Human risk assessment and TEFs

References

• Abraham , K. , Krowke , R. and Neubert , D. 1988 . Pharmacokinetics and biological activity of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1. Dose-dependent tissue distribution and induction of hepatic ethocyresorufin-O-deethylase in rats following a single injection . Archives of Toxicology , 62 : 359 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlborg , U. G. , Becking , G. C. , Birnbaum , L. S. , Brouwer , A. , Derks , H. J. G. M. , Feeley , M. , Golor , G. , Hanberg , A. , Larsen , J. C. , Liem , A. K. D. , Safe , S. H. , Schlatter , C. , Wärn , F. , Younes , M. and Yrjänheikki , E. 1994 . Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs. Report on a WHO-ECEH and IPCS consultation, December 1993 . Chemosphere , 28 : 1049 – 1067 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astroff , B. , Zacharewski , T. , Safe , S. , Arlatto , M. P. , Parkinson , A. , Thomas , P. and Lev in , W. 1988 . 6-Methyl-1, 3, 8-trichlorodibenzofuran as a 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin antagonist, inhibition of the induction of rat cytochrome P-450 isozymes and related mono-oxygenase activities . Molecular Pharmacology , 33 : 231 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannister , R. and Safe , S. 1987 . The effects of receptor antagonists on the ahh induction activity of 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD in c57bl16 and dba12 mice, 1, 3, 6, 8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran . Chemosphere , 16 : 1739 – 1742 .
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg , M. , de Jongh , J. , Poiger , H. and Olson , J. R. 1994 . The toxicokinetics and metabolism of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and their relevance for toxicity . CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology , 24 : 1 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg , M. , Birnbaum , L. S. , Bosveld , A. T. C. , Brunström , B. , Cook , Ph. , Feeley , M. , Giesy , J. P. , Hanberg , A. , Hasegawa , R. , Kennedy , S. W. , Kubiak , T. , Larsen , J. C. , van Leeuwen , F. X. R. , Liem , A. K. D. , Nolt , C. , Peterson , R. E. , Poellinger , L. , Safe , S. , Schrenk , D. , Tillitt , D. , Tysklind , M. , Younes , M. , Wärn , F. and Zacharewski , T. 1998 . Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife . Environmental Health Perspectives , 106 ( 12 ) : 775 – 792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biegel , L. , Harris , M. , Davis , D. , Rosengren , R. , Safe , L. and Safe , S. 1989 . 2,2′, 4,4′, 5,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl as a 2, 3, 7, 8 -tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin antagonist in C57BL/6J mice . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 97 : 561 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Birgelen , A. P. J. M. , van der Kolk , J. , Poiger , H. , van den Berg , M. and Brouwer , A. 1992 . Interactive effects of 2,2′, 4,4′, 5,5′ -hexachlorobiphenyl and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on thyroid hormone, vitamin A, and vitamin K metabolism in the rat . Chemosphere , 25 ( 7–10 ) : 1239 – 1244 .
   Google Scholar
• van Birgelen , A. P. J. M. , van der Kolk , J. , Fase , K. M. , Bol , I. , Poiger , H. , van den Berg , M. and Brouwer , A. 1994a . Toxic potency of 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexachlorobiphenyl relative to and in combination with 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrac hlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a subchronic feeding study in the rat . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 126 : 202 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birgelen , A. P. J. M. van , Kolk , J. van der , Fase , K. M. , Bol , I. , Poiger , H. , Berg , M. van den and Brouwer , A. 1994b . Toxic potency of 3,3′, 4,4′, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl relative to and in combination with 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a subchronic feeding study in the rat . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 127 : 209 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• Birgelen , A. P. J. M. v an , Fase , K. M. , Kolk , J. van der , Poiger , H. , Brouwer , A. , Seinen , W. and van den Berg , M. 1996a . Synergistic effect of 2,2′, 4,4′, 5,5′ -hexachlorobiphenyl and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on hepatic porphyrin levels in the rat . Environmental Health Perspectives , 104 : 550 – 557 .
   Google Scholar
• van Birgelen , A. P. J. M , DeVito , M. J. , Akins , J. M. , Ross , D. G. , Diliberto , J. J. and Birnbaum , L. S. 1996b . Relative potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls derived from hepatic porphyrin accumulation in mice . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 138 : 98 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birgelen , A. P. J. M. van , Visser , T. J. , Kaptein , E. , Kodavanti , P. R. S. , Derr-Yellin , E. C. , DeVito , M. J. and Birnbaum , L. S. 1997 . Synergistic effects on thyroid hormone metabolism in female Sprague Dawley rats after subchronic exposure to mixtures of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs . Organohalogen Compounds , 34 : 370 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Birnbaum , L. S. and DeVito , M. J. 1995 . Use of toxic equivalence factors for risk assessmen t for dioxins and related compounds . Toxicology , 105 : 391 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bols , N. C. , Whyte , J. J. , Clemons , J. H. , Tom , D. J. , van den Heuvel , M. R. and Dixon , D. G. 1997 . “ Use of liver cell lines to develop toxic equivalency factors and to derive toxic equivalent concentrations in environmental samples ” . In Ecotoxicology, Responses, Biomarkers and Risk Assessment , Edited by: Zelikoff , J. T. 329 – 350 . Fair Haven, N. J., , USA : SOS Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Brewster , D. W. and Birnbaum , L. S. 1987 . Disposition and excretion of 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-pen tachloro-dibenzofuran in the rat . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 90 : 243 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Burght , A. S. M. , Kreikamp , A. P. , Horbach , G. J. M. and van den Berg , M. 1996b . Induction by different substituted PCBs and characterization of CYP1A in Cynomolgus monkeys hepatocytes . Organohalogen Compounds , 29 : 306 – 311 . Ecotoxicology, Toxicology, Metabolism and Toxicokinetics (edited by M. van den Berg et al.), 16th Symposium on chlorinated dioxins and related compounds, 12–16 August 1996, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Carrier , G. , Brunet , R. C. and Brodeur , J. 1995 . Modeling of the toxicokinetics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuranes in mammalians, including humans: 1. Nonlinear distribution of PCDD/PCDF body burden between liver and adipose tissues . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 131 : 253 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , I. , Villeneuve , D. C. , Yagminas , A. , Lecavalier , P. , Haakansson , H. , Ahlborg , U. G. , Valli , V. E. , Kennedy , S. W. , Bergmann , A. , Seegal , R. F. and Feeley , M. 1995 . Toxicity of PCB 77 (3,3′, 4,4′ -tetrachlorobiophenyl) and PCB 118 (2,3′, 4,4′, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl) in the rat following subchronic dietary exposure . Fundamental and Applied Toxicology , 26 : 282 – 292 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clemons , J. H. , Lee , L. E. J. , Myers , C. R. , Dixon , D. G. and Bols , N. C. 1996 . Comparison of toxic equivalent factors for selected dioxin and furan congeners derived using fish and mammalian liver cell lines . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 : 1177 – 1185 .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , P. M. , Zabel , E. W. and Peterson , R. E. 1997 . “ The TCDD Toxicity equivalence approach for characterization of trout early life stage mortality risks associated with exposures to TCDD and related chemicals. Chemically-induced alterations in the functional development and reproduction of fishes ” . In SETAC Technical Publications Series Edited by: Rolland , R. M. , Gilberston , M. and Peterson , R. E. 9 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• DeVito , M. J. , Maier , W. E. , Diliberto , J. J. and Birnbaum , L. S. 1993 . Comparative ability of various PCBs, PCDFs, and TCDD to induce cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2 activity following 4 weeks of treatment . Fundamental and Applied Toxicology , 20 : 125 – 130 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeVito , M. J. , Birnbaum , L. S. , Farland , W. and Gasiewicz , Th. 1995a . Comparisons of estimated human body burdens of dioxinlike chemicals and TCDD body burdens in experimentally exposed animals . Environmental Health Perspectives , 103 : 820 – 831 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVito , M. J. and Birnbaum , L. S. 1995b . The importance of pharmacokinetics in determining the relative potency of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrac hlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran . Fundamental and Applied Toxicology , 24 : 145 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• DeVito , M. J. , Ross , D. R. and Birnbaum , L. S. 1995c . Disposition of PCDD/PCDF in mice . Organohalogen Compounds , 25 : 11 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Diliberto , J. J. , Burgin , D. and Birnbaum , L. S. 1997 . Role of CYP1A2 in hepatic sequestration of dioxin, studies using CYP1A2 Knock-out mice . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , 236 : 431 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eadon , G. , Kammsky , L. , Silkworth , J. , Aldous , K. , Hilker , D. , O'Keefe , P. , Smith , R. , Gierthy , J. F. , Hawley , J. , Kim , N. and DeCaprio , A. 1986 . Calculation of 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD equivalent concentrations of complex environmental conformmant mixtures . Environmental Health Perspectives , 70 : 221 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ema , M. , Ohe , N. , Suzuki , M. , Mimura , J. , Sogawa , K. , Ikawa , S. and Fujii-Kuriyama , Y. 1994 . Dioxin binding activities of polymorphic forms of mouse and human aryl hydrocarbon receptors . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 269 : 27337 – 27343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison , P. M. , Tullis , K. , Aarts , J. M. M. J. G. , Brouwer , A. , Giesy , J. P. and Denison , M. S. 1996 . Species-specific recombinant cell lines as bioassay systems for the detection of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-like chemicals . Fundamental and Applied Toxicology , 30 : 194 – 203 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gierthy , J. F. , Crane , D. and Frenkel , G. D. 1984 . Application of an in vitro keratinization assay to extracts of soot from a fire in a polychlorinated biphenyl-containing transformer . Fundamental and Applied Toxicology , 4 : 1036 – 1041 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gooch , J. W. , Elskus , A. A. , Kloepper-Sams , P. J. , Hahn , M. E. and Stegeman , J. J. 1989 . effects of ortho- and non-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on the hepatic monooxygenase system in cup (Stenotomus chrysops) . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 98 : 422 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haake , J. , Safe , S. , Mayura , K. and Phillips , T. D. 1987 . Aroclor 1254 as an antagonist of the teratogenicity of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin . Toxicology Letters , 38 : 299 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , M. E. and Karchner , S. I. 1995 . Evolutionary conservation of the vertebrate Ah (dioxin) receptor—amplification and sequencing of the PAS domain of a teleost Ah receptor cDNA . Journal of Biochemistry , 310 : 383 – 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , M. E. , Poland , A. , Glover , E. and Stegeman , J. J. 1994 . Photoaffinity labelling of the Ah receptor, phylogenetic survey of diverse vertebrate and invertebrate species . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 310 : 218 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , M. E. , Karchner , S. I. , Shapiro , M. A. and Perera , S. A. 1997 . Molecular evolution of two vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptors (AHR1 and AHR2) and the PAS family . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 94 : 13743 – 13748 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankinson , O. 1995 . The aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex . Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 35 : 307 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , N. , Connor , K. , Steinberg , M. and Safe , S. 1995 . Immunosuppressive activity of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures and congeners, nonadditive (antagonistic) interactions . Fundamental and Applied Toxicology , 27 : 131 – 139 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harper , P. A. , Golas , C. L. and Okey , A. B. 1986 . Ah receptor mediating induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, detection in human lung by binding of 2, 3, 7, 8 -[3H]tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin . Cancer Research , 46 : 3739 – 3743 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , P. A. , Golas , C. L. and Okey , A. B. 1988 . Characterization of the Ah receptor and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by 2, 3, 7, 8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and benz(a)anthracene in the human A431 squamous cell carcinoma line . Cancer Research , 48 : 2388 – 2395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , M. , Zacherewski , T. , Piskorska-Pliszczynska , J. , Rosengren , R. and Safe , S. 1990 . Structure dependent induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in C57BL/6 mice by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrac hlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related congeners, mechanistic studies . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 105 : 243 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi , S. , Watanabe , J. , Nakachi , K. , Eguchi , H. , Gotoh , O. and Kawajiri , K. 1994 . Interindividual difference in expression in human Ah receptor and related P450 genes . Carcinogenesis , 15 : 801 – 806 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hornung , M. W. , Zabel , E. W. and Peterson , R. E. 1996 . Additive interactions between pairs of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran and biphenyl congeners in a rainbow trout early life stage mortality bioassay . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 140 : 345 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• de Jongh , J. , Nieboer , R. , Schröders , I. , Seinen , W. and van den Berg , M. 1993 . Toxicokinetic interactions between chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in the liver of the C57BL/6J mouse, 2. Polychorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) . Archives of Toxicology , 67 : 598 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashimoto , T. and Miyata , H. 1987 . “ Differences between Yusho and other kinds of poisoning involving only PCBs ” . In PCBs and the Environment , Edited by: Ward , J. S. 1 – 26 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , S. W. , Lorenzen , A. , Jones , S. P. , Hahn , M. E. and Stegeman , J. J. 1996b . Cytochrome P4501A induction in avian hepatocyte cultures, a promising approach for predicting the sensitivity of avian species to toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons . Toxicology and Applied Pharma cology , 141 : 214 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landers , J. P. and Bunce , N. J. 1991 . The Ah-receptor and the mechanism of dioxin toxicity . Biochemical Journal , 276 : 273 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipp , H.-P. , Schrenk , D. , Wiesmhller , T. , Hagenmaier , H. and Bock , K. W. 1992 . Assessment of biological activities of mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and their constituents in human HepG2 cells . Archives of Toxicology , 66 : 220 – 223 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lorenzen , A. and Okey , A. B. 1991 . Detection and characterization of Ah receptor in tissue and cells from human tonsils . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 107 : 203 – 214 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manchester , D. K. , Gordon , S. K. , Golas , C. L. , Roberts , C. A. and Okey , A. B. 1987 . Ah receptor in human placenta, stabilization by molybdate and characterization of binding of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 3-methylcholanthrene, and benzo(a)pyrene . Cancer Research , 47 : 4861 – 4868 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills , J. J. and Andersen , M. E. 1993 . Dioxin hepatic carcinogenesis, biologically motivated modeling and risk assessment . Toxicology Letters , 68 : 177 – 189 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrissey , R. E. , Harris , M. W. , Diliberto , J. J. and Birnbaum , L. S. 1992 . Limited PCB antagonism of TCDD-induced malformations in mice . Toxicology Letters , 60 : 19 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsted , J. L. , Giesy , J. P. , Ankley , G. T. , Tillitt , D. E. , Crawford , R. A. , Gooch , J. W. , Jones , P. D. and Denison , M. S. 1995 . Development of toxic equivalency factors for PCB congeners and the assessment of TCDD and PCB mixtures in rainbow trout . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 14 : 861 – 871 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okey , A. B. , Riddick , D. S. and Harper , P. A. 1994 . Molecular biology of the aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptor . Trends in Pharmacological Sciences , 15 : 226 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , R. E. , Theobald , H. M. and Kimmel , G. L. 1993 . Developmental and reproductive toxicity of dioxins and related compounds, cross-species comparisons . Critical Reviews in Toxicology , 23 : 283 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluess , N. , Poiger , H. , Hohbach , C. and Schlatter , C. 1988 . Subchronic toxicity of some chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in rats . Chemosphere , 17 : 973 – 984 .
   Google Scholar
• Poellinger , L. 1995 . Mechanism of signal transduction by the basic helix-loop-helix dioxin receptor. Inducible Gene Expression , Edited by: Baeuerle , P. A. Vol. 1 , 177 – 205 . Boston : Birkhäuser .
   Google Scholar
• Poellinger , L. , Göttlicher , M. and Gustafsson , J. 1992 . The dioxin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, nuclear receptors in search of endogenous ligands . Trends in Pharmacological Sciences , 13 : 241 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poland , A. and Knutson , J. C. 1982 . 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrac hlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, examination of the mechanisms of toxicity . Annual Review of Pharmacolog y and Toxicology , 22 : 517 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter , C. A. , Tieber , V. L. , Denison , M. S. and Giesy , J. P. 1997 . An in vitro rainbow trout cell bioassay for aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated toxins . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 16 : 543 – 550 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , E. A. , Golas , C. L. and Okey , A. B. 1986 . Ah receptor mediating induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, detection in human lung by binding of 2, 3, 7, 8-[3H]tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin . Cancer Research , 46 : 3739 – 3743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe , S. 1986 . Comparative toxicology and mechanism of action of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans . Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 26 : 371 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe , S. 1990 . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds, environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) . Critical Reviews in Toxicology , 21 : 51 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe , S. 1994 . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment . Critical Reviews in Toxicology , 24 : 87 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safe , S. 1997 . Limitation of the toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of TCDD and related compounds . Teratogenesis Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis , 17 : 285 – 304 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safe , S. , Bannister , R. , Davis , D. , Haoke , J. M. , Zacharewski , T. , Mayura , K. and Philips , T. D. 1989 . Aroclor 1254 as a 2, 3, 7, 8-TC DD antagonist in mice . Chemosphere , 18 : 709 – 714 .
   Google Scholar
• Santostefano , M. , Piskorska-Pliszczynska , J. , Morrison , V. and Safe , S. 1992 . effects of ligand structure on the in vitro transformation of the rat cytosoloc aryl hydrocarbon receptor . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 297 : 73 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz , H.-J. , Hagenmaier , A. , Hagenmaier , H. , Bock , K. W. and Schrenk , D. 1995 . Potency of mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls as inducers of dioxin receptor-regulated CYP1A activity in rat hepatocytes and H4IIE cells . Toxicology , 99 : 47 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrenk , D. , Lipp , H. P. , Wiesmhller , T. , Hagenmaier , H. and Bock , K. W. 1990 . Assessment of biological activities of mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, comparison between defined mixtures and their constituents . Archives of Toxicology , 65 : 114 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrenk , D. , Lip p , H. P. , Hagenmaier , H. and Bock , K. W. 1991 . Assessment of biological activities of mixtures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, comparison between defined mixtures and their constituents . Archives of Toxicology , 65 : 371 – 399 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrenck , D. , Buchmann , A. , Dietz , K. , Lipp , H. P. , Brunner , H. , Sirma , H. , Meunzel , P. , Hagenmaier , H. , Gebhardt , R. and Bock , K. W. 1994 . Promotion of preneoplastic foci in rat liver with 2, 3, 7, 8- terachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-hepatochlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and a defined mixture of 49 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins . Carcinogenesis , 15 : 509 – 515 .
   Google Scholar
• Schrenk , D. , Sthven , T. , Gohl , G. , Viebahn , R. and Bock , K. W. 1995 . Induction of CYP1A and glutathione S-transferase activities by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in human hepatocyte cultures . Carcinogenesis , 16 : 943 – 946 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silkworth , J. B. , Cutler , D. S. , O'Keefe , P. W. and Lipneskas , T. 1993 . Potentiation and antagonism of 2, 3, 7, 8, -tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin effect in a complex environmental mixture . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 119 : 236 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Smialowicz , R. J. , De Vito , M. J. , Riddle , M. M. , Williams , W. C. and Birnbaum , L. S. 1997 . Opposite effects of 2,2′, 4,4′, 5,5′ -hexachlorobiphenyl and 2, 3, 7, 8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in Mice . Fundamental and Applied Toxicology , 37 : 141 – 149 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tillitt , D. E. and Wright , P. J. 1997 . Dioxin-like embryotoxicity of a Lake Michigan lake trout extract to developing lake trout. Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Chlorinated Diocins and Related Compounds, 25–29 August 1997, Indianapolis, IN, USA . Organohalogen Compounds , 34 : 221 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Tritscher , A. M. , Goldstein , J. A. , Portier , C. J. , McCoy , Z. , Clark , G. C. and Lucier , G. W. 1991 . Dose-response relationships for chronic exposure to 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a rat promotion model, quantification and immunolocalization of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in the liver . Cancer Research , 52 : 3436
   Google Scholar
• Verhallen , E. , van den Berg , M. and Bosveld , A. T. C. 1997 . Interactive effects on the EROD-inducing potency of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in the chicken embryo hepatocyte assay . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 16 : 277 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Voorman , R. and Aust , S. 1987 . Specific binding of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbon inducers of cytochrome P-450d to the cytochrome and inhibition of its estradiol 2-hydroxylase activity . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 90 : 69 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos , J. G , de Heer , C. and van Loveren , H. 1997 . Immunotoxic effects of TCDD and toxic equivalency factors . Teratogenesis Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis , 17 : 275 – 284 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker , M. K. and Peterson , R. E. 1991 . Potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran and biphenyl congeners, relative to 2, 3, 7, 8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for producing early life stage mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Aquatic Toxicology , 21 : 219 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , M. K. , Cook , P. M. , Butterworth , B. C. , Zabel , E. W. and Peterson , R. E. 1996 . Potency of a complex mixture of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran and biphenyl congeners compared to 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrach lorodibenzo-p-dioxin in causing fish early life stage mortality . Fundamental and Applied Toxicology , 30 : 178 – 186 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waern , F. 1995 . Studies on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans with emphasis on their relative potency and interactions in the rat , Stockholm, , Sweden : Karolinska Institute . Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Waern , F. , Flodström , S. , Busk , L. , Kronevi , T. , Nordgren , I. and Ahlborg , A. 1991 . Relative tumour promoting activity and toxicity of some polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin- and dibenzofuran-congeners in female Sprague-Dawley rats . Pharmacology and Toxicology , 69 : 450 – 458 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Weiden , M. E. W. , de Vries , L. P. , Fase , K. , Celander , M. , Seinen , W. and van den Berg , M. 1994 . Relative potencies of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls, based on P450 1A induction in the Mirror Carp (Cyprinus carpio) . Aquatic Toxicology , 29 : 163 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Whit lock , J. P. 1993 . Mechanistic aspects of dioxin action . Chemical Research in Toxicology , 6 : 754 – 763 .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , P. J. and Tillitt , D. E. 1997 . Embryotoxicity of Great Lakes lake trout extracts to developing rainbow trout . Aquatic Toxicology , submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimura , H. , Kuroki , J. , Koga , N. , Kuroki , H. , Masuda , Y. , Fukasaku , N. and Hasegawa , M. 1984 . High accumulation of 2, 3, 4, 7, 8- pentachlorodibenzofuran to hepatic microsomes of rats . Journal for Pharmacobio-Dynamic s , 7 : 414 – 419 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zabel , E. W. , Walker , M. K. , Hornung , M. W. , Clayton , M. K. and Peterson , R. E. 1995a . Interactions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran and biphenyl congeners for producing rainbow trout early life stage mortality . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 134 : 204 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel , E. W. , Cook , P. M. and Peterson , R. E. 1995b . Potency of 3,3′, 4,4′, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), alone and in combination with 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrach lorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), to produce lake trout early life stage mortality . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 14 : 2175 – 2179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel , E. W. , Cook , P. M. and Peterson , R. E. 1995c . Toxic equivalency factors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and biphenyl congeners based on early life stage mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Aquatic Toxicology , 31 : 315 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel , E. W. , Pollenz , R. and Peterson , R. E. 1996 . Relative potencies of individual polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran and biphenyl congeners and congener mixtures based on induction of cytochrome P4501A mRNA in a rainbow trout gonadal cell line (RTG-2) . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 15 : 2310 – 2318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , F. , Mayura , K. , Harper , N. , Safe , S. H. and Phillips , T. D. 1997a . Inhibition of 3,3′, 4,4′, 5-pentachlorobiphenylinduced fetal cleft palate and immunotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice by 2,2′, 4,4′, 5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl . Chemosphere , 34 : 1605 – 1613 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , F. , Mayura , K. , Kocurek , N. , Edwards , J. F. , Kubena , L. F. , Safe , S. H. and Phillips , T. D. 1997b . Inhibition of 3,3′, 4,4′, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl-induced chicken embryotoxicity by 2,2′, 4,4′, 5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl . Fundamental and Applied Toxicology , 35 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar