Balkan endemic nephropathy and associated urinary tract tumours: a review on aetiological causes and the potential role of mycotoxins

References

• ADATIA , R. , HEATON , J. M. , MACGEOROE , K. M. and MANTLE , P. G. 1991 . Acute histopathological changes produced by Penicillium aurantiogriseum nephrotoxin in the rat . International Journal of Experimental Pathology , 72 : 47 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AKHMETELI , M. A. Epidemiology of endemic nephropathy. Endemic Nephropathy . Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Endemic Nephropathy . November 9–12 , Sofia. pp. 19 – 23 . Sofia : Bulgarian Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• ALBASSAM , M. A. , YONG , S. I. , BHATNAGAR , R. , SHARMA , A. K. and PRIOR , M. G. 1987 . Histopathologic and electron microscopic studies on the acute toxicity of ochratoxin A in rats . Veterinary Pathology , 24 : 427 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALERAJ , B. 1996 . A study of the viral etiology of endemic nephropathy. Endemic Nephropathy in Croatia , Edited by: Čvorišćec , D. , Čeovié , S. and Stavljenić-Rukavina , A. 23 – 29 . Zagreb : Academia Croatica Scientianim Medicarum .
   Google Scholar
• ANGUELIEVA , R. and MLADENOVA , S. Some element traces and the endemic nephropathy disease. Endemic Nephropathy . Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Endemic Nephropathy . November 9–12 , Sofia. pp. 241 – 243 . Sofia : Bulgarian Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• APOSTOLOV , K. and SPASIC , P. 1975 . Evidence of a viral aetiology in endemic (Balkan) nephropathy . Lancet , ii : 1271 – 1273 .
   Google Scholar
• APOSTOLOV , K. , SPASIC , P. and ALEXANDER , D. J. 1977b . Comparative ultrastructural studies on endemic (Balkan) nephropathy and chicken embryo nephritis caused by infectious bronchitis virus. II. Chick embryo nephritis . Acta Medica Iugoslavica , 31 : 205 – 216 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• APOSTOLOV , K. , SPASIC , P. and BOJANIC , N. 1977a . Comparative ultrastructural studies on endemic (Balkan) nephropathy and chicken embryo nephritis caused by infectious bronchitis virus. I. Endemic (Balkan) nephropathy . Acta Medica Iugoslavica , 31 : 189 – 203 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ARAI , M. and HIBINO , T. 1983 . Tumorigenicity of citrinin in male F344 rats . Cancer Letters , 17 : 281 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARLT , V. M. , PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. , COSYNS , J. P. and SCHMEISER , H. H. 2001 . Analyses of DNA adducts formed by ochratoxin A and aristolochic acid in patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy . Mutation Research , 494 : 143 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AUFFRAY , Y. and BOUTIBONNES , P. 1986 . Evaluation of the genotoxic activity of some mycotoxins using E. coli, in the SOS spot test . Mutation Research , 171 : 79 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAILEY , C. A. , GIBSON , R. M. , KUBENA , L. F. , HUFF , W. E. and HARVEY , R. B. 1989 . Ochratoxin A and dietary protein. 2: Effects on hematology and clinical chemistry measurements . Poultry Science , 68 : 1664 – 1671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENDELE , A. M. , CARLTON , W. W. , KROGH , P. and LILLEHOJ , E. B. 1985 . Ochratoxin A cardnogenesis in the (C57B1/6J C3H)F1 mouse . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 75 : 733 – 742 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOBINAC , E. 1996 . . First investigations of endemic nephropathy in the area of Brodska Posavina. Endemic Nephropathy in Croatia , Edited by: Čvorišćec , D. , Čeović , S. and Stavljenić-Rukavina , A. 1 – 6 . Zagreb : Academia Croatica Scientianim Medicarum .
   Google Scholar
• BOORMAN , G. 1989 . . NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Cardnogenesis Studies of Ochratoxin A. No. 89-2813 , Research Triangle Park : US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health .
   Google Scholar
• BOORMAN , G. , HONG , H. L. , DIETER , M. P. , HAYES , H. T. , POHLAND , A. E. , STACK , M. and LUSTER , M. I. 1984 . Myelotoxicity and macrophage alteration in mice exposed to ochratoxin A . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 72 : 304 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BORDAS , E. , BRETTER , E. , COSTIN , L. and LENGHEL , I. 1973 . Etude épidémiologique de la néphropathie . Revue d'Epidmiologie, Médecine Sociale et Santé Publique , 21 : 481 – 498 .
   Google Scholar
• BOŽIĆ , Z. , DUANČIĆ , V. , BELICZA , M. , KRAUS , O. and SKLJATOV , I. 1995 . Balkan Nephropathy: still a mysterious disease . European Journal of Epidemiology , 11 : 235 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWN , T. P. , MANNING , R. O. , FLETCHER , O. J. and WYATT , R. D. 1986 . The individual and combined effects of citrinin and ochratoxin A on renal ultrastructure in layer chicks . Avion Diseases , 30 : 191 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRUCKNER , I. and MOTOIU , I. 1971 . Chromosomal changes in Balkan nephropathy . Lancet , 7694 : 348
   Google Scholar
• BURNS , R. B. and MAXWELL , M. H. 1987 . Ochratoxicosis A in young Khabi Campbell ducklings . Research in Veterinary Science , 42 : 395 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CASTEGNARO , M. , CHERNOZEMSKY , I. and BARTSCH , H. 1987 . Meeting Report: Endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in the Balkans . Cancer Research , 47 : 3608 – 3609 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CASTEGNARO , M. , MARU , V. , PETKOVA-BOCHAROVA , T. , NIKOLOV , I. and BARTSCH , H. 1991 . . Concentration of ochratoxin A in the urine of endemic nephropathy patients and controls in Bulgaria: lack of detection of 4-hydroxyochratoxin A. Mycotoxns: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours , Edited by: Castegnaro , M. , Plestina , R. , Dirheimer , G. , Chernozemsky , I. N. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 115 , 165 – 169 . Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• CASTEGNARO , M. , MOHR , U. , PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. , ESTEVE , J. , STEINMANN , J. , TILLMANN , T. , MICHELON , J. and BARTSCH , H. 1998 . Strain- and sex-specific induction of renal tumours by ochratoxin A in rats correlates with DNA adduction . International Journal of Cancer , 77 : 70 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ČEOVIĆ , S. , HRABAR , A. , FRISIC , D. , STEFANOVIC , B. , BRADIC , D. and ČEOVIĆ , J. 1972 . . Some epidemiologic data in the Slavonski Brod area. Endemic Nephropathy , Edited by: Pulchev , A. , Dinev , I. V. , Milev , B. and Doichinov , D. 289 – 293 . Sofia : Bulgarian Academy of Science .
   Google Scholar
• ČEOVIĆ , S. , HRABAR , A. and RADONIC , M. 1985 . An etiological approach to Balkan Endemic Nephropathy based on the investigation of two genetically different populations . Nephron , 40 : 175 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ČEOVIĆ , S. and MITELIĆ-MEDEV , M. 1996 . . Epidemiological features of endemic nephropathy in the focal area of Brodska Posovina, Croatia. Endemic Nephropathy in Croatia , Edited by: Čvorišćec , D. , Čeović , S. and Stavljenić-Rukavina , A. 7 – 21 . Zagreb : Academia Croatica Seientiarum Medicarum .
   Google Scholar
• ČEOVIĆ , S. , RADONIC , M. , HRABAR , A. , RADOSEVIC , Z. , PLESTINA , R. and HABAZIN-NOVAK , V. Endemic nephropathy in Brodska Posavina—in a twenty year period. Endemic (Balkan) Nephropathy . Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Endemic Nephropathy . Edited by: Strahinjic , S. and Stefanovic , V. pp. 223 – 277 . Nis : Institute of Nephrology .
   Google Scholar
• CHANG , C. F. 1982 . Impaired phagocytosis by monocytes from fowls with ochratoxicosis . Journal of the Chinese Society of Veterinary Science , 8 : 19 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• CHANG , C. F. and HAMILTON , P. B. 1980 . Impairment of phagocytosis by heterophils from chickens during ochrtatoxicosis . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 38 : 572 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHANG , C. F. , HUFF , W. E. and HAMILTON , P. B. 1979 . A leucocytopenia induced in chickens by dietary ochratoxin A . Poultry Science , 58 : 555 – 558 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHERNOZEMSKY , I. N. , STOYANOV , I. S. , PETKOVA-BOCHAROVA , T. K. , NIKOLOV , I. G. , DRAGANOV , I. G. , STOICHEV , I. , TANCHEV , Y. , NAIDENOV , D. and KALCHEVA , N. D. 1977 . Geographic correlation between the occurrence of endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Vratza district, Bulgaria . International Journal of Cancer , 19 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHU , F. S. 1971 . Interaction of ochratoxin A with bovine serum albumin . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 147 : 359 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLE , R. J. and Cox , R. H. 1981 . . Handbook of Fungal Metabolites , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• COSYNS , J.-P. , DEHOUX , J. P. , GUIOT , Y. , GOEBBELS , R. M. , ROBERT , A. , BERNARD , A. M. and DE STRIHOU , C. V. 2001 . Chronic aristolochic acid toxicity in rabbits A model of Chinese herbs nephropathy? . Kidney International , 59 : 2164 – 2173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COSYNS , J.-P. , JADOUL , M. , SQUIFFLET , J. P. , WESE , F. X. and VAN YPERSELE DE STRIHOU , C. 1999 . Urothelial lesions in Chinese-herb nephropathy . American Journal of Kidney Disease , 33 : 1011 – 1017 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CREPPY , E. E. , KANE , A. , DIRHEIMER , G. , LAFARGE-FRAYSSINET , C. , MOUSSET , S. and FRAYSSINET , C. 1985 . Genotoxicity of ochratoxin A in mice, DNA single-strand break evaluation in spleen, liver and kidney . Toxicology Letters , 28 : 29 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DANILOVIĆ , V. , DIURIŠIĆ , M. , MOKRANJAC , M. , STOIIMIROVIĆ , B. , ŽIVIJINOVIĆ , J. and STOJAKOVIĆ , P. 1957a . Porodična oboljenja bubrega u selu Šopić izvazvana hroničnom intoksikácijon olovorm . Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo , 85 : 1115 – 1125 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DANILOVIĆ , V. , DJURIŠIĆ , M. , MOKRANJAC , M. , STOJIMIROVIĆ , B. , ŽIVIJINOVIĆ , J. and STOJAKOVIĆ , P. 1957b . Chronic nephritis caused by poisoning with lead via the digestive tract (flour) . Presse Médicale , 65 : 2039 – 2040 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEGEN , G. H. , GERBER , M. M. , OBRECHT , S. , PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. and DIRHEIMER , G. 1994 . Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of ochratoxin A in ovine seminal vesicle cell cultures . Archives of Pharmacology , 349s : 121 abst
   Google Scholar
• DEGEN , G. H. , GERBER , M. M. , OBRECHT-PFLUMIO , S. and DIRHEIMER , G. 1997 . Induction of micronuclei with ochratoxin A in ovine seminal vesicle cells . Archives of Toxicology , 71 : 365 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEPIERREUX , M. , VAN DAMME , B. , HOUTE , K. V. and VANHERWEGHEM , J.-L. 1994 . Pathologie aspects of a newly described nephropathy related to the prolonged use of Chinese herbs . American Journal of Kidney Disease , 24 : 172 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DI PAOLO , N. , GUARNIERI , A. , LOI , F. , SACCHI , G. , MANGIAROTTI , A. M. and DI PAOLO , M. 1993 . Acute renal failure from inhalation of mycotoxins . Nephron , 64 : 621 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DICKENS , F. and WAYNFORTH , H. B. 1968 . Studies on cardnogenesis of lactones and related substances . Report of the British Empire Cancer Campaign , 46 : 108
   Google Scholar
• DIMITROV , T. S. 1982 . Results of current studies on the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy . Vutr Boles , 21 : 12 – 24 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DOPP , E. , MÜLLER , J. , HAHNEL , C. and SCHIFFMANN , D. 1999 . Induction of genotoxic effects and modulation of the intracellular calcium level in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) fibroblasts caused by ochratoxin A . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 37 : 713 – 721 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DÖRRENHAUS , A. , FLIEGER , A. , GOLKE , K. , SCHULZE , H. , ALBRECHT , M. , DEGEN , G. H. and FÖLLMANN , W. 2000 . Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary human urothelial cells by the mycotoxin ochratoxin A . Toxicological Science , 53 : 271 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOSTER , R. C. , SINNHUBER , R. O. , WALES , J. H. and LEE , D. J. 1971 . Acute toxicity and carcinogenicity of ochratoxin A in rainbow trout (Salmo garidneri) . Federation Proceedings , 30 : 578
   Google Scholar
• DOTCHEV , D. , POPOV , N. and NEYCHEV , S. Screening tests for bacteriuria in patients with endemic nephropathy. Endemic Nephropathy . Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Endemic Nephropathy . November 9–12 1972 . pp. 84 – 85 . Sofia : Bulgarian Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• DRĀGĀNESCU , N. , ANTIPA , C. , GIRJABU , E. and MELENCU , M . 1983 . Endemic Balkan nephropathy, a slow virus disease? . Virologie , 34 : 3 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DWIVEDI , P. and BURNS , R. B. 1984a . Pathology of ochratoxicosis in young broiler chicks . Research in Veterinary Science , 36 : 92 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DWIVEDI , P. and BURNS , R. B. 1984b . Effect of ochratoxin A on immunoglobulins in broiler chickens . Research in Veterinary Science , 36 : 117 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DWIVEDI , P. and BURNS , R. B. 1985 . Immunosuppressive effects of ochratoxin A in young turkeys . Avian Pathology , 14 : 213 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELLING , F. , HALD , B. , JACOBSEN , C. and KROGH , P. 1975 . Spontaneous cases of toxic nephropathy in poultry associated with ochratoxin A . Acta Pathologica et Microbiologie a Scandinavica Section A , 83 : 739 – 741 .
   Google Scholar
• ELLING , F. , NIELSEN , J. P. , LILLEHOJ , E. B. , THOMASSEN , M. S. and STØRMER , F. 1985 . Ochratoxin A induced porcine nephropathy: enzyme and ultrastructure changes after short-term exposure . Toxicon , 23 : 247 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEDER , G. L. , RADOVANOVIC , Z. and FINKELMAN , R. B. 1991 . Relationship between weathered coal deposits and the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy . Kidney International , 40 : S9 – S11 . suppl. 34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FÖLLMANN , W. , HILLEBRAND , I. E. , CREPPY , E. E. and BOLD , H. M. 1995 . Sister chromatid exchange frequency in cultured isolated porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells (PUBEC) treated by OTA and alpha OTA . Archives of Toxicology , 69 : 280 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORTZA , N. and NEOOESCU , M. 1961 . Nefrita cronica azotemica endo-epidemica Stud . Cercet Medicine , 1 : 217 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• FRANK , H. K. 1992 . Citrinin . Zeitschrift far Ernährungswissenschaft , 31 : 164 – 177 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FRIIS , P. , HASSELAGER , E. and KROGH , P. 1969 . Isolation of citrinin and oxalic acid from Penicillium viridicatum and their neprotoxicity in rats and pigs . Acta Pathologia Microbiologia Scandinavica , 77 : 559 – 560 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FUCHS , R. , RADIC , B. , CEOVIC , S. , SOSTARIC , B. and HULT , K. 1991 . Human exposure to ochratoxin A. Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours , Edited by: Castegnaro , M. , Plectina , R. , Dirheimer , G. , Chernozemsky , I. N. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 115 , 131 – 135 . Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• GAUTIER , J. , HOLZHAEUSER , D. , MARKOVIC , J. , GREMAUD , E. , SCHILTER , B. and TURESKY , R. J. 2001b . Oxidative damage and stress response from ochratoxin A exposure in rats . Free Radical Biology , 3D : 1089 – 1098 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAUTIER , J. , RICHOZ , J. , WELTI , D. H. , MARKOVIC , J. , GREMAUD , E. , GUENGERICH , F. P. and TURESKY , R. J. 2000a . Metabolism of ochratoxin A: absence of formation of genotoxic derivatives by human and rat enzymes . Chemical Research in Toxicology , 14 : 34 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEORGESCU , L. and DIOSI , P. 1981 . Virus-like particles in the kidneys of three patients with endemic Balkan nephropathy . Virologie , 32 : 305 – 306 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GEORGESCU , L. , DIOSI , P. , BUTIU , I. , PLAVOSIN , L. and HERZOG , G. 1978 . Porcine coronavirus antibodies in endemic (Balkan) ne-phropathy . Lancet , i : 163
   Google Scholar
• GEORGESCU , L. , LITVAC , B. , DIOSI , P. , PLAVOSIN , L. and HERZOG , G. 1976 . Letter Viruses in endemic (Balkan) nephropathy . Lancet , i : 1086
   Google Scholar
• GIBSON , R. M. , BAILEY , C. A. , KUBENA , L. F. , HUFF , W. E. and HARVEY , R. B. 1989 . Ochratoxin A and dietary protein. 1. Effects on body weight, feed conversion, relative organ weight, and mortality in three-week-old broilers . Poultry Science , 68 : 1658 – 1663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIBSON , R. M. , BAILEY , C. A. , KUBENA , L. F. , HUFF , W. E. and HARVEY , R. B. 1990 . Impact of L-phenylalanine supplementation on the performance of three-week-old broilers fed diets containing ochratoxin A. 1. Effects on body weight, feed conversion, relative organ weight and mortality . Poultry Science , 69 : 414 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GLAWTSCHEW , P. 1975 . Balkan-nephropathy, a particular form of interstitial nephritis . Medizin Klinik , 70 : 328 – 331 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GOLDBERG , M. C. , FEDER , G. L. and RADOVANOVIC , Z. 1994 . Correlation of Balkan endemic nephropathy with fluorescent organic compounds in shallow ground water . Applied Hydrogeology , 2 : 15 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• GROSSE , Y. , BAUDRIMONT , I. , CASTEGNARO , M. , CREPPY , E. E. , DIRHEIMER , G. and PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. 1995b . Ochratoxin A metabolites and DNA-adducts formation in monkey kidney cell . Chemico-Biological Interaction , 95 : 175 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GROSSE , Y. , CASTEGNARO , M. , MACÉ , K. , BARTSCH , H. , DIRHEIMER , G. , PINELLI , E. , PFEIFER , A. and PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. 1995a . Evaluation of ochratoxin A genotoxicity by DNA-adducts detection: cytochromes P450 implicated . Clinical Chemistry , 12 : 1927 – 1929 .
   Google Scholar
• GROSSE , Y. , CHEKIR-GHEDIRA , L. , HUC , A. , OBRECHT-PFLUMIO , S. , DIRHEIMER , G. , BACHA , H. and PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. 1997a . Retinol, ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol prevent DNA adduct formation in mice treated with the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and zearalenone . Cancer Letters , 114 : 225 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GROSSE , Y. , MONJE , M. C. , MACÉ , K. , PFEIFER , A. and PFOHLLESZKOWICZ , A. 1997b . Use of bronchial epithelial cells expressing human cytochrome p450 for study on metabolism and genotoxicity of ochratoxin A . In vitro Toxicology , 10 : 93 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• HAAZELE , F. M. , GUENTER , W. , MARQUARDT , R. and FROHLICH , A. A. 1993 . Beneficial effects of dietary ascorbic acid supplement on hens subjective to ochratoxin A toxicosis under normal and high ambient temperature . Canadian Journal of Animal Science , 73 : 149 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAGELBERG , S. , HULT , K. and FUCHS , R. 1989 . Toxicokinetics of ochratoxin A in several species and its plasma-binding properties . Journal of Applied Toxicology , 9 : 91 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALL , P. W. and DAMMIN , G. J. 1978 . Balkan Nephropathy . Nephron , 22 : 281 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALT , M. 1998 . Moulds and mycotoxins in herb tea and medicinal plants . European Journal of Epidemiology , 14 : 269 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMILTON , P. B. , HUFF , W. E. , HARRIS , J. R. and WYATT , R. D. 1982 . Natural occurrences of ochratoxicosis in poultry . Poultry Science , 61 : 1832 – 1837 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANIKA , C. , CARLTON , W. W. , BOON , G. D. and TUITE , J. 1984 . Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rabbit: clinicopathological alterations . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 22 : 999 – 1008 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANIKA , C. , CARLTON , W. W. and TUITE , J. 1983 . Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rabbit . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 21 : 487 – 493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HANIKA , C. , CARLTON , W. W. , HINSMAN , E. J. and TUITE , J. 1986 . Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rabbit: ultrastructural alterations . Veterinary Pathology , 23 : 145 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARVEY , B. B. , ELISSALDE , M. H. , KUBENA , L. F. , WEAVER , E. A. and CORRIER DE CLERMENT , B. A. 1992 . Immunotoxicity of ochratoxin A to growing gilts . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 53 : 1966 – 1970 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARVEY , R. B. , HUFF , W. E. , KUBENA , L. F. and PHILLIPS , T. D. 1989 . Evaluation of diets contaminated with aflatoxin and ochratoxin fed to growing pigs . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 50 : 1400 – 1405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAUBECK , H. D. , LORKOWKI , G. , KOLSCH , E. and RÖSCHENTHALER , R. 1987 . Immunosuppression by ochratoxin A and its prevention by phenylalanine . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 41 : 1040 – 1042 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HENNIG , A. , FINK-GREMMELS , J. and LEISTNER , L. 1991 . . Mutagenicity and effects of ochratoxin A on the frequency of sister chromatid exchange after metabolic activation. Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours , Edited by: Castegnaro , M. , Plectina , R. , Dirheimer , G. , Chernozemsky , I. N. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 115 , 255 – 260 . Lyon : IARQ .
   Google Scholar
• HONG , H. H. L. , JAMESON , C. W. and BOORMAN , G. A. 1988 . Residual hematoppietic effect in mice exposed to ochratoxin A prior to irradiation . Toxicology , 53 : 57 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUFF , J. and BOORMAN , G. 2001 . Ochratoxin A, BEN, and UTT . Environmental Health Perspectives , in press
   Google Scholar
• HUFF , W. E. , WYATT , R. D. and HAMILTON , P. B. 1975 . Nephrotoxidty of dietary ochratoxin A in broiler chickens . Applied Microbiology , 30 : 48 – 54 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HULT , K. , HÖKBY , E. , GATENBECK , S. and RUTQVIST , L. 1980 . Ochratoxin A in blood from slaughter pigs in Sweden, use in evaluation of toxin content of consumed feed . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 39 : 828 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HULT , K. , HÖKBY , E. , HÄGGLUND , U. , GATENBECK , S. , RUTQVIST , L. and SELLYEY , G. 1979 . Ochratoxin A in pig blood: method of analysis and use as a tool for feed studies . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 38 : 772 – 776 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HULT , K. , PLECTINA , R. , HABAZIN-NOVAK , V. , RADIC , B. and CEOVIC , S. 1982 . Ochratoxin A in human blood and Balkan endemic nephropathy . Archives of Toxicology , 51 : 313 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HULT , T. K. , RUTQVIST , L. , HOLMBERG , T. , THAFVELIN , B. and GATENBECK , S. 1984 . Ochratoxin in blood of slaughter pigs . Nordisk Veterinarinaermedicine , 36 : 314 – 316 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IARC . 1976 . Some Naturally Occurring Substances. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks of Chemicals to Man , vol. 10 , Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• IARC . 1983 . Some Food Additives. Feed Additives and Naturally Occurring Substances. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks of Chemicals to Humans , vol. 31 , Lyon : IARQ .
   Google Scholar
• IARC . 1993 . Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Some Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Vol. 56 , Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Ivic , M. 1970 . The problem of etiology of endemic nephropathy . Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis , 1 : 29 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• JESWAL , P. 1986 . Citrinin induced chromosomal abnormalities in the bone marrow cells of Mus musculus . Cytobios , 86 : 329 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• JORDAN , W. H. , CARLTON , W. W. and SANSING , G. A. 1978a . Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rat, toxicology and pathology . Food and Cosmetics Toxicology , 16 : 431 – 439 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JORDAN , W. H. , CARLTON , W. W. and SANSING , G. A. 1978b . Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the Syrian hamster . Food and Cosmetics Toxicology , 16 : 335 – 363 .
   Google Scholar
• KABANDA , A. , JADOUL , M. , LAUWERYS , R. , BERNARD , A. and VAN YPERSELE DE STRIHOU , C. 1995 . Low molecular weight protei-nuria in Chinese herbs nephropathy . Kidney International , 48 : 1571 – 1576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KANE , A. , CREPPY , E. E. , ROTH , A. , RÖSCHENTHALER , R. and DIRHEIMER , G. 1986 . Distribution of the [3H]-label from low doses of radioactive ochratoxin A ingested by rats, and evidence for DNA single-strand breaks caused in liver and kidneys . Archives of Toxicology , 58 : 219 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KANIZAWA , M. 1984 . Synergistic effect of citrinin on hepatorenal carcinogenesis of ochratoxin A in mice . Developments in Food Science , 7 : 245 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• KANISAWA , M. and SUZUKI , S. 1978 . Induction of renal and hepatic tumors in mice by ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin . Gann , 69 : 599 – 600 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KITCHEN , D. N. , CARLTON , W. W. and KINSMAN , J. 1977 . Ochratoxin A and citrinin induced nephrosis in beagle dogs. III Terminal renal ultrastructural alterations . Veterinary Pathology , 14 : 392 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOGIKA , M. M. , HAGIWARA , M. K. and MIRANDOLA , R. M. 1993 . Experimental citrinin nephrotoxicosis in dogs: renal function evaluation . Veterinary and Human Toxicology , 35 : 136 – 140 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KROGH , P. Mycotoxic porcine nephropathy — a possible model for Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. Endemic nephropathy . Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Endemic Nephropathy . November 9–12 1972 . pp. 266 – 277 . Sofia : Bulgarian Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• KROGH , P. 1976 . Mycotoxic nephropathy . Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine , 20 : 147 – 153 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KROGH , P. 1980 . Ochratoxins: occurrence, biological effects and causal role in disease. Natural Toxins , Edited by: Eaker , D. and Wadstrom , T. 673 – 680 . Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• KROGH , P. , ed. 1987 . Ochratoxin A in Food , 97 – 121 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• KROGH , P. , AXELSEN , N. H. , ELLING , F. , GYRD-HANSEN , N. , HALD , B. , HYLDEGAARD-HENSEN , J. , LARSEN , A. E. , MADSEN , A. , MORTENSEN , H. P. , MÖLLER , T. , PETERSEN , O. K. , RAVINSKOV , U. , ROSTGAARD , M. and AALUND , O. 1974 . Experimental porcine nephropathy changes of renal function and structure induced by ochratoxin A-contaminated feed . Ada Pathologia and Microhiologia Scandinavica Section A , 246 : 1 – 21 . suppl
   Google Scholar
• KROGH , P. , ELLING , F. , FRIIS , C. , HALD , B. , LARSON , A. E. , LILLE , H. J. , MADSEN , A. , MORTENSEN , P. , RASMUSSEN , F. and RAUNSKOV , U. 1979 . Porcine nephropathy induced by longterm ingestion of ochratoxin A . Veterinary Pathology , 16 : 466 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KROGH , P. , HALD , B. and PEDERSEN , E. J. 1973 . Occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in cereals associated with myco toxic porcine nephropathy . Acta Pathologia and Microbiologie a Scandinavica Section B , 81 : 689 – 695 .
   Google Scholar
• KROGH , P. , HALD , B. , PLEŠTINA , R. and ČEOVIĆ , S. 1977 . Balkan (endemic) nephropathy and food borne ochratoxin A: Preliminary results of a survey in foodstuff . Acta Pathologia and Microbiologia Scandinavica Section B , 85 : 238 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• KROGH , P. , HASSELAGER , E. and FRIIS , P. 1970 . Studies on fungal nephrotoxicity. 2. Isolation of two nephrotoxic compounds from Penicillium viridicatum Westling: citrinin and oxalic acid . Acta Pathologia and Microhiologia Scandinavica Section B Microbiology and Immunology , 78 : 401 – 413 .
   Google Scholar
• KUCZUK , M. H. , BENSON , P. M. , HEALTH , H. and HAYES , W. 1978 . Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of mycotoxins using Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Mutation Research , 53 : 11 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUIPER-GOODMAN , T. and SCOTT , P. M. 1989 . Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences , 2 : 179 – 248 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KUSSITASSEVA , V. , GRUNTSHAROVA , D. and MILEV , P. H. 1960 . On the content of some microelements in the surrounding milieu in the villages of the Vratza country affected by endemic nephritis. Endemic Nephritis in Bulgaria , Edited by: Puchlev , A. 123 – 139 . Sofia : Medizina i Fizkultura .
   Google Scholar
• LEA , T. , STEIEN , K. and STØRMER , C. 1989 . Mechanism of ochratoxin A induced immunosuppression . Mycopathologia , 107 : 153 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LINSELL , C. A. and PEERS , F. 1972 . The aflatoxins and human liver cancer . Recent Results in Cancer Research , 39 : 125 – 129 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LOCKARD , V. G. , PHILLIPS , R. D. , HAYES , A. W. , BERNDT , W. O. and O'NEAL , R. M. 1980 . Citrinin nephrotoxicity in rats: a light and electron microscopic study . Experimental and Molecular Pathology , 32 : 226 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUSTER , M. I. , GERMOLEC , D. R. , BURLESON , G. R. , JAMESON , C. W. , ACKERMANN , M. F. , LAMM , K. R. and HAYES , H. T. 1987 . Selective immunosuppressions in mice of natural killer cell activity by ochratoxin A . Cancer Research , 47 : 2259 – 2263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MACDONALD , S. J. , LANGTON , S. and BRERETON , P. A. Assessment of human exposure to ochratoxin A in the UK — relationship between dietary intake and plasma and urine . Proceedings of the Xth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins . May 21–25 , Guaruja, Brazil. Edited by: de Koe , W. J. , Samson , R. A. , van Egmond , H. P. , Gilbert , J. and Sabino , M. pp. 181 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• MACGEORGE , K. M. and MANTLE , P. G. 1990 . Nephrotoxicity of Penicillium aurantiogriseum and P. commune from an endemic nephropathy area in Yugoslavia . Mycopathologia , 112 : 139 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MALAVEILLE , C. , BRUN , G. and BARTSCH , H. 1991 . . Genotoxicity of ochratoxin A and structurally related compounds in E. coli strains, studies on their mode of actions. Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours , Edited by: Castegnaro , M. , Plectina , R. , Dirheimer , G. , Chernozemsky , I. N. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 115 , 261 – 266 . Lyon : IARQ .
   Google Scholar
• MALAVEILLE , C. , BRUN , G. and BARTSCH , H. 1994 . Structure-activity studies in E. coli strains on ochratoxin A (OTA) and its analogues implicate a genotoxic free radical and a cytotoxic thiol derivative as reactive metabolites . Mutation Research , 307 : 141 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MANEV , H. , GANCHEVA , E. and YANAKIEVA , M. 1987 . The etiology and epidemiology of the leptospirosis in Bulgaria . Archives Roumaines de Pathologie Experimentale et de Microbiologie , 46 : 233 – 239 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MANOLOV , G. , MANOLOVA , Y. , CASTEGNARO , M. and CHERNOZEMSKY , I. N. 1991 . . Chromosomal alterations in lymphocytes of patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy and of healthy individuals after incubation in vitro with ochratoxin A. Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours , Edited by: Castegnaro , M. , Plectina , R. , Dirheimer , G. , Chernozemsky , I. N. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 115 , 267 – 272 . Lyon : IARQ .
   Google Scholar
• MANOLOVA , Y. , MANOLOV , G. , PARVANOVA , L. , PETKOVABOCHAROVA , T. , CASTEGNARO , M. and CHERNOZEMSKY , I. N. 1990 . Induction of characteristic chromosomal aberrations, particularly x-trisomy, in cultured human lymphocytes treated by ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin implicated in Balkan endemic nephropathy . Mutation Research , 231 : 143 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MANTLE , P. G. and McHUGH , K. M. 1993 . Nephrotoxic fungi in foods from nephropathy households in Bulgaria . Mycological Research , 97 : 205 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MANTLE , P. G. , McHUGH , K. M. , ADATIA , R. , GRAY , T. and TURNER , D. R. 1991b . Persistent kariomegaly caused by Penicillium nephrotoxins in the rat . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences , 246 ( 1317 ) : 251 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MANTLE , P. G. , McHUGH , K. M. , ADATIA , R. , HEATON , J. M. , GRAY , T. and TURNER , D. R. 1991 . . Penicillium aurantiogriseum-induced, persistent renal histopathological changes in rat; an experimental model for Balkan endemic nephropathy competitive with ochratoxin A. Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours , Edited by: Castegnaro , M. , Plectina , R. , Dirheimer , G. , Chernozemsky , I. N. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 115 , 119 – 127 . Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• MAKSIMOVIC , Z. J. and DJUJIC , I. 1997 . Selenium deficiency in Serbia and possible effect on health . Biomedical and Environmental Sciences , 10 : 300 – 306 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MAKSIMOVIC , Z. J. , DIUJIC , I. , JOVIC , V. and RSUMOVIC , M. 1992 . Selenium deficiency in Yugoslavia . Biological Trace Element Research , 33 : 187 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARKOVIC , B. 1985 . Nephropathie des Balkans et carcinomes à cellules transitionnelles . Journal d'Urologie (Paris) , 91 : 215 – 220 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MARKOVIC , B. 1988 . Pathogenicité et cancérogénèse environnementale des néphropathies interstitielles chroniques accompagnées de cancer urothelial . Journal d'Urologie (Paris) , 94 : 53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MARKOVIC , B. 1990 . Nephropathie des Balkans: Problèmes courants de pathogénie et de cancérogénèse . Journal d'Urologie (Paris) , 96 : 31 – 35 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MARKOVIC , B. , LEBEDEV , S. , DJORDIEVIC , M. and ARAMBASIC , M. 1976 . Endemic urinary tract cancer in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Romania: etiology and pathogenesis . Médecine Biologie Environnement , 1–2
   Google Scholar
• MARQUARDT , R. R. and FRÖHLICH , A. A. 1992 . A review of recent advances in understanding ochratoricosis . Journal of Animal Science , 70 : 3968 – 3988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAXWELL , M. H. , BURNS , R. B. and DWIEDI , P. 1987 . Ultrastructural study of ochratoxicosis in turkey poults . Poultry Science , 60 : 144 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• MEHDI , N. A. , CARLTON , W. W. , BOON , G. D. and TUITE , J. 1984 . Studies on the sequential development and pathogenesis of citrinin mycotoxicosis in turkeys and ducklings . Veterinary Pathology , 21 : 216 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEISNER , H. and CIMBALA , M. A. 1986 . Effects of ochratoxin A on gene expression in rat kidneys . Development Toxicology and the Environment , 12 : 261 – 271 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MORI , H. , KAWAI , K. , BAYASHI , F. , KUNIYASU , T. , YAMAZAKI , M. , HAMAZAKI , T. and WILLIAMS , G. M. 1984 . Genotoxicity of a variety of mycotoxins in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test using rat and mouse hepatocytes . Cancer Research , 44 : 2918 – 2923 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MÜLLER , G. , KIELSTEIN , P. , KOHLER , H. , BERNDT , A. and ROSNER , H. 1995 . Studies on the influence of ochratoxin A in immune and defense reactions in the mouse model . Mycoses , 38 : 85 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MÜLLER , G. , KIELSTEIN , P. , ROSNER , H. , BERNDT , A. , HELLER , M. and KOHLER , H. 1999 . Studies of the influence of ochratoxin A on immune and defence reactions in weaners . Mycoses , 42 : 495 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUNRO , C. , MOODIE , A. , KUIPER-GOODMAN , T. , SCOTT , P. M. and GRICE , H. C. 1974 . Toxicologie changes in rats fed graded dietary levels of ochratoxin A . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 28 : 180 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NASTAC , E. , STOIAN , M. , HOZOC , M. , IOSIPENCO , M. and MELENCU , M. 1982 . Prevalence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to BK virus in patients with endemic Balkan nephropathy . Virologie , 33 : 169 – 170 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NASTAC , E. , STOIAN , M. , HOZOC , M. , IOSIPENCO , M. and MELENCU , M. 1984 . Further data on the prevalence of serum antibodies to papova viruses (BK and SV40) in subjects from the Romanian area with Balkan endemic nephropathy . Virologie , 35 : 65 – 67 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NICHIFOR , E. , BALEA , M. , RUSU , G. , MELENCU , M. , GHIORDANESCU , N. , CRISTESCU , I. , DOVLETE , C. and SONOC , S. 1985 . Studies on the familial character of endemic Balkan nephropathy. Possible role of the toxic hydric factor in the determination of ‘familial agglomerations’ in endemic Balkan nephropathy . Médecine Interne , 23 : 229 – 237 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NIKIFOROV , N. 1960 . . On the proof and determination of some heavy metals in the water and biological products as related to the investigation of endemic nephritis. Endemic Nephritis in Bulgaria , Edited by: Puchlev , A. 140 – 151 . Sofia : Medizina i Fizkultura .
   Google Scholar
• NORTIER , J. L. , MUNIZ , M.-C. , SCHMEISER , H. H. , ARLT , V. M. , BIELER , C. A. , PETEIN , M. , DEPIERREUX , M. F. , DE PAUW , L. , ABRAMOWICZ , D. , VEREERSTRAETEN , P. and VANHERWEGHGM , J.-L. 2000 . Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of Chinese herbs (Aristolochia species) . New England Journal of Medicine , 342 : 1686 – 1692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OBRECHT-PFLUMIO , S. , CHASSAT , T. , DIRHEIMER , G. and MARZIN , D. 1999 . Genotoxicity of ochratoxin A by Salmonella mutageniaty test after bioactivation by mouse kidney microsomes . Mutation Research , 446 : 95 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OBRECHT-PFLUMIO , S. , GROSSE , Y. , PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. and DIRHEIMER , G. 1996 . Protection by indomethacin and aspirin against genotoxicity of ochratoxin A, particularly in the urinary bladder and kidney . Archives of Toxicology , 70 : 244 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PASARE , G. H. 1973 . Geotricum candidum. Rolul sǎu în fiziologia digestivǎ şi în clinicǎ . Doctorate ,
   Google Scholar
• PASARE , G. H. , PASARE , V. and MELENCU , M. 1975 . Le rôle de la pollution du milieu dans l'étiologie de la néphropathie endémique . Santé Publique , 18 : 65 – 71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PATTERSON , D. S. P. , SHREEVE , B. J. , ROBERTS , A. B. , BRUSH , P. J. , GLANCY , E. M. and KROOH , P. 1981 . Effect on calves of barley naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A and groundnut meal contaminated by low concentration of aflatoxin B1 . Research in Veterinary Science , 31 : 213 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAVLOVIĆ , M. , PLEŠTINA , R. and KROGH , P. 1979 . Ochratoxin A contamination of foodstuffs in an area with Balkan (endemic) nephropathy . Acta Pathologica and Microbiologica Scandinavica Section B , 87 : 243 – 246 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PEPELJNJAK , S. and BLAZEVIC , N. Contamination with moulds and occurrence of ochratoxin A in smoked meat products from endemic nephropathy regions in Yugoslavia . Proceedings of the Vth IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxms and Phycotoxins . September 1–3 , Vienna. Edited by: Pfannhauser , W. and Czedick-Eysenberg , P. B. pp. 102 – 105 . Vienna : Austrian Chemical Society .
   Google Scholar
• PERAICA , M. , DOMIJAN , M. A. , FUCHS , R. , LUCIĆ , A. and RADIĆ , B. 1999 . The occurrence of ochratoxin A in blood in general population of Croatia . Toxicology Letters , 110 : 105 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETKOVA-BOCHAROVA , T. and CASTEGNARO , M. 1985 . Ochratoxin A contamination of cereals in an area of high incidence of Balkan endemic nephropathy in Bulgaria . Food Additives and Contaminants , 2 : 267 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETKOVA-BOCHAROVA , T. and CASTEGNARO , M. 1991 . . Ochratoxin A in human blood in relation to Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary system tumours in Bulgaria. Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours , Edited by: Castegnaro , M. , Plectina , R. , Dirheimer , G. , Chernozemsky , I. N. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 115 , 135 – 137 . Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• PETKOVA-BOCHAROVA , T. , CASTEGNARO , M. , MICHELON , J. and MARU , V. 1991 . . Ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins in cereals from an area of Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Bulgaria. Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours , Edited by: Castegnaro , M. , Plectina , R. , Dirheimer , G. , Chernozemsky , I. N. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 115 , 83 – 87 . Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• PETKOVA-BOCHAROVA , T. , CHERNOZEMSKY , I. N. and CASTEGNARO , M. 1988 . Ochratoxin A in human blood in relation to Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary system tumours in Bulgaria . Food Additives and Contaminants , 5 : 299 – 301 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. , CHAKOR , K. , CREPPY , E. E. and DIRHEIMER , G. 1991 . . DNA adduct formation in mice treated with ochratoxin A. Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours , Edited by: Castegnaro , M. , Plectina , R. , Dirheimer , G. , Chernozemsky , I. N. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 115 , 245 – 253 . Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. , GROSSE , Y. , CASTEGNARO , M. , PETKOVABOCHAROVA , T. , NICOLOV , I. G. , CHERNOZEMSKY , I. N. , BARTSCH , H. , BETBEDER , A. M. , CREPPY , E. E. and DIRHEIMER , G. 1993 . Ochratoxin A related DNA adducts in urinary tract tumours of Bulgarian subjects. Postlabelling Methods for Detection of DNA Adducts , Edited by: Phillips , D. H. , Castegnaro , M. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 124 , 141 – 148 . Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. , GROSSE , Y. , KANE , A. , CREPPY , E. and DIRHEIMER , G. 1993a . Differential DNA adduct formation and disappearance in three mice tissues after treatment by the mycotoxin ochratoxin A . Mutation Research , 289 : 265 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. , GROSSE , Y. , KANE , A. , GHARBI , A. , BAUDRIMONT , I. , OBRECHT , S. , CREPPY , E. E. and DIRHEIMER , G. 1993 . . Is the oxidative pathway implicated in the genotoxicity of ochratoxin A? Human Ochratoxicosis and Its Pathologies , Edited by: Creppy , E. E. , Castegnaro , M. and Dirheimer , G. vol. 231 , 129 – 140 . Montrouge : John Libbey Eurotext .
   Google Scholar
• PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. , GROSSE , Y. , OBRECHT , S. , KANE , A. , CASTEGNARO , M. , CREPPY , E. E. and DIRHEIMER , G. 1993 . . Preponderance of DNA-adducts in kidney after ochratoxin A exposure. Human Ochratoxicosis and its Pathologies , Edited by: Creppy , E. E. , Castegnaro , M. and Dirheimer , G. vol. 231 , 199 – 207 . Montrouge : John Libbey Eurotext .
   Google Scholar
• PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. , OBRECHT , S. , GROSSE , Y. and DIRHEIMER , G. 1994 . Involvement of antioxidants and inhibitors of glutathione conjugation in ochratoxin A genotoxicity in mice liver and kidney . Toxicology Letters Supplement , 74 : 64
   Google Scholar
• PFOHL-LESZKOWICZ , A. , PINELLI , E. , BARTSCH , H. , MOHR , U. and CASTEGNARO , M. 1998 . Sex- and strain-specific expression of CYPs involved in ochratoxin A genotoxicity and carcinogenicity in rats . Molecular Carcinogenesis , 23 : 78 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHILLIPS , R. D. , HAYES , A. W. , BERNDT , W. O. and WILLIAMS , W. L. 1980 . Effects of citrinin on renal function and structure . Toxicology , 16 : 123 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PINELLI , E. , EL ADLOUNI , C. , PIPY , B. , QUARTULLI , F. and PFOHLLESZKOWICZ , A. 1999 . Respective implication of cyclooxygenase in ochratoxin A genotoxicity on human epithelial lung cells . Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology , 7 : 95 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PINELLI , E. , GROSSE , Y. , MEILLER , B. , PIPY , B. and PFOHLLESZKOWICZ , A. 1995 . Effect of ochratoxin A on arachidonic pathway use of epithelial bronchial cells . Cell Biology and Toxicology , 11 : 211 abst
   Google Scholar
• POHLAND , A. E. , NESHEIM , S. and FRIEDMAN , L. 1992 . Ochratoxin A, a review . Pure and Applied Chemistry , 64 : 1029 – 1046 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRIOR , M. G. , O'NEIL , J. B. and SISODIA , C. S. 1980 . Effects of ochratoxin A on growth response and residues in broilers . Poultry Science , 59 : 1254 – 1257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRIOR , M. G. and SISODIA , C. S. 1978 . Ochratoxicosis in White Leghorn hens . Poultry Science , 57 : 619 – 623 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PURCHASE , I. F. H. and VAN DER WATT , J. J. 1971 . The long term toxicity of ochratoxin A to rats . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 9 : 681 – 682 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RADIC , B. , FUCHS , R. , PERAICA , M. and LUCIĆ , A. 1997 . Ochratoxin A in human sera in the area with endemic nephropathy in Croatia . Toxicology Letters , 91 : 105 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RADONIĆ , M. and RADOSEVIC , Z. 1992 . Clinical feature of Balkan endemic nephropathy . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 30 : 189 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RADOVANOVIC , Z. 1987 . Epidemiological evidence on Balkan nephropathy as a viral disease . Medical Hypotheses , 22 : 171 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RADOVANOVIC , Z. 1989 . Aetiology of Balkan nephropathy: a reappraisal after 30 years . European Journal of Epidemiology , 5 : 372 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RADOVANOVIC , Z. , MARKOVIC-DENIC , L. , MARINKOVIC , J. , JEVREMOVIC , I. and JANKOVIC , S. 1991 . Well water characteristics and the Balkan Nephropathy . Nephron , 57 : 52 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIBELIN , W. E. , FUKUSHIMA , K. and STILL , P. 1978 . The toxicity of ochratoxin A to ruminants . Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine , 42 : 172 – 176 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RICHARD , J. L. , PLATTNER , R. D. , MAY , J. and LISKA , S. L. 1999 . The occurrence of ochratoxin A in dust collected from a problem household . Mycopathologia , 146 : 99 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUSSEV , HR. 1960 . Attempts to isolate in tissue cultures a cytopathogenic virus from the blood serum of cattles in Beli Izvor. Endemic Nephritis in Bulgaria , 187 – 190 . Sofia : Puchlev, Medizina i Fizkultura .
   Google Scholar
• SABATER-VILAR , R. F. , MAAS , M. and FINK-GREMMELS , J. 1999 . Mutagenicity of commercial Monascus fermentation products and the role of citrinin contamination . Mutation Research , 444 : 7 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANSING , G. A. , LILLEHOJ , E. B. , DETROY , R. W. and MILLER , M. A. 1976 . Synergistic toxic effects of citrinin, ochratoxin A and penicillic acid in mice . Toxicology , 14 : 213 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• SHINDAROV , L. , MITOV , G. , MATOVA , E. and NINOV , N. 1965 . . Virological studies of the etiology of endemic nephropathy. International Symposium on Endemic Nephropathy , 232 – 235 . Sofia : Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press .
   Google Scholar
• SHINOHARA , D. K. , ARAI , M. , HIRAO , K. , SUGIHARA , S. , NAKANISHI , K. , TSONODA , H. and ITO , N. 1976 . Combination effect of citrinin and other chemicals on rat kidney tumorigenesis . dann , 67 : 147 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• SINGH , G. S. , CHAUHAN , H. V. , JHA , G. J. and SINGH , K. K. 1990 . Immunosuppression due to chronic Ochratoxicosis in broiler chicks . Pathology , 103 : 399 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIRAJ , M. , PHILLIPS , T. D. and HAYES , A. W. 1981 . Effects of the mycotoxins citrinin and ochratoxin A on hepatic mixed-function oxidase and adenosine triphosphatase in neonatal rats . Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health , 8 : 131 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SKAUG , M. A. , EDUARD , W. and STØRMER , F. C. Ochratoxin in dust and fungal spores . Abstracts of the Xth International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins . Guaruja, Brazil. pp. 123
   Google Scholar
• ŠOŠTARIĆ , B. and VUKELIĆ , M. 1991 . . Characteristic of urinary tract tumours in the area of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy in Croatia. Mycotoxins: Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours , Edited by: Castegnaro , M. , Plectina , R. , Dirheimer , G. , Chemozemsky , I. N. and Bartsch , H. Vol. 115 , 29 – 35 . Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• ŠRÁM , R. J. , BINKOVA , B. , DOBIÁŠ , L , RÖSSNER , P. , TOPINKA , J. , VESELÁ , D. , VESELÝ , D. , STEISKALOVÁ , J. , BARAROVÁ , H. and ŘEŘICHA , V. 1993b . Monitoring genotoxic exposure in uranium miners . Environmental Health Perspectives , 99 : 303 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ŠRÁM , R. J. , DOBIÁŠ , L , RÖSSNER , P. , VESELÁ , D. , VESELÝ , D. , RAKUSOVÁ , R. and ŘEŘICHA , V. 1993a . Monitoring genotoxic exposure in uranium mines . Environmental Health Perspectives , 101 : 155 – 158 . suppl
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEFANOVIĆ , V. 1998 . Balkan Nephropathy: a need for novel aetological approaches . Quarterly Journal of Medicine , 91 : 457 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• STEFANOVIĆ , V. and POLENAKOVIĆ , M. H. 1991 . Balkan Nephropathy . American Journal of Nephrology , 11 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOEV , S. D. 1997 . Experimental mycotoxic nephropathy in pigs. Pathomorphological studies . Veterinary Medicine , 1–2 : 102 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• STOEV , S. D. 1998 . The role of ochratoxin A as a possible cause of Balkan endemic nephropathy and its risk evaluation . Veterinary and Human Toxicology , 40 : 352 – 360 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• STOEV , S. D. , GOUNDASHEVA , D. , MIRTCHEVA , T. and MANTLE , P. 2000 . Susceptibility to bacterial infections in growing pigs as an early response in ochratoxicosis . Experimental Toxicology and Pathology , 52 : 287 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOEV , S. D. , GROZEVA , N. and HALD , B. 1998a . Ultrastructural and toxicological investigations in spontaneous cases of porcine nephropathy in Bulgaria . Veterinarski , 68 : 39 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOEV , S. D. , HALD , B. and MANTLE , P. G. 1998c . Porcine nephropathy in Bulgaria: a progressive syndrome of complex and uncertain (mycotoxin) aetiology . Veterinary Record , 142 : 190 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOEV , S. D. , KUNEV , I. and RADIC , B. 1997 . Haematological, biochemical and toxicological investigations in spontaneous cases of mycotoxic nephropathy (ochratoxicosis) in pigs . Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science , 3 : 507 – 516 .
   Google Scholar
• STOEV , S. D. , STOEVA , J. K. , ANGUELOV , G. , HALD , B. , CREPPY , E. E. and RADIC , B. 1998b . Haematological, biochemical and toxicological investigations in spontaneous cases with different frequency of porcine nephropathy in Bulgaria . Journal of Veterinary Medicine , 45 : 229 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOIAN , M. , HOZOC , M. , IOSIPENCO , M. , NASTAC , E. and MELENCU , M. 1983 . Serum antibodies to papova viruses (BK and SV 40) in subjects from the area with Balkan endemic nephropathy . Virologie , 34 : 113 – 117 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• STØRMER , F. C. Does ochratoxin A prevent the iron uptake in bacteria? . Abstract of the 7th Nordic Mycotoxin Meeting . Oslo, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• STØRMER , F. C. and HØIBY , E. A. 1996 . Citrinin, ochratoxin A and iron. Possible implications for their biological function and induction of nephropathy . Mycopathologia , 134 : 103 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STRAUS , N. J. 1994 . Iron deprivation: physiology and gene regulation. The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria , Edited by: Bryan , D. A. 731 – 750 . Dordrecht Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• SZCZECH , G. M. , CARLTON , W. W. and TUITE , J. 1973a . Ochratoxicosis in beagle dogs. II Pathology . Veterinary Pathology , 10 : 219 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SZCZECH , G. M. , CARLTON , W. W. , TUITE , J. and CALDWELL , R. 1973b . Ochratoxin A toxicosis in swine . Veterinary Pathology , 10 : 347 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANCHEV , I. , EVSTATIEV , Z. V. , DOROSIEV , G. , PENCHEVA , Z. H. and ZVETKOV , G. 1956 . Studies on nephritis in the region of Vratza . Savr Med , 7 : 14 – 29 . [in Bulgarian]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TATU , C. A. , OREM , W. H. , FINKELMAN , R. B. and FEDER , G. L. 1998 . The etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy: still more questions than answers . Environmental Health Perspectives , 106 : 689 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THACKER , H. L. and CARLTON , W. W. 1977 . Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the guinea pig . Food and Cosmetics Toxicology , 15 : 553 – 556 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• THACKER , H. L. , CARLTON , W. W. and SANSING , G. 1975 . A toxicity of citrinin and ochratoxin A in guinea pigs . Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , 33 : 155 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THUST , R. and KNEIST , S. 1979 . Activity of citrinin metabolised by rat and human microsome fractions in clastogenicity and SCE assay on Chinese hamster V79E cells . Mutation Research , 67 : 321 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TONCHEVA , D. , DIMITROV , T. and STOJANOVA , S. 1998 . Etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy: a multifactorial disease? . European Journal of Epidemiology , 14 : 389 – 394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THUVANDER , A. , BREITHOLTZ-EMMANUELSON , A. , BRBENCOVA , D. and GADHASSON , I. 1996 . Prenatal exposure of Balbc/C mice to ochratoxin A: Effects on the immune system in the offspring . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 34 : 547 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UENO , Y. and KUBOTA , K. 1976 . DNA-attacking ability of carcinogenic mycotoxins in recombination-deficient mutant cells of Bacillus subtilis . Cancer Research , 36 : 445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UENO , Y. , KUBOTA , K. , NAKAMURA , Y. and ITO , T. 1978 . Mutagenicity of carcinogenic mycotoxins in Salmonella typhimurium . Cancer Research , 38 : 536 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UMEDA , M. , TSUTSUI , T. and SAITO , M. 1977 . Mutagenicity and inducibility of DNA single strand breaks and chromosome aberrations by various mycotoxins . Gann , 68 : 619 – 625 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UZELAC-KESEROVIC , B. , SPASIC , P. , BOJANIC , N. , DIMITRIIEVIC , J. , LAKO , B. , LEPSANOVIC , Z. , KULIIC-KAPULICA , N. , VASIC , D. and APOSTOLOV , K. 1999 . Isolation of a coronavirus from kidney biopsies of endemic Balkan nephropathy patients . Nephron , 81 : 141 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANHERWEGHEM , J.-L. , DEPIERREUX , M. , TIELEMANS , C. , ABRAMOWICZ , D. , DRATWA , M. , JADOUL , M. , RICHARD , C. , VANDERVELDE , D. , VERBEELEN , D. , VANHAELEN-FASTRE , R. and VANHAELEN , M. 1993 . Rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis in young women: association with slimming regimen including Chinese herbs . Lancet , 341 : 387 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOGEL , E. W. and NIVARD , M. J. M. 1993 . Performance of 181 chemicals in a Drosophila assay predominantly monitoring inter-chromosomal mitotic recombination . Mutagenesis , 8 : 57 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOICULESCU , C. , ROGOZ , S. , STANCIU , L. and ROSCA , T. 1983 . Virological and immunological study of 20 patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy . Virologie , 34 : 203 – 211 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VON ENGEL , G. and VON MILCZEWSKI , K. E. 1976 . Zum Nachweis von Mykotorinen nach Aktivierung mit Rattenleber-homogenaten Mittels Histidin-mangel-mutanten von Salmonella typhimurium . Kiel Milchwirtschaft Forschung , 28 : 359 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• VRABCHEVA , T. , USLEBER , E. , DIETRICH , R. and MARTLBAUER , E. 2000 . Co-occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in cereals from Bulgarian villages with a history of Balkan endemic nephropathy . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 48 : 2483 – 2488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VUKELIĆ , M. , ŠOŠTARIC , B. and BELICZA , M. 1992 . Pathomorphology of Balkan endemic nephropathy . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 30 : 193 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEDEEN , R. P. 1991 . Environmental renal disease: lead, cadmium and Balkan endemic nephropathy . Kidney International , 40 : S4 – S8 . suppl. 34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEHNER , F. C. , THIEL , P. G. , VAN RENSBURG , S. J. and DEMASIUS , J. P. C. 1978 . Mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium of some Aspergillus and Penicillium mycotoxins . Mutation Research , 58 : 193 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WINKELMANN . 1991 . GRC Handbook of Microbial Iron Chelates , Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• WÜRGLER , F. E. , FRIEDERICH , U. and SCHLATTER , J. 1991 . Lack of mutagenicity of ochratoxin A and B, citrinin, patulin and cnestine in Salmonella typhimurium TA102 . Mutation Research , 261 : 209 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION . 1965 . Memoranda: The Endemic Nephropathy of South-Eastern Europe , 431 – 448 . Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• YEULET , S. E. , MANTLE , P. G. , RUDGE , M. S. and GREIG , J. B. 1988 . Nephrotoxidty of Penicillium aurantiogriseum, a possible factor in the aetiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy . Mycopathologia , 102 : 21 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar