of quarantine significance. V. A selective medium for isolation and detection of Corynebacterium fascians. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service of Japan 21, 33–40.
  • Tanaka, K. and Ishikawa, E. (1986). A highly sensitive bioluminescent assay of ß-galactosidase from Escherichia coli using 2-nitrophenyl-ß-D-galactopyranoside. Analytical Letters 19, 433–444.
  • Tanne, E. (1984). Occurrence of tobacco necrosis virus in strawberry cultivars and Fragaria vesca indicators. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift III, 332–338.
  • Tchen, P., Fuchs, R.P.P., Sage, E. and Leng, M. (1984). Chemically modified nucleic acids as immunodetectable probes in hybridization experiments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Stales of America 81, 3466–3470.
  • Terouanne, B., Carrie, M.-L., Nicolas, J .C. and Crastes de Paulet, A. (1986). Bioluminescent immunosorbent for rapid immunoassays. Analytical Biochemistry 154, 118–125.
  • Terouanne, B., Carrie, M.-L., Martin, J.-L. and Nicolas, J.-C. (1987). A new bioluminescent immunoassay for direct hormone assays in plasma. In Bioluminescene and Chemiluminescence: New Perspectives (J. Scholmerich, R. Andreesen, A. Kapp, M. Ernst and W.G. Woods, Eds), pp. 253–256. Wiley, Chichester.
  • Terpstra, W.J., Schoone, G.J., Ligthart, G.S. and Ter Schegget, .J. (1987). Detection of Leptospira interrogans in clinical specimens by in situ hybridization using biotin-labelled DNA probes. Journal of General Microbiology 133, 911–914.
  • Thomas, P.S. (1980). Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77, 5201–5205.
  • Thomas, P. (1983). Hybridization of denatured RNA transferred or dotted to nitrocellulose paper. Methods in Enzymology 100, 255–266.
  • Thompson, J. and Gillespie, D. (1987). Molecular hybridization with RNA probesin concentrated solutions of guanidine thiocyanate. Analytical Biochemistry 163, 281–291.
  • Thorpe, G.H.G. and Kricka, L.J. (1987). Enhanced chemiluminescent assays for horse radish peroxidase: Characteristics and application. In Bioluminescence and Chemilumitzescence: New Perspectives (J. Scholmerich, R. Andreesen, A. Kapp, M. Ernst and W. G. Woods, Eds), pp. 199–208. Wiley, Chichester.
  • Tijssen, P. (1985). Practice and Theory of Enzyme Immunoassays. Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.H. Burdon and P.H. van Knippenberg, Eds), volume 15. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Tomlinson, S., Lyga, A., Huguenel, E. and Dattagupta, N. (1988). Detection of biotinylated nucleic acid hybrids by antibody-coated gold colloid. Analytical Biochemistry 171, 217.
  • Torrance, L. (1987). Use of enzyme amplification in an ELISA to increase sensitivity of detection of barley yellow dwarf virus in oats and in individual vector aphids. Journal of Virological Methods 15, 131–138.
  • Torrance, L. and Dolby, C.A. (1984). Sampling conditions for reliable routine detection by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of three ilarviruses in fruit trees. Annals of Applied Biology 104, 267–276.
  • Torrance, L. and Jones, R.A.C. (1982). Increased sensitivity of detection of plant viruses obtained by using fluorogenic substrate in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Annals of Applied Biology 101, 501–509.
  • Tremaine, J.H. and Wright, N.S. (1967). Cross-reactive antibodies in antisera to two strains of southern bean mosaic virus. Virology 31, 481–488.
  • Ulitzur, S. and Kuhn, J. (1987). Introduction of lux genes into bacteria, a new approach for specific determination of bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibility. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: New Perspectives (J. Scholmerich, R. Andreesen, A. Kapp, M. Ernst and W.G. Woods, Eds), pp. 463–472. Wiley, Chichester.
  • Urdea, M.S., Warner, B.D., Running, J.A., Stempien, M., Clyne, J. and Horn, T. (1988). A comparison of non-radioisotopic hybridization assay methods using fluorescent, chemiluminescent and enzyme labelled synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes. Nucleic Acids Research 16, 4937–4956.
  • Valentino, K., Eberwine, J. and Barchas, J. (EDs) (1987). In situ Hybridisation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Valverde, R.A, Dodds, J.A. and Heick, .J.A. (1986). Double-stranded RNA from plants infected with viruses having elongated particles and undivided genomes. Phytopathology 76, 459–465.
  • van Boom, J.H. and Wreesman, C.T.J. (1985). Chemical synthesis of small oligoribonucleotides in solution. In Oligonucleotide Synthesis, A Practical Approach (M.J. Gait, Ed.). pp. 153–183. IRLPress, Oxford.
  • van Dijk, P., van der Meer, F.A. and Piron, P.G.M. (1987). Accessions of Australian Nicotiana species suitable as indicator hosts in the diagnosis of plant virus diseases. Netherland Journal of Plant Pathology 93, 73–86.
  • van Slogteren, D.H.M. (1955). Serological micro-reactions with plant viruses under paraffin oil. In Proceedings of the Second Conference on Potato Virus Diseases, Lisse-Wageningen, pp. 51–54.
  • van Vuurde, J.W.L. (1987). Detecting seedborne bacteria by immunofluorescence. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 799–808. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • van Vuurde, J.W.L. and Maat, D.Z. (1983). Routine application of ELBA for the detection of lettuce mosaic virus in lettuce seeds. Seed Science and Technology 11, 505–513.
  • van Vuurde, J.W., Ruissen, M.A. and Vruggink, H. (1987). Principles and prospects of new serological techniques including immunosorbent immunofluorescence, immunoaffinity isolation and irnmunosorbent enrichment for sensitive detection of phytopathogenic bacteria. In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Maryland, 2–7 June 1985 (E.L. Civerolo, A. Collmer, R.E. Davis and A.G. Gillaspie, Eds), pp. 835–842. Martini’s Nijhoff, Dordrecht.
  • Varveri, C., Ravelonandro, M. and Dunez, J. (1987). Construction and use of a cloned cDNA probe for the detection of plum pox virus in plants. Phytopathology 77, 1221–1224.
  • Vidaver, A.K. (1983). Bacteriocins: The lure and the reality. Plant Disease 67, 471–475.
  • Wahl, G.M., Stern, M. and Stark, G.R. (1979). Efficient transfer of large DNA fragments from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxy-methyl-paper and rapid hybridization by using dextran sulphate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76, 3683–3687.
  • Wakarchuk, D.A. and Hamilton, R.I. (1985). Cellular double-stranded RNA in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Molecular Biology 5, 55–63.
  • Wallace, R.B., Petz, L.D. and Yam, P.Y. (1986). Application of synthetic DNA probes to the analysis of DNA sequence variants in man. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 51, 257–261.
  • Waterhouse, P.M. and Murant, A.F. (1981). Purification of carrot red leaf virus and evidence from four serological tests for its relationship to luteoviruses. Annals of Applied Biology 97, 191–204.
  • Waterhouse, P.M., Gildow, F.E. and Johnstone, G.R. (1988). Luteovirus group. AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses No. 339.
  • Webb, J.W., Jiang, K., Gillece-Castro, Tarentino. A.L., Plumme, R.T.H., Byrd, J.C., Fisher, S.J. and Burlingame, A.L. (1988). Structural characterization of intact branched oligosaccharides by high performance liquid chromatography and liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry. Analytical Biochemistry 169, 337–349.
  • Weeks, I., Sturgess, M., Brown, R.C. and Woodhead, J.S. (1986). Immunoassays using acridinium esters. Methods in Enzymology 133, 366–387.
  • Weier, H.U. and Gray, J.W. (1988). A programmable system to perform the polymerase chain reaction. DNA 7, 441–447.
  • Whitcomb, R.F. and Black, L.M. (1961). A precipitin ringtime test forestimation of relative soluble-antigen concentrations. Virology 15, 507–508.
  • Wiese, M.V. (1982). Crop management by comprehensive appraisal of yield determining variables. Annual Review of Phytopathology 20, 419–432.
  • Wilkins, R.I. and Snell, R.G. (1987). Centrifugal transfer and sandwich hybridization permit 12-hour Southern blot analyses. Nucleic Acids Research 15, 7200.
  • Williams, G.T. (1987). High-efficiency preparation of DNA from limiting quantities of eukaryotic cells for hybridization analysis. Gene 53, 121–126.
  • Williams, J.G. and Mason, P.J. (1985). Hybridization in the analysis of RNA. In Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach (B.O. Hames and S.J. Higgins, Eds), pp. 139–160. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Williams, R.C. and Fisher, H.W. (1970). Electron microscopy of tobacco mosaic virus under conditions of minimal beam exposure. Journal of Molecular Biology 52, 121–123.
  • Williams, R.C. and Wyckoff, R.G.W. (1944). The thickness of electronmicroscopic objects. Journal of Applied Physics 15, 712–716.
  • Wirth, D.F. and Piatt, D.M. (1982). Rapid detection of Leishmania species by specific hybridization of kinetoplast DNA in cutaneous lesions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79, 6999–7003.
  • WITHERS, L.A. (1988). The current status of in vitro culture for the international movement of plant germplasm. In Conservation and Movement of Vegetatively Propagated Gertnplastn: in vitro Culture and Disease Aspects. Report of a Subcommittee Meeting Held at North CarolinaState University, 17–19 August 1987. pp. 47–60. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, IBPGR Advisory Committee on in vitro Storage. IBPGR, Rome.
  • Wolf, S.F., Haines, L., Fisch, J., Kremsky, J.N., Dougherty, J.P. and Jacobs, K. (1987). Rapid hybridization kinetics of DNA attached to submicron latex particles. Nucleic Acids Research 15, 2911–2926.
  • Wong, C., Dowling, C.E., Saiki, R.K., Higuchi. R.G., Erlich, H.A. and Kazazian, H.H., Jr (1987). Characterization of ß-thalassaernia mutations using direct genomic sequencing of amplified single copy DNA. Nature 330, 384–386.
  • Wright, N.S. (1963). Detection of strain specific serological activity in antisera of tobacco mosaic virus, clover yellow mosaic virus, and potato virus X, by complement fixation. Virology 20, 131–136.
  • Wrigley, N.G., Brown, E. and Chillingwortil R.K. (1983). Combining accurate defocus with low dose imaging in high resolution electron microscopy ofbiological material. Journal of Microscopy 130, 225–232.
  • Yan, C., Kitano, H. and Ise, N. (1988). Functional properties of proteins immobilized on albumin microspheres. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 10, 13–20.
  • Yepes, L.M. and Aldwinckle, H.S. (1986). Screening apple cultivars for resistance to Venturia inaequalis in vitro. In Proceedings VI International Congress of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture (D.A. Somers, B.G. Gengenbach, D.D. Biesboer, W.P. Hackett and C.E. Green, Eds), volume 1, p. 304. International Association for Plant Tissue Culture, Minneapolis.
  • Yokoyama, K. (1988). Advantage of highly immunoreactive monoclonal antibodies in radioimmunoscintigraphy for tumor detection I. New purification system for monoclonal antibodies. Japanese Journal of Nuclear Medicine 25, 49–59.
  • Young, B.D. and Anderson, M.L.M. (1985). Quantitative analysis of solution hybridization. In Nucleic Acid Hybridization, A Practical Approach (B. D. Hames and S.J. Higgins, Eds), pp. 47–71. IRL Press, Oxford.
  • Zapolski, E.J., Buas, M., Golab, T., Ledley, R.S. and Gersten, D.M. (1987). A system for automated DNA electrophoresis, molecular hybridization and electronic detection: I. Electrophoresis and hybridization. Electrophoresis 8, 255–261.
  • Zuckermann, R. Corey, D. and Schultz, P. (1987). Efficient methods for attachment of thiol specific probes to the 3’ ends of synthetic oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Research 15, 5305–5321.
  • Zwadyk, P. and Cooksey, R.C. (1987). Nucleic acid probes in clinical microbiology. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 25, 71–103.
  • Zwadyk, P., Cooksey, R.C. and Thornsberry, C. (1986.). Commercial detection methodsfor biotinylated gene probes: Comparison with 32P-1abelled DNA probes. Current Microbiology 14, 95–100.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.