Combating the HIV reservoirs

References

• Allers, K., Hutter, G., Hofmann, J., Loddenkemper, C., Rieger, K., Thiel, E., & Schneider, T. (2011). Evidence for the cure of HIV infection by CCR5Δ32/Δ32 stem cell transplantation. Blood, 117(10), 2791–2799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts, E. J., & Hazuda, D. J. (2012). HIV-1 antiretroviral drug therapy. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2(4), a007161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal, G. P., Malaspina, A., & Flores, J. (2010). Future paths for HIV vaccine research: Exploiting results from recent clinical trials and current scientific advances. Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics, 12(1), 39–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bednar, M. M., Sturdevant, C. B., Tompkins, L. A., Arrildt, K. T., Dukhovlinova, E., Kincer, L. P., & Swanstrom, R. (2015). Compartmentalization, viral evolution, and viral latency of HIV in the CNS. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 12(2), 262–271.10.1007/s11904-015-0265-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourry, O., Mannioui, A., Sellier, P., Roucairol, C., Durand-Gasselin, L., Dereuddre-Bosquet, N., … Le Grand, R. (2010). Effect of a short-term HAART on SIV load in macaque tissues is dependent on time of initiation and antiviral diffusion. Retrovirology, 7, 78.10.1186/1742-4690-7-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenchley, J. M., Price, D. A., & Douek, D. C. (2006a). HIV disease: Fallout from a mucosal catastrophe? Nature Immunology, 7(3), 235–239.10.1038/ni1316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenchley, J. M., Price, D. A., Schacker, T. W., Asher, T. E., Silvestri, G., Rao, S., … Douek, D. C. (2006b). Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nature Medicine, 12(12), 1365–1371.10.1038/nm1511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, J. K., Halvas, E. K., Fyne, E., Sobolewski, M. D., Koontz, D., Shao, W., … Mellors, J. W. (2017). Ex vivo activation of CD4+ T-cells from donors on suppressive ART can lead to sustained production of infectious HIV-1 from a subset of infected cells. PLoS Pathogens, 13(2), e1006230.10.1371/journal.ppat.1006230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardenas, V. A., Meyerhoff, D. J., Studholme, C., Kornak, J., Rothlind, J., Lampiris, H., et al. (2009). Evidence for ongoing brain injury in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Neurovirology, 15(4), 324–333.10.1080/13550280902973960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chargin, A., Yin, F., Song, M., Subramaniam, S., Knutson, G., & Patterson, B. K. (2015). Identification and characterization of HIV-1 latent viral reservoirs in peripheral blood. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 53(1), 60–66.10.1128/JCM.02539-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiozzini, C., & Toschi, E. (2016). HIV-1 tat and immune dysregulation in AIDS pathogenesis: A therapeutic target. Current Drug Targets, 17(1), 33–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun, T. W., Moir, S., & Fauci, A. S. (2015). HIV reservoirs as obstacles and opportunities for an HIV cure. Nature Immunology, 16(6), 584–589.10.1038/ni.3152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockerham, L. R., Hatano, H., & Deeks, S. G. (2016). Post-treatment controllers: Role in HIV “cure” research. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 13(1), 1–9.10.1007/s11904-016-0296-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coiras, M., Lopez-Huertas, M. R., Perez-Olmeda, M., & Alcami, J. (2009). Understanding HIV-1 latency provides clues for the eradication of long-term reservoirs. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7(11), 798–812.10.1038/nrmicro2223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, D. R., & Collins, K. L. (2014). HIV-1 accessory proteins adapt cellular adaptors to facilitate immune evasion. PLoS Pathogens, 10(1), e1003851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costiniuk, C. T., & Angel, J. B. (2012). Human immunodeficiency virus and the gastrointestinal immune system: Does highly active antiretroviral therapy restore gut immunity? Mucosal Immunology, 5(6), 596–604.10.1038/mi.2012.82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, L. E., Hjelle, B. L., Miller, V. E., Palmer, D. L., Llewellyn, A. L., Merlin, T. L., … Wiley, C. A. (1992). Early viral brain invasion in iatrogenic human immunodeficiency virus infection. Neurology, 42(9), 1736–1739.10.1212/WNL.42.9.1736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rosa, M. F., Robillard, K. R., Kim, C. J., Hoque, M. T., Kandel, G., Kovacs, C., … Bendayan, R. (2013). Expression of membrane drug efflux transporters in the sigmoid colon of HIV-infected and uninfected men. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 53(9), 934–945.10.1002/jcph.132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks, S. G. (2012). HIV: Shock and kill. Nature, 487(7408), 439–440.10.1038/487439a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks, S. G., Lewin, S. R., Ross, A. L., Ananworanich, J., Benkirane, M., Cannon, P., … Zack, J. (2016). International AIDS society global scientific strategy: Towards an HIV cure 2016. Nature Medicine, 22(8), 839–850.10.1038/nm.4108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Descours, B., Petitjean, G., Lopez-Zaragoza, J. L., Bruel, T., Raffel, R., Psomas, C., … Benkirane, M. (2017). CD32a is a marker of a CD4 T-cell HIV reservoir harbouring replication-competent proviruses. Nature, 543(7646), 564–567.10.1038/nature21710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doitsh, G., Galloway, N. L., Geng, X., Yang, Z., Monroe, K. M., Zepeda, O., … Greene, W. C. (2014). Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection. Nature, 505(7484), 509–514.10.1038/nature12940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo, E. (1998). Quasispecies and the implications for virus persistence and escape. Clinical and Diagnostic Virology, 10(2–3), 97–101.10.1016/S0928-0197(98)00032-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eholie, S. P., Aoussi, F. E., Ouattara, I. S., Bissagnene, E., & Anglaret, X. (2012). HIV treatment and care in resource-constrained environments: Challenges for the next decade. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 15(2), 17334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faria, N. R., Rambaut, A., Suchard, M. A., Baele, G., Bedford, T., Ward, M. J., … Lemey, P. (2014). HIV epidemiology. The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations. Science, 346(6205), 56–61.10.1126/science.1256739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freed, E. O. (2015). HIV-1 assembly, release and maturation. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 13(8), 484–496.10.1038/nrmicro3490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, S. D., Gunthard, H. F., Wong, J. K., Havlir, D., Richman, D. D., & Leigh Brown, A. J. (2001). Evidence for positive selection driving the evolution of HIV-1 env under potent antiviral therapy. Virology, 284(2), 250–258.10.1006/viro.2000.0887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gama, L., Abreu, C. M., Shirk, E. N., Price, S. L., Li, M., Laird, G. M., … Clements, J. E. (2017). Reactivation of simian immunodeficiency virus reservoirs in the brain of virally suppressed macaques. AIDS, 31(1), 5–14.10.1097/QAD.0000000000001267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, V. C., Lynch, T., Ramazani, S., & Krentz, H. B. (2017). Reporting on the prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in a regional HIV population over 20 years: A word of caution. Antiviral Therapy, 22(4), 277–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, W. G., McDermott, D. H., Lim, J. K., Lekhong, S., Yu, S. F., Frank, W. A., … Murphy, P. M. (2006). CCR5 deficiency increases risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 203(1), 35–40.10.1084/jem.20051970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Scarano, F., & Martin-Garcia, J. (2005). The neuropathogenesis of AIDS. Nature Reviews Immunology, 5(1), 69–81.10.1038/nri1527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, L. R., Turville, S. G., HItchen, T. L., Cheng, W. J., Ellett, A. M., Salimi, H., … Churchill, M. J. (2014). HIV-1 entry and trans-infection of astrocytes involves CD81 vesicles. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e90620.10.1371/journal.pone.0090620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guadalupe, M., Sankaran, S., George, M. D., Reay, E., Verhoeven, D., Shacklett, B. L., … Dandekar, S. (2006). Viral suppression and immune restoration in the gastrointestinal mucosa of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients initiating therapy during primary or chronic infection. Journal of Virology, 80(16), 8236–8247.10.1128/JVI.00120-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M., De Cock, K. M., & Sharp, P. M. (2000). AIDS as a zoonosis: Scientific and public health implications. Science, 287(5453), 607–614.10.1126/science.287.5453.607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, N., Wang, J., Kim, K., Friedman, G., Wang, X., Taupin, V., … Cannon, P. M. (2010). Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells modified by zinc-finger nucleases targeted to CCR5 control HIV-1 in vivo. Nature Biotechnology, 28(8), 839–847.10.1038/nbt.1663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Z., & Kuritzkes, D. R. (2014). Altered viral fitness and drug susceptibility in HIV-1 carrying mutations that confer resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase and integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Journal of Virology, 88(16), 9268–9276.10.1128/JVI.00695-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutter, G., Nowak, D., Mossner, M., Ganepola, S., Mussig, A., Allers, K., … Thiel, E. (2009). Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Δ32/Δ32 stem-cell transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(7), 692–698.10.1056/NEJMoa0802905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keele, B. F., Van Heuverswyn, F., Li, Y., Bailes, E., Takehisa, J., Santiago, M. L., … Hahn, B. H. (2006). Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1. Science, 313(5786), 523–526.10.1126/science.1126531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotler, D. P. (2005). HIV infection and the gastrointestinal tract. AIDS, 19(2), 107–117.10.1097/00002030-200501280-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamers, S. L., Rose, R., Maidji, E., Agsalda-Garcia, M., Nolan, D. J., Fogel, G. B., … Singer, E. J. (2016). HIV DNA is frequently present within pathologic tissues evaluated at autopsy from combined antiretroviral therapy-treated patients with undetectable viral loads. Journal of Virology, 90(20), 8968–8983.10.1128/JVI.00674-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, P., Guadalupe, M., Donovan, R., Hung, J., Flamm, J., Prindiville, T., … Dandekar, S. (2011). The gut mucosal viral reservoir in HIV-infected patients is not the major source of rebound plasma viremia following interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Virology, 85(10), 4772–4782.10.1128/JVI.02409-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, J. A. (2007). HIV and the pathogenesis of AIDS (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology.10.1128/9781555815653
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, S. H., Sankatsing, S. U., Repping, S., van der Veen, F., Reiss, P., Lange, J. M., & Prins, J. M. (2004). Is the male genital tract really a sanctuary site for HIV? Arguments that it is not AIDS, 18(10), 1353–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz, M., Mohri, H., Mehandru, S., Shet, A., Berry, L., Kalyanaraman, R., ... Ho, D. D. (2005). Infection with multidrug resistant, dual-tropic HIV-1 and rapid progression to AIDS: A case report. The Lancet, 365(9464), 1031–1038.10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74227-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe, K. M., Yang, Z., Johnson, J. R., Geng, X., Doitsh, G., Krogan, N. J., & Greene, W. C. (2014). IFI16 DNA sensor is required for death of lymphoid CD4 T cells abortively infected with HIV. Science, 343(6169), 428–432.10.1126/science.1243640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisole, S., & Saib, A. (2004). Early steps of retrovirus replicative cycle. Retrovirology, 1, 9.10.1186/1742-4690-1-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Overbaugh, J., & Bangham, C. R. (2001). Selection forces and constraints on retroviral sequence variation. Science, 292(5519), 1106–1109.10.1126/science.1059128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, A., & Khoo, S. H. (2004). Intracellular pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral agents. Journal of HIV Therapy, 9(4), 97–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Persaud, D., & Luzuriaga, K. (2014). Absence of HIV-1 after treatment cessation in an infant. The New England Journal of Medicine, 370(7), 678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillai, S. K., & Deeks, S. G. (2017). Signature of the sleeper cell: A biomarker of HIV latency revealed. Trends in Immunology, 38(7), 457–458.10.1016/j.it.2017.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomerantz, R. J. (2002a). Eliminating HIV-1 reservoirs. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 3(8), 1133–1137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pomerantz, R. J. (2002b). HIV-1 reservoirs. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 22(3), 651–680, vi.10.1016/S0272-2712(02)00005-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranki, A., Nyberg, M., Ovod, V., Haltia, M., Elovaara, I., Raininko, R., … Krohn, K. (1995). Abundant expression of HIV Nef and Rev proteins in brain astrocytes in vivo is associated with dementia. AIDS, 9(9), 1001–1008.10.1097/00002030-199509000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roda, W. C., Li, M. Y., Akinwumi, M. S., Asahchop, E. L., Gelman, B. B., Witwer, K. W., & Power, C. (2017). Modeling brain lentiviral infections during antiretroviral therapy in AIDS. Journal of NeuroVirology.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemieniuk, R. A., van der Meer, F., van Marle, G., & Gill, M. J. (2016). A case of long-term seronegative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: The importance of the humoral response to HIV. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 3(1), ofv209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solloch, U. V., Lang, K., Lange, V., Bohme, I., Schmidt, A. H., & Sauter, J. (2017). Frequencies of gene variant CCR5-Δ32 in 87 countries based on next-generation sequencing of 1.3 million individuals sampled from 3 national DKMS donor centers. Human Immunology, 78(11–12), 710–717.10.1016/j.humimm.2017.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector, S. A., & Rappaport, J. (2017). HIV cure strategists: Ignore the central nervous system at your patients’ peril. AIDS, 31(1), 167–168.10.1097/QAD.0000000000001268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhasini, M., & Reddy, T. R. (2009). Cellular proteins and HIV-1 rev function. Current HIV Research, 7(1), 91–100.10.2174/157016209787048474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. M. (2002). The impact of efflux transporters in the brain on the development of drugs for CNS disorders. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 41(2), 81–92.10.2165/00003088-200241020-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timilsina, U., & Gaur, R. (2016). Modulation of apoptosis and viral latency – An axis to be well understood for successful cure of human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of General Virology, 97(4), 813–824.10.1099/jgv.0.000402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tongo, M., Dorfman, J. R., & Martin, D. P. (2016). High degree of HIV-1 group M (HIV-1M) genetic diversity within circulating recombinant forms: Insight into the early events of HIV-1M evolution. Journal of Virology, 90(5), 2221–2229.10.1128/JVI.02302-15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troya, J., & Bascunana, J. (2016). Safety and tolerability: Current challenges to antiretroviral therapy for the long-term management of HIV infection. AIDS Reviews, 18(3), 127–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao, L. C., Guo, H., Jeffrey, J., Hoxie, J. A., & Su, L. (2016). CCR5 interaction with HIV-1 Env contributes to Env-induced depletion of CD4 T cells in vitro and in vivo. Retrovirology, 13, 22.10.1186/s12977-016-0255-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Marle, G., Church, D. L., Nunweiler, K. D., Cannon, K., Wainberg, M. A., & Gill, M. J. (2010). Higher levels of Zidovudine resistant HIV in the colon compared to blood and other gastrointestinal compartments in HIV infection. Retrovirology, 7, 74.10.1186/1742-4690-7-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Marle, G., Gill, M. J., Kolodka, D., McManus, L., Grant, T., & Church, D. L. (2007). Compartmentalization of the gut viral reservoir in HIV-1 infected patients. Retrovirology, 4, 87.10.1186/1742-4690-4-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Marle, G., Sharkey, K. A., Gill, M. J., & Church, D. L. (2013). Gastrointestinal viral load and enteroendocrine cell number are associated with altered survival in HIV-1 infected individuals. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e75967.10.1371/journal.pone.0075967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visseaux, B., Damond, F., Matheron, S., Descamps, D., & Charpentier, C. (2016). Hiv-2 molecular epidemiology. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 46, 233–240.10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2016a). Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: Recommendations for a public health approach (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/arv-2016/en/
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2016b, July 2016). HIV/AIDS data and statistics. Retrieved September 1, 2017, from http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/
   Google Scholar
• Worobey, M., Gemmel, M., Teuwen, D. E., Haselkorn, T., Kunstman, K., Bunce, M., … Wolinsky, S. M. (2008). Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960. Nature, 455(7213), 661–664.10.1038/nature07390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, L., Yang, H., Gao, Y., Chen, Z., Xie, L., Liu, Y., ... Deng, H. (2017). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated CCR5 ablation in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells confers HIV-1 resistance in vivo. Molecular Therapy, 25(8), 1782–1789.10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yukl, S. A., Boritz, E., Busch, M., Bentsen, C., Chun, T. W., Douek, D., ... Deeks, S. G. (2013). Challenges in detecting HIV persistence during potentially curative interventions: A study of the Berlin patient. PLoS Pathogens, 9(5), e1003347.10.1371/journal.ppat.1003347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman, R. A., Whittington, W. L., Celum, C. L., Collis, T. K., Lucchetti, A. J., Sanchez, J. L., … Coombs, R. W. (2004). Higher concentration of HIV RNA in rectal mucosa secretions than in blood and seminal plasma, among men who have sex with men, independent of antiretroviral therapy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 190(1), 156–161.10.1086/jid.2004.190.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar