Engineered Commensal Bacteria as Delivery Systems of Anti-infective Mucosal Protectants

References

• Abi-Said , D.E. and Uzon , O. 1997 . Raad, I., Pinzcowski, H. and Vartivarian, O. The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species . Clinical Infectious Diseases , 24 : 1122 – 1128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiche , M. , Seon , A.A. , Pierre , T.N. and Nicolas , P. 1999 . The dermaseptin precursors: a protein family with a common preproregion and a variable C-terminal antimicrobial domain . FEBS Letters , 456 : 352 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arikan , S. and Rex , J.H. 2001 . Lipid-based antifungal agents: current status . Current Pharmaceutical Design , 7 : 393 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babiuk , L.A. and Tikoo , S.K. 2000 . Adenoviruses as vectors for delivering vaccines to mucosal surfaces . Journal of Biotechnology , 83 : 105 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baca-Estrada , M.E. and Foldvari , M. 2000 . Babiuk, S.L. and Babiuk, L.A. Vaccine delivery: lipid-based delivery systems . Journal of Biotechnology , 83 : 91 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai , J.P. and Amidon , G.L. 1992 . Structural specificity of mucosal-cell transport and metabolism of peptide drugs: implication for oral peptide drug delivery . Pharmaceutical Research , 9 : 969 – 978 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee , S.N. , Emori , T.G. , Culver , D.H. , Gaynes , R.P. , Jarvis , W.R. and Horan , T. 1991 . Secular trends in nosocomial primary blood stream infections in the United States . American Journal of Medicine , 91 : 86S – 89S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck-Sagué , C.M. and Jarvis , W.R. 1993 . Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980–1990 . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 167 : 1247 – 1251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beninati , C. , Oggioni , M.R. and Boccanera , M. 2000 . Spinosa, M.R., Maggi, T., Conti, S., Magliani, W., De Bernardis, F., Teti, G., Cassone, A., Pozzi, G. and Polonelli, L. Therapy of mucosal candidiasis by expression of an anti-idiotype in human commensal bacteria . Nature Biotechnology , 18 : 1060 – 1064 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernkop-Schnurch , A. 1998 . The use of inhibitory agents to overcome the enzymatic barrier to perorally administered therapeutic peptides and proteins . Journal of Controlled Release , 52 : 1 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne , K.Z. , Bourne , N. , Reising , S.F. and Stanberry , L.R. 1999 . Plant products as topical microbicide candidates: assessment of in vitro and in vivo activity against herpes simplex virus type 2 . Antiviral Research , 42 : 219 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne , N. , Stanberry , L.R. , Kern , E.R. , Holan , G. , Matthews , B. and Bernstein , D.I. 2000 . Dendrimers, a new class of candidate topical microbicides with activity against herpes simplex virus infection . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 44 : 2471 – 2474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , A. , Hormaeche , C.E. , Demarco , D.E. and Hormaeche , R. 1987 . Winther, M., Dougan, G., Maskell, D.J. and Stocker, B.A.D. An attenuatedaroa Salmonella typhimurium vaccine elicits humoral and cellular immunity to cloned β-galactosidase in mice . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 155 : 86 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardenas , L. and Clements , J.D. 1993 . Stability, immunogenicity and expression of foreign antigens in bacterial vaccine vectors . Vaccine , 11 : 126 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casadevall , A. , Cassone , A. and Bistoni , F. 1998 . Cutler, J.E., Magliani, W., Murphy, J.W., Polonelli, L. and Romani, L. Antibody and/or cell-mediated immunity, protective mechanisms in fungal disease: an ongoing dilemma or an unnecessary dispute? . Medical Mycology , 36 ( suppl. 1 ) : 95 – 105 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cassone , A. 1997 . De Bernardis, F., Conti, S. and Polonelli, L. Antibodies, killer toxins, and antifungal immunoprotection: a lesson from nature? . Immunology Today , 18 : 164 – 169 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang , H. 1996 . Genetic engineering to enhance microbial interference and related therapeutic applications . Nature Biotechnology , 14 : 444 – 447 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cirillo , J.D. , Stover , C.K. , Bloom , B.R. and Jacobs , W.R. 1995 . Jr. and Barletta, R.G. Bacterial vaccine vectors and bacillus Calmette-Guerin . Clinical Infectious Diseases , 20 : 1001 – 1009 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comerci , D.J. 1998 . Pollevick, G, D., Vigliocco, A.M., Frasch, A.C.C. and Ugalde, R.A. Vector development for the expression of foreign proteins in the vaccine strain Brucella abortus SI9 . Infection and Immunity , 66 : 3862 – 3866 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conley , M.E. and Delacroix , D.L. 1987 . Intravascular and mucosal immunoglobulin A: two separate but related systems of immune defense? . Annals of Internal Medicine , 106 : 892 – 899 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corintj , S. , Medaglini , D. and Cavani , A. 1999 . Rescigno, M., Pozzl, G., Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P. and Girolomoni, G. Human dendritic cells very efficiently present a heterologous antigen expressed on the surface of recombinant gram-positive bacteria to CD4+ Iymphocytes . Journal of Immunology , 163 : 3029 – 3036 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corinti , S. , Medaglini , D. and Prezzi , C. 2000 . Cavani, A., Pozzi, G. and Girolomoni, G. Human dendritic cells are superior to B cells at presenting a major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted heterologous antigen expressed on recombinant Streptococcus gordonii . Infection and Immunity , 68 : 1879 – 1883 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Courvalin , P. and Goussard , S. 1995 . Grillot-Courvalin, C. Gene transfer from bacteria to mammalian cells . Comptes Rendus de I’Academie des Sciences. Serie III , 318 : 1207 – 1212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Cruz , O.J. 2000 . Venkatachalam, T.K. and Uckun, F.M. Novel thiourea compounds as dual-function microbicides . Biology of Reproduction , 63 : 196 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietrich , G. , Spreng , S. , Gentschev , I. and Goebel , W. 2000 . Bacterial systems for the delivery of eukaryotic antigen expression vectors . Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Development , 10 : 391 – 399 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dietrich , G. 2001 . Kolb-Maurer, A., Spreng, S., Schartl, M., Goebel, w. and Gentschev, I. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as carrier systems for DNA vaccines . Vaccine , 19 : 2506 – 2512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Fabio , S. 1998 . Medaglini, D., Rush, C.M., Corrias, F., Panzini, G.L., Pace, M., Verani, P.P., Pozzi, G. and Titti, F. Vaginal immunization of Cynomolgus monkeys with Streptococcus gordonii expressing HIV-1 and HPV 16 antigens . Vaccine , 16 : 485 – 492 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doggett , T.A. 1993 . Jagusztyn-Krynicka, E.K. and Curtiss III, R. Immune response to Streptococcus sobrinus surface protein antigen A expressed by recombinant Salmonella typhimurium . Infection and Immunity , 61 : 1859 – 1866 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dougan , G. , Hormaeche , C.E. and Maskell , D.J. 1987 . Live oral Salmonella vaccines: potential use of attenuated strains as carriers of heterologous antigens to the immune system . Parasite Immunology , 9 : 151 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidel , P.L. Jr . 1998 . Vaginal candidiasis: review and role of local mucosal immunity . AIDS Patient Care and Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 12 : 359 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidel , P.L. Jr . 1996 . Sobel, J.D. Immunopathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis . Clinical Microbiology Reviews , 9 : 335 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischetti , V.A. , Medaglini , D. and Pozzi , G. 1996 . Gram-positive commensal bacteria for mucosal vaccine delivery . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 7 : 659 – 666 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fontenot , J.D. , Tan , X. and Philips , D.M. 1998 . Structure-based design of peptides that recognize the CD4 binding domain of HIV-1 gp120 . AIDS , 12 : 1413 – 1418 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freytag , L.C. and Clements , J.D. 1999 . Bacterial toxins as mucosal adjuvants . Current Topics on Microbiology and Immunology , 236 : 215 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukazawa , Y. , Cassone , A. and Blstoni , F. 1994 . Howards, D.H., Kagaya, K., Murphy, J.W., Cenci, E., Lane, I.E., Mencacci, A., Puccetti, P., Romani, L., Spaccapelo, R., Tonnetti, L. and Wu-Hsieh, B.A. Mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity in fungal infections: a review . Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology , 32 : 123 – 131 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grangette , C. 2001 . Müller-Alouf, H., Goudercourt, D., Geoffroy, M.-C, Turneer, M. and Mercenier, A. Mucosal immune responses and protection against tetanus toxin after intranasal immunization with recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum . Infection and Immunity , 69 : 1547 – 1553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillot-Courvalin , C. 1998 . Goussard, S., Huetz, F., Ojcius, D.M. and Courvalin, P. Functional gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to mammalian cells . Nature Biotechnology , 16 : 862 – 866 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillot-Courvalin , C. 1999 . Goussard, S. and Courvalin, P. Bacteria as gene delivery vectors for mammalian cells . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 10 : 477 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond , G.W. , Parker , J. , Mimms , L. , Tate , R. , Sekla , L. and Minuk , G. 1991 . Comparison of immunogenicity of two yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccines . Vaccine , 9 : 97 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson , M. and Samuelson , P. 2001 . Gunneriusson, E. and Stahl, S. Surface display on gram positive bacteria . Combinatorial Chemistry High Throughput Screening , 4 : 171 – 184 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harding , S.E. , Davis , S.S. , Deacon , M.P. and andFiebrig , I. 1999 . Biopolymer mucoadhesives . Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews , 16 : 41 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herold , B.C. , Kirkpatrick , R. , Marcellino , D. , Travelstead , A. and Pilipenko , V. 1999 . Krasa, H., Bremer, J., Dong, L.J. and Cooper, M.D. Bile salts: natural detergents for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 43 : 745 – 751 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huter , V. , Szostak , M.P. and Gampfer , J. 1999 . Prethaler, S., Wanner, G., Gabor, F. and Lubitz, W. Bacterial ghosts as drug carrier and targeting vehicles . Journal of Controlled Release , 61 : 51 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irie , T. and Uekama , K. 1997 . Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins. III. Toxico-logical issues and safety evaluation . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 86 : 147 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janes , K.A. , Calvo , P. and Alonso , M.J. 2001 . Polysaccharide colloidal particles as delivery systems for macromolecules . Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews , 47 : 83 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerne , N.K. 1974 . Towards a network theory of the immune system . Annates de Immunologie (Institut Pasteur) , 125C : 373 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Jilg , W. , Lorbeer , B. and Schmidt , M. 1984 . Wilske, B., Zoulek, G. and Deinhardt, F. Clinical evaluation of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine . Lancet , 2 : 1174 – 1175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiserlian , D. and Etchart , N. 1999 . Entry sites for oral vaccines and drugs: a role for M cells, enterocytes and dendritic cells? . Seminars of Immunology , 11 : 217 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , C.G. and Younson , J.S. 2000 . Anti-adhesive strategies in the prevention of infectious disease at mucosal surfaces . Expert Opinion in Investigational Drugs , 9 : 3711 – 1721 .
   Google Scholar
• Killeen , K. , Spriggs , D. and Mekalanos , J. 1999 . Bacterial mucosal vaccines: Vibrio cholerae as a live attenuated vaccine/vector paradigm . Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology , 236 : 237 – 254 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiyono, H., Ogra, P.L. and McGhee, J.R. (1996). Mucosal vaccines. San Diego: Academic Press
   Google Scholar
• Klein , R.S. , Harris , C.A. , Small , C.B. , Moll , B. , Lesser , M. and Friedland , G.H. 1984 . Oral candidiasis in high risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . New England Journal of Medicine , 311 : 354 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs , F.C. , Miller , S.R. , Malamud , D. , Howett , M.K. and Wigdahl , B. 1999 . Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by nonoxynol-9, C3|G, or an alkyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate . Antiviral Research , 43 : 157 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunisawa , J. , Okudaira , A. and Tsutusmi , Y. 2000 . Takahashi, I., Nakanishi, T., Kiyono, H. and Mayumi, T. Characterization of mucoadhesive microspheres for induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses . Vaccine , 19 : 589 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntz , R.M. and Saltzman , W.M. 1997 . Polymeric controlled delivery for immunization . Trends in Biotechnology , 15 : 364 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo , P.Y. , Sherwood , J.K. and Saltzman , W.M. 1998 . Topical antibody delivery systems produce sustained levels in mucosal tissue and blood . Nature Biotechnology , 16 : 163 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampe , M.F. , Ballweber , L.M. , Isaacs , C.E. , Patton , D.L. and Stamm , W.E. 1998 . Killing of Chlamydia trachomatis by novel antimicrobial lipids adapted from compounds in human breast milk . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 42 : 1239 – 1244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavelle , E.C. , Grant , G. and Pusztai , A. 2001 . Pfüller, U. and O’Hagan, D.T. The identification of plant lectins with mucosal adjuvant activity . Immunology , 102 : 77 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , I.H. , Cho , Y. and Lehrer , R.I. 1997 . Styelins, broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides from the solitary tunicate, Styela clava . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 118 : 515 – 521 .
   Google Scholar
• Lehr , C.M. 1994 . Bioadhesion technologies for the delivery of peptide and protein drugs to the gastrointestinal tract . Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems , 11 : 119 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehr , C.M. 2000 . Lectin-mediated drug delivery: the second generation of bioadhesives . Journal of Controlled Release , 65 : 19 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lele , B.S. and Hoffman , A.S. 2000 . Mucoadhesive drug carriers based on complexes of poly(acrylic acid) and PEGylated drugs having hydrolysable PEG-anhydride-drug linkages . Journal of Controlled Release , 69 : 237 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomonossoff , G. and Johnson , J.E. 1995 . Eukaryotic viral expression systems for polypeptides . Seminars in Virology , 6 : 257 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Maggi , T. , Oggioni , M.R. and Medaglini , D. 2000 . Bianchi Bandinelli, M.L., Soldateschi, D., Wiesmuller, K.H., Muller, C.P., Valensin, P.E. and Pozzi, G. Expression of measles virus antigens in Streptococcus gordonii . New Microbiology , 23 : 119 – 128 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magliani , W. and Conti , S. 1997a . De Bernardis, F., Gerloni, M., Bertolotti, D., Mozzoni, P., Cassone, A. and Polonelli, L. Therapeutic potential of anti-idiotypic single chain antibodies with yeast killer toxin activity . Nature Biotechnology , 15 : 155 – 158 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magliani , W. , Conti , S. , Gerloni , M. and Bertolotti , D. 1997b . and Polonelli, L.Yeast killer systems . Clinical Microbiology Reviews , 10 : 369 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal , T.K. 2000 . Swelling-controlled release system for the vaginal delivery of miconazole . European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics , 50 : 337 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marteau , P. and Rambaud , J.C. 1993 . Potential of using lactic acid bacteria for therapy and immunomodulation in man . FEMS Microbiology Reviews , 12 : 207 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathiowitz , E. , Jacob , J.S. , Jong , Y.S. , Carino , G.P. , Chickering , D.E. and Chaturvedi , P. 1997 . Santos, C.A., Vijayaraghavan, K., Montgomery, S., Bassett, M. and Morrell, C. Biologically erodable microspheres as potential oral drug delivery systems . Nature , 386 : 410 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCluskie , M.J. , Weeratna , R.D. and Davis , H.L. 2001 . The potential of oligodeoxynucleotides as mucosal and parenteral adjuvants . Vaccine , 19 : 2657 – 2660 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGhee, J.R. and Kiyono, H. (1999). The mucosal immune system. In: Fundamental immunology. Ed, W.E. Paul, pp 909–945. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Medaglini , D. , Pozzi , G. , King , T.P. and Fischetti , V.A. 1995 . Mucosal and systernic immune responses to a recombinant protein expressed on the surface of the oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii after oral colonization . National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Proceedings , 92 : 6868 – 6872 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medaglini , D. , Rush , C.M. and Sestini , P. 1997 . and Pozzi, G.Commensal bacteria as vectors for mucosal vaccines against sexually trasmitted diseases: vaginal colonization with recombinant streptococci induces local and systemic antibodies in mice . Vaccine , 15 : 1330 – 1337 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medaglini , D. , Oggioni , M.R. and Pozzi , G. 1998 . Vaginal immunization with recombinant gram-positive bacteria . American Journal of Reproductive Immunology , 39 : 199 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medaglini , D. , Ciabattini , A. , Spinosa , M.R. and Maggi , T. 2001 . Marcotte, H., Oggioni, M.R. and Pozzi, G. Immunization with recombinant Streptococcusgordonii expressing tetanus toxin fragment C confers protection from lethal challenge in mice . Vaccine , 19 : 1931 – 1939 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina , E. and Guzman , C.A. 2001 . Use of live bacterial vaccine vectors for antigen delivery: potential and limitations . Vaccine , 19 : 1573 – 1580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelek, S.M., O’hagan, D.T., Gould-Fogerite, S., Rimmelzwaan, G.F. and Osterhaus. D.M.E. (1999). Antigen delivery systems: nonliving microparlicles, liposomes, eochleates, and ISCOMS. In: Mucosal immunology. Eds, P.L. Ogra, j. Mestecky, M.E. Lamm, W. Strober, J. Bienenstock and J.R. McGhee, pp 759–778. New York: Academic Press
   Google Scholar
• Mielcarek , N. , Cornette , J. , Schacht , A.M. , Pierce , R.J. , Locht , C. and Capron , A. 1997 . and Riveau, G.Intranasal priming with recombinant Bordetella pertussis for the induction of a systemic immune response against a heterologous antigen . Infection and Immunity , 65 : 544 – 550 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moldoveanu , Z. , Porter , D.C. and Lu , A. 1995 . Immune responses induced by administration of encapsidated poliovirus replicons which express HIV-1 Gag and envelope proteins . Vaccine , 13 : 1013 – 1022 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morein , F. and Bengtsson , K.L. 1998 . Functional aspects of iscorns . Immunology and Cellular Biology , 76 : 295 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortoin , R.S. and Rashid , S. 1977 . Candidal vaginitis: natural history, predisposing factors and prevention . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine , 70 ( suppl. 4 ) : 3 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakayama , K.S. and Kelly , S.M. 1988 . Curtiss III. R. Construction of an Asd+ expression-cloning vector: stable maintenance and high level expression of cloned genes in a Salmonella vaccine strain . Bio/Technology , 6 : 693 – 697 .
   Google Scholar
• Neurath , A.R. 2000 . Microbicidc prevention of sexually transmitted diseases using a pharmaceutical exeipient . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 14 : 215 – 219 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neyts , J. and Kristmundsdottir , T. 2000 . De-Clercq, E. and Tormar, H. Hydrogels containing monocaprin prevent intravaginal and intracutaneous infections with HSV-2 in mice: impact on the search for vaginal microbicides . Journal of Medical Virology , 61 : 107 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen , M.H. and Peacock , J.E. 1996 . Morris. A.J., Tanner, D.C., Nguyen, M.L., Snydman, D.R., Wagener, M.M., Rinaldi.M.G. and Yu.V.L. The changing face of candidemiaemcrgenec of non-Candida albicans species and antifungal resistance . American Journal of Medicine , 100 : 617 – 623 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton , P.M. and Wells , J.M. 1997 . Brown. H.W.G., MacPherson, A.M. and Le Page, R.W.F. Protection against tetanus toxin in mice nasally immunized with recombinant Lactobacillus lactis expressing tetanus toxin fragment C . Vaccine , 15 : 616 – 619 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nosal, G.J.V. (1999). Vaccines. In: Fundamental immunology. Ed. W.E.Paul, pp 1387–1425. Philadelphia: Lippincotl-Raven Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Odds, F.C. (1988). Candida and Candidosis. Leicester: Leicester University Press
   Google Scholar
• Oggioni , M.R. , Manganelli , R. , Contorni , M. , Tommasino , M. and Pozzi , G. 1995 . Immunization of mice by oral colonization with live recombinant commensal streptococci . Vaccine , 13 : 175 – 179 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oggioni , M.R. , Medaglinj , D. and Pozzi , G. 1996 . A host-vector system for heterologous gene expression in Streptococcus gordonii . Gene , 169 : 85 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oggioni , M.R. , Medaglini , D. , Maggi , T. and Pozzi , G. 1999a . Engineering the Gram-positive cell surface for construction of bacterial vaccine vectors . Methods , 19 : 163 – 173 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oggioni , M.R. , Medaglini , D. , Romano , L. , Peruzzi , F. and Maggi , T. 1999b . Lozzi, L., Bracci, L., Zazzi, M., Manca, F., Valensin, P.E. and Pozzi, G. Antigenicity and immunogenicityof theV3 domain of HIVtype 1 glycoprotein 120expressed on the surface of Streptococcus gordonii . AIDS Research and Retroviruses , 15 : 451 – 459 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogra, P.L., Mestecky, J., Lamm, M.E., Strober, W., Bienenstock, J. and McGhee, J.R. (1999). Mucosal immunology. New York: Academic Press
   Google Scholar
• Ogra , P.L. , Faden , H. and Welliver , R.C. 2001 . Vaccination strategies for mucosal immune responses . Clinical Microbiology Reviews , 14 : 430 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hagan , D.T. 1998 . Microparticles and polymers for the mucosal delivery of vaccines . Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews , 34 : 305 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachuk , C.J. , McCallus , D.E. , Weiner , D.B. and Satishchandran , C. 2000 . DNA vaccines - challenges in delivery . Current Opinion in Molecular Therapy , 2 : 188 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton , D.L. , Kidder , G.G. , Sweeney , Y.C. , Rabe , L.K. and Hillier , S.L. 1999 . Effects of multiple applications of benzalkonium chloride and nonoxynol 9 on the vaginal epithelium in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 180 : 1080 – 1087 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins , M.E. , Piccini , A. , Lipinskas , B.R. and Paoletti , E. 1985 . Recombinant vaccinia virus: immunization against multiple pathogens . Science , 229 : 981 – 984 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piret , J. and Lamontagne , J. 2000 . Bestman-Smith, J., Roy, S., Gourde, P., Desormeaux, A., Omar, R.F., Juhasz, J. and Bergeron, M.G. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of sodium lauryl sulfate and dextran sulfate as microbicides against herpes simplex and human immunodeficiency viruses . Journal of Clinical Microbiology , 38 : 110 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizza , M. , Giuliani , M.M. , Fontana , M.R. and Monaci , E. 2001 . Douce, G., Dougan, G., Mills, K.H., Rappuoli, R. and Del Giudice, G. Mucosal vaccines: non-toxic derivatives of LT and CT as mucosal adjuvants . Vaccine , 19 : 2534 – 2541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier , T.P. , Kehoe , M.A. and Beachey , E.H. 1988 . Protective immunity evoked by oral administration of attenuated aroA Salmonella typhimurium expressing cloned streptococcal M protein . Journal of Experimental Medicine , 168 : 25 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonelli , L. and Morace , G. 1987 . Production and characterization of yeast killer toxin monoclonal antibodies . Journal of Clinical Microbiology , 25 : 460 – 462 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonelli , L. , Fanti , F. and Conti , S. 1990 . Campani, L., Gerloni, M., Castagnola, M., Morace, G. and Chezzi, C. Detection by immunofluorescent anti-idiotypic antibodies of yeast killer toxin cell wall receptors of Candida albicans . Journal of Immunological Methods , 132 : 205 – 209 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polonelli , L. and Lorenzini , R. 1993 . De Bernardis, F., Gerloni, M., Conti, S., Morace, G., MaGliani, W. and Chezzi, C. Idiotypic vaccination: immunoprotection mediated by anti-idiotypic antibodies with antibiotic activity . Scandinavian Journal of Immunology , 37 : 105 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonelli , L. 1994 . De Bernardis, F., Conti, S., Boccanera, M., Gerloni, M., Morace, g., MaGliani, W., Chezzi, C. and Cassone, A. Idiotypic intravaginal vaccination to protect against candidal vaginitis by secretory, yeast killer toxin-like anti-idiotypic antibodies . Journal of Immunology , 152 : 3175 – 3182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonelli , L. 1996 . De Bernardis, F., Conti, S., Boccanera, M., Magluni, W., Gerloni, M., Cantelli, C. and Cassone, A. Human natural yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal antibodies . Journal of Immunology , 156 : 1880 – 1885 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polonelli , L. , Seguy , N. and Conti , S. 1997 . Gerloni, M., Bertolotti, D., Cantelli, C., Magliani, W. and Cailliez, J.C. Monoclonal yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal antiidiotypic antibodies . Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology , 4 : 142 – 146 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ponchel , G. and Irache , J. 1998 . Specific and non-specific bioadhesive particulate systems fororal delivery to the gastrointestinal tract . Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews , 34 : 191 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouwels , P.H. , Leer , R.J. and Shaw , M. 1998 . Heijne Den Bak-Glashouwer, M.J., Tielen, F.D., Smit, E., Martinez, B., Jore, J. andConway, P.L. Lactic acid bacteria as antigen delivery vehicles for oral immunization purposes . International Journal of Food Microbiology , 41 : 155 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzi , G. , Contorni , M. , Oggioni , M.R. and Manganelli , R. 1992a . Tommasino, M., Cavalieri, F. and Fischetti, V.A. Delivery and expression of a heterologous antigen on the surface of Streptococci . Infection and Immunity , 60 : 1902 – 1907 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pozzi , G. , Oggioni , M.R. , Manganelli , R. and Fischetti , V.A. 1992b . Expression of M6 protein gene of Streptococcus pyogenes in Streptococcus gordonii after chromosomal integration and transcriptional fusion . Research in Microbiology , 143 : 449 – 457 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qu , X.D. , Harwig , S.S. , Shafer , W.M. and Lehrer , R.I. 1997 . Protegrin structure and activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Infection and Immunity , 65 : 636 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescigno , M. , Citterio , S. and Thery , C. 1998 . Rittig, M., Medaglini, D., Pozzi, G., Amigorena, S. and Ricciardi-Castagnola, P. Bacteria-induced neo-biosynthesis, stabilization, and surface expression of functional class I molecules in mouse dendritic cells . National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Proceedings , 95 : 5229 – 5234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricci , S. , Medaglini , D. , Rush , C.M. and Marcello , A. 2000 . Peppoloni, S., Manganelli, R., Palu, G. and Polli, G.Immunogenicity of the B monomer of Escherichia colt heat-labile toxin expressed on the surface of Streptococcus gordonii . Infection and Immunity , 68 : 760 – 766 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricci , S. , Medaglini , D. and Marcotte , H. 2001 . Holsen, A., Pozzi, G. and Bjorck, L. Immunoglobulin-binding domains of peptostreptococcal protein L enhance vaginal colonization of mice by Streptococcus gordonii . Microbial Pathogenesis , 30 : 229 – 235 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saltzman , W.M. , Sherwood , J.K. , Adams , D.R. and andHaller , P. 2000 . Long-term vaginal antibody delivery: delivery systems andbiodistribution . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 67 : 253 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santangelo , R. , Paderu , P. and Delmas , G. 2000 . Chen, Z.-W., Mannino, R., Zarif, L. and Perlin, D.S. Efficacy of oral cochleate-Amphotericin B in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 44 : 2356 – 2360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senel , S. , Kremer , M.J. and Kas , S. 2000 . Wertz, P.W., Hincal, A.A. and Squier, C.A. Enhancing effect of chitosan on peptide drug delivery across buccal mucosa . Biomaterials , 21 : 2067 – 2071 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah , J.C. , Sadhale , Y. and Chilukuri , D.M. 2001 . Cubic phase gels as drug delivery systems . Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews , 47 : 229 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , A. , Nagata , H. and Hamada , N. 1996 . Sojar, H.T., Hruby, D.E., Kuramitsu, H.K. and Genco, R.J. Expression of functional Porphyromonas gingivalis polypeptide domains on the surface of Streptococcus gordonii . Applied Environmental Microbiology , 62 : 3933 – 3938 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , A. , Sojar , H.T. , Hruby , D.E. , Kuramitsu , H.K. and andGenco , R.J. 1997 . Secretion of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbrillin polypeptides by recombinant Streptococcus gordonii . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 238 : 313 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , A. , Honma , K. , Sojar , H.T. , Hruby , D.E. , Kuramitsu , H.K. and Genco , R.J. 1999 . Expression of saliva-binding epitopes of the Porphyromonas gingivalis FimA protein on the surface of Streptococcus gordonii . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 258 : 222 – 226 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma , A. , Honma , K. , Evans , R.T. , Hruby , D.E. and Genco , R.J. 2001 . Oral immunization with recombinant Streptococcus gordonii expressing Porphyromonas gingivalis FimA domains . Infection and Immunity , 69 : 2928 – 2934 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherwood , J.K. , Zeitlin , L. , Whaley , K.J. , Cone , R.A. and Saltzman , W.M. 1996 . Controlled release of antibodies for long-term topical passive immunoprotection of female mice against genital herpes . Nature Biotechnology , 14 : 437 – 438 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shojaei , A.H. 1998 . Buccal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: a review . Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1 : 15 – 30 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sory , M. , Hermand , P. , Vaerman , J. and Cornelis , G.R. 1990 . Oral immunization of mice with a live recombinant Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 strain that produces the cholera toxin B subunit . Infection and Immunity , 58 : 2420 – 2428 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steidler , L. , Robinson , K. and Chamberlain , L. 1998a . Schofield, K.M., Remaut, E., Le-Page, R.W. and Wells, W. Mucosal delivery of murine interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6 by recombinant strains of Lactococcus lactis coexpressing antigen and cytokine . Infection and Immunity , 66 : 3183 – 3189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steidler , L. , Viaene , J. , Fiers , W. and Remaut , E. 1998b . Functional display of a heterologous protein on the surface of Lactococcus lactis by means of the cell wall anchor of Staphylococcus aureus protein A . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 64 : 342 – 345 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steidler , L. , Hans , W. and Schotte , L. 2000 . Neirynck, S., Obermeier, F., Falk, W., Fiers, W. and Remaut.E. Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcus lactis secreting interieukin-10 . Science , 289 : 1352 – 1355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson , J. 2000 . Microbicides: ideas flourish, money to follow? . Journal of the American Medical Association , 283 : 1811 – 1812 .
   Google Scholar
• Stover , C.K. 1991 . De La Cruz, V.F., Fuerst, T.R., Burlein, J.E., Benson, L, A., Bennett, L.T., Bansal, G.P., Young, J.F., Lee, M.H., Hatfull, G.F., Snapper, S.B., Barletta, R.G., Jacobs, W.R. Jr. and Bloom, B.R. New use of BCG for recombinant vaccines . Nature (London) , 351 : 456 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki , Y. and Makino , Y. 1999 . Mucosal drug delivery using cellulose derivatives as a functional polymer . Journal of Controlled Release , 62 : 101 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thole , J.E. 2000 . Van Dalen, P.J., Havenith, C.E., Pouwels, P.H., Seegers, J.F., Tielen, F.D., Van der Zee, M.D., Zegers, N.D. and Shaw, M. Live bacterial delivery systems for development of mucosal vaccines . Current Opinion in Molecular Therapy , 2 : 94 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , J. , Cho , Y. , Dinh , N.N. , Waring , A.J. and Lehrer , R.I. 1998 . Activities of LL-37, a cathelin-associated antimicrobial peptide of human neutrophils . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 42 : 2206 – 2214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuelz , P. and Coit , D. 1985 . Medina-Selby, A., Kuo, C., Van Nest, G., Burke, R.L., Bull, P., Urdea, M.S. and Graves, P.V. Antigen engineering in yeast: synthesis and assembly of hybrid hepatitis B surface antigen-herpes simplex gD particles . Biotechnology , 3 : 323 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• VanDamme , L. 2000 . Clinical research with topical microbicides as a potential HIV prevention method . AIDS Reader , 10 : 552 – 554 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VanDamme , L. , Wright , A. and Depraetere , K. 2000 . Rosenstein, I., Vandersmissen, V., Poulter, L., McKinlay, M., Van-Dick, E., Weber, J., Profy, A., Laga, M. and Kitchen, V. A phase I study of a novel potential intravaginal microbicide, PRO 2000, in healthy sexually inactive women . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 76 : 126 – 130 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vemulapalli , R. , He , Y. , Boyle , S.M. , Sriranganathan , N. and Schurig , G.G. 2000 . Brucella abortus strain RB51 as a vector for heterologous protein expression and induction of specific Th1 type immune responses . Infection and Immunity , 68 : 3290 – 3296 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walmsley , A.M. and Arntzen , C.J. 2000 . Plants for delivery of edible vaccines . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 11 : 126 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , T.J. 2000 . Viviani, M.-A., Arathoon, E., Chiou, C., Ghannoum, M., Groll, A.H. and Odds, F.C. New targets and delivery systems for antifungal therapy . Medical Mycology , 38 ( suppl. 1 ) : 335 – 347 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiskirch , L.M. and Paterson , Y. 1997 . Listeria monocytogenes: a potent vaccine vector for neoplastic and infectious diseases . Immunological Reviews , 158 : 159 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , J.M. , Robinson , K. , Chamberlain , L.M. and Schofield , K.M. 1996 . Le Page, R.W.F. Lactic acid bacteria as vaccine delivery vehicles . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , 70 : 317 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whaley , K.J. and Zeitlin , L. 2000 . Transgenic commensals as mucosal protectants . Nature Biotechnology , 18 : 1038 – 1039 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wyatt , T.L. , Whaley , K.J. , Cone , R.A. and Saltzman , W.M. 1998 . Antigen-releasing polymer rings and microspheres stimulate mucosal immunity in the vagina . Journal of Controlled Release , 50 : 93 – 502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , D.M. , Fairweather , N. , Button , L.L. , McMaster , W.R. , Kahl , L.P. and Liew , F.Y. 1990 . Oral Salmonella typhimurium (Aro-) vaccine expressing a major leishmanial surface protein (gp63) preferentially induces T helper 1 cells and protective immunity against leishmaniasis . Journal of Immunology , 145 : 2281 – 2285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitlin , L. , Hoen , T.E. , Achilles , S.L. , Hegarty , T.A. , Jerse , A.E. , Kreider , J.W. , Olmsted , S.S. , Whaley , K.J. , Cone , R.A. and Moench , T.R. 2001 . Tests of buffergel for contraception and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in animal models . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 28 : 417 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitlin, L., Palmer, C. and Whaley, K.J. (2002) Preventing sexual transmission of HSV and HIV: the challenge for active and passive immunization of mucosal surfaces. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews, 19, 121–138
   Google Scholar