Which model looks most like me? Explicating the impact of body image advertisements on female consumer well-being and consumption behaviour across brand categories

References

• Aagerup, U. 2011. The influence of real women in advertising on mass market fashion Brand perception. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 15, no. 4: 486–502.
   Google Scholar
• Amed, I., A. Balchandani, M. Beltrami, A. Berg, S. Hedrich, and F. Rölkens. 2018. The State of Fashion 2019: A Year of Awakening. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/the-state-of-fashion-2019-a-year-of-awakening
   Google Scholar
• Bazilian, E. 2016. Why more brands are embracing plus-size models. Adweek, April 24. https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/why-more-brands-are-embracing-plus-size-models-170984/
   Google Scholar
• Bian, X., and K. Y. Wang. 2015. Are size-zero female models always more effective than average-sized ones? Depends on brand and self-esteem! European Journal of Marketing 49, no. 7/8: 1184–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissell, K., and A. Rask. 2010. Real women on real beauty: Self-discrepancy, internalisation of the thin ideal, and perceptions of attractiveness and thinness in Dove’s campaign for real beauty. International Journal of Advertising 29, no. 4: 643–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borau, S., and J. F. Bonnefon. 2017. The advertising performance of non-ideal female models as a function of viewers' body mass index: A moderated mediation analysis of two competing affective pathways. International Journal of Advertising 36, no. 3: 457–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borland, H., and S. Akram. 2007. Age is no barrier to wanting to look good: Women on body image, age and advertising. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 10, no. 3: 310–33.
   Google Scholar
• Bower, A. B. 2001. Highly attractive models in advertising and the women who loathe them: The implications of negative affect for spokesperson effectiveness. Journal of Advertising 30, no. 3: 51–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buunk, B. P., R. L. Collins, S. E. Taylor, N. W. VanYperen, and G. A. Dakof. 1990. The affective consequences of social comparison: Either direction has its ups and downs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59, no. 6: 1238–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash, T. F., and M. L. Szymanski. 1995. The development and validation of the body-image ideals questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment 64, no. 3: 466–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. 2017. Health, United States, 2016. 237–238. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus16.pdf#053
   Google Scholar
• Cinelli, M. D., and L. Yang. 2016. The role of implicit theories in evaluations of “plus-size” advertising. Journal of Advertising 45, no. 4: 472–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, R. B., J. L. Ridgway, and J. Hendrickse. 2017. Is plus size equal? The positive impact of average and plus-sized media fashion models on women’s cognitive resource allocation, social comparisons, and body satisfaction. Communication Monographs 84, no. 3: 406–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, B., and C. Pechmann. 2013. Introduction to the special issue on transformative consumer research: Developing theory to mobilize efforts that improve consumer and societal well-being. Journal of Business Research 66, no. 8: 1168–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Allesandro, S., and B. Chitty. 2011. Real or relevant beauty? Body shape and endorser effects on brand attitude and body image. Psychology and Marketing 28, no. 8: 843–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diedrichs, P. C., and C. Lee. 2010. GI joe or average joe? The impact of average-size and muscular male fashion models on men's and women's body image and advertisement effectiveness. Body Image 7, no. 3: 218–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diedrichs, P. C., and C. Lee. 2011. Waif goodbye! Average-size female models promote positive body image and appeal to consumers. Psychology & Health 26, no. 10: 1273–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmar, H. 2007. Consumer culture, identity and well-being: the search for the 'good life' and the 'body perfect’. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. 1954. A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7, no. 2: 117–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. M., D. L. Brown, and R. Boice. 2012. Using Amazon's mechanical Turk website to measure accuracy of body size estimation and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 9, no. 4: 532–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, J. P., L. Wheeler, and J. Suls. 2018. A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years on. Psychological Bulletin 144, no. 2: 177–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groesz, L. M., M. P. Levine, and S. K. Murnen. 2002. The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. The International Journal of Eating Disorders 31, no. 1: 1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell, E. 2013. The impact of thin idealized media images on body satisfaction: Does body appreciation protect women from negative effects? Body Image 10, no.4: 509–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell, E., and H. Dittmar. 2004. Does size matter? The impact of model's body size on women's body-focused anxiety and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23, no. 1: 104–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell, E., and H. Dittmar. 2005. The role of self-improvement and self-evaluation motives in social comparisons with idealised female bodies in the media. Body Image 2, no. 3: 249–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halliwell, E., H. Dittmar, and J. Howe. 2005. The impact of advertisements featuring ultra‐thin or average‐size models on women with a history of eating disorders. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 15, no. 5: 406–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A.F. 2017. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heatherton, T. F., and J. Polivy. 1991. Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60, no. 6: 895–910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. K., M. Bruce, and K. Hough. 1999. Female images in advertising: The implications of social comparison for marketing. International Journal of Advertising 18, no. 4: 445–73.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, J. W., and G. M. Zinkhan. 1995. Self‐concept and advertising effectiveness: The influence of congruency, conspicuousness, and response mode. Psychology and Marketing 12, no. 1: 53–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hüttl, V., and H. Gierl. 2012. Effects of slim and heavy advertising models on appearance, self-esteem and product evaluations. Vol. III, Advances in advertising research. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, D. M., and L. J. Paas. 2014. Moderately thin advertising models are optimal, most of the time: Moderating the quadratic effect of model body size on ad attitude by fashion leadership. Marketing Letters 25, no. 2: 167–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapton, S. 2018. Plus-size clothing and overweight models are normalising obesity, warn experts. The Telegraph, June 22. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2018/06/22/plus-size-clothing-overweight-models-may-fuel-obesity-epidemic/
   Google Scholar
• Keller, K. L. 2009. Managing the growth tradeoff: Challenges and opportunities in luxury branding. Journal of Brand Management 16, no. 5–6: 290–301.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, K. B., and J. S. Aubrey. 2015. A Cross-cultural comparison of cognitive and affective mediators in the relationship between media use and body image disturbance: Focusing on U.S. and Korean women. Asian Journal of Communication 25, no. 5: 507–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., and M. L. Damhorst. 2010. The relationship of body-related self-discrepancy to body dissatisfaction, apparel involvement, concerns with fit and size of garments, and purchase intentions in online apparel shopping. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 28, no. 4: 239–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. H., and S. J. Lennon. 2007. Mass media and self-esteem, body image, and eating disorder tendencies. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 25, no. 1: 3–23.
   Google Scholar
• Koyuncu, M., S. Tok, A. M. Canpolat, and F. Catikkas. 2010. Body image satisfaction and dissatisfaction, social physique anxiety, self-esteem, and body fat ratio in female exercisers and nonexercisers. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 38, no. 4: 561–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennox, R.D., and R.N. Wolfe. 1984. Revision of the self-monitoring scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46, no. 6: 1349–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, L., and B. McFerran. 2016. The (ironic) dove effect: Use of acceptance cues for larger body types increases unhealthy behaviors. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 35, no. 1: 76–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, C., C. H. Tse, and M. O. Lwin. 2019. “Average-sized” models do sell, but what about in east Asia? A cross-cultural investigation of US and Singaporean women. Journal of Advertising 48, no. 5: 512–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madanat, H. N., R. B. Brown, and S. R. Hawks. 2007. The impact of body mass index and Western advertising and media on eating style, body image and nutrition transition among Jordanian women. Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 10: 1039–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, B. A. S., and R. Xavier. 2010. How do consumers react to physically larger models? Effects of model body size, weight control beliefs and product type on evaluations and body perceptions. Journal of Strategic Marketing 18, no. 6: 489–501.
   Google Scholar
• Mussweiler, T. 2001. Focus of comparison as a determinant of assimilation versus contrast in social comparison. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27, no. 1: 38–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussweiler, T., and F. Strack. 2000. Consequences of social comparison: Selective accessibility, assimilation, and contrast. In Suls, J., and L. Wheeler, eds. Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Muttarak, R. 2018. Normalization of plus size and the danger of unseen overweight and obesity in England. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 26, no. 7: 1125–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, B. S., and D. W. Schumann. 2012. Consumer preferences for assimilative versus aspirational models in marketing communications: the role of product class, individual difference, and mood state. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 20, no. 4: 359–76.
   Google Scholar
• Oral, C., and J. Y. Thurner. 2019. The impact of anti‐consumption on consumer well‐being. International Journal of Consumer Studies 43, no. 3: 277–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, B. T. 2009. A comparison of brand personality and brand user-imagery congruence. Journal of Consumer Marketing 26, no. 3: 175–84.
   Google Scholar
• Pounders, K. 2018. Are portrayals of female beauty in advertising finally changing? Journal of Advertising Research 58, no. 2: 133–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putrevu, S., and K. R. Lord. 1994. Comparative and noncomparative advertising: Attitudinal effects under cognitive and affective involvement conditions. Journal of Advertising 23, no. 2: 77–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quester, P. G., A. Karunaratna, and L. Kee Goh. 2000. Self-congruity and product evaluation: a cross-cultural study. Journal of Consumer Marketing 17, no. 6: 525–35.
   Google Scholar
• Richins, M. L. 1991. Social comparison and the idealized images of advertising. Journal of Consumer Research 18, no. 1: 71–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richins, M. L. 1995. Social comparison, advertising, and consumer discontent. American Behavioral Scientist 38, no. 4: 593–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffman, L.G., and J. Wisenblit. 2019. Consumer behavior. 12th ed. London, UK: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Sirgy, M. J. 1982. Self-concept in consumer behavior: A critical review. Journal of Consumer Research 9, no. 3: 287–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirgy, M. J. 1985. Using self-congruity and ideal congruity to predict purchase motivation. Journal of Business Research 13, no. 3: 195–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirgy, M. J., D. Grewal, and T. Mangleburg. 2000. Retail environment, self-congruity, and retail patronage: An integrative model and a research agenda. Journal of Business Research 49, no. 2: 127–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, B. L., K. A. Henderson, and M. T. Zivian. 1999. Gender differences in population versus media body sizes: A comparison over four decades. Adolescence 24: 677–87.
   Google Scholar
• Stice, E., and H. E. Shaw. 2002. Role of body dissatisfaction in the onset and maintenance of eating pathology: A synthesis of research findings. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53, no. 5: 985–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stunkard, A. J., T. I. A. Sørensen, and F. Schulsinger. 1983. Use of the Danish adoption register for the study of obesity and thinness. In Genetics of neurological and psychiatric disorders. ed. Seymour S. Kety, Lewis P. Rowland, Richard L. Sidman, and Steven W. Matthysse. New York, NY: Raven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sung, Y., and S.M. Choi. 2012. The influence of self-construal on self-Brand congruity in the United States and Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 43, no. 1: 151–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suranyi-Unger, T. Jr., 1981. Consumer behavior and consumer well-being: An economist's digest. Journal of Consumer Research 8, no. 2: 132–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Bogt, T. F., S. A. van Dorsselaer, K. Monshouwer, J. E. Verdurmen, R. C. Engels, and W. A. Vollebergh. 2006. Body mass index and body weight perception as risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problem behavior among adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 39, no. 1: 27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. K., and E. Stice. 2001. Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science 10, no. 5: 181–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M. , and J. E. Lynch. 2001. Body image across the life span in adult women: The role of self-objectification. Developmental Psychology 37, no. 2: 243–253.
   Google Scholar
• Vartanian, L. R. 2012. Self-discrepancy theory and body image. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance 2: 711–7.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, M. A., and M. P. McCabe. 2000. Gender differences among adolescents in family, and peer influences on body dissatisfaction, weight loss, and binge eating behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 29, no. 2: 205–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 1997. WHO consultation on obesity. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J. 1996. What is social comparison and how should we study it? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22, no. 5: 520–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, U.-J., M. L. Damhorst, and D. W. Russell. 2011. The impact of body image on consumers’ perceptions of idealized advertising images and Brand attitudes. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 40, no. 1: 58–73.
   Google Scholar