Contaminants and levels of occurrence in washed and shredded poly(ethylene terephthalate) from curbside collection. Part 1: Extraction conditions

References

• ASHRAF-KHORASSANI , M. , BOYER , D. S. and LEVY , J. M. 1991 . Optimisation of experimental parameters for the determination of polymer additives using online SFE-SFC . Journal of Chromatographie Science , 29 : 517 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BART , J. J. C. 2001 . Direct solid sampling methods for gas chromatographic analysis of polymer/additive formulations . Polymer Testing , 20 : 729 – 740 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARTLE , K. D. , CLIFFORD , A. A. , HAWTHORNE , S. B. , LANGENFELD , J. J. , MILLER , D. J. and ROBINSON , R. 1990 . A model for dynamic extraction using a supercritical fluid . Journal of Supercritical Fluids , 3 : 143 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• BAYER , F. L. 2002 . Polyethylene terephthalate recycling for food contact applications: testing, safety and technologies: a global perspective . Food Additives and Contaminants , 19 : 111 – 134 . Suppl
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEGLEY , T. H. 1997 . Methods and approaches used by FDA to evaluate the safety of food packaging materials . Food Additives and Contaminants , 14 : 545 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAMACHO , W. and KARLSSON , S. 2001 . Quality determination of recycled plastic packaging waste by identification of contaminants by GC/MS after microwave assisted extraction . Polymer Degradation and Stability , 71 : 123 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COSTLEY , C. T. , DEAN , J. R. , NEWTON , I. and CARROLL , J. 1997 . Extraction of Oligomers from poly(ethylene terephthalate) by microwave-assisted extraction . Analytical Communications , 34 : 89 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• CROSS , R. F. , HARDING , I. H. , CASS , P. J. , MUDUMBA , R. and KOSIOR , E. 2003 . Evaluation of a new poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling process for food contact applications: Part B — migration studies . Food Additives and Contaminants , submitted
   Google Scholar
• DAIMON , H. and HIRATA , Y. 1991 . Directly coupled supercritical-fluid extraction/capillary supercritical fluid chromatography of polymer additives . Chromatographia , 32 : 549 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DONG , M. , DIEDWARDO , A. H. and ZITOMER , F. 1980 . Determination of residual acetaldehyde in polyethylene terephthalate bottles, preforms and resins by automated headspace gas chromatography . Journal of Chromatographic Science , 18 : 242 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESKILSSON , C. S. and BJÖRKLUND , E. 2000 . Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction . Journal of Chromatography A , 902 : 227 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA . 1992 . Points to Consider for the Use of Recycled Plastics in Food Packaging: Chemistry Considerations , HFS-247 Washington, DC : US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition .
   Google Scholar
• FEIGENBAUM , A. , RIQUET , A. and DUCRUET , V. 1993 . Safety and quality of foodstuffs in contact with plastic materials . Journal of Chemical Education , 70 : 883 – 886 .
   Google Scholar
• FEIGENBAUM , A. , SCHOLLER , D. , BOUQUANT , J. , BRIGOT , G. , FERRIER , D. , FRANZ , R. , LILLEMARK , L. , RIQUET , A. M. , PETERSEN , J. H. , VANDEROP , B. and YAGOUBI , N. 2002 . Safety and quality if food contact materials. Part I: Evaluation of analytical strategies to introduce migration testing into good manufacturing practice . Food Additives and Contaminants , 19 : 184 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANZ , R. and HUBER , M. 1997 . Identification of migratable substances in recycled high-density polyethylene collected from household waste . Journal of High Resolution Chromatography , 20 : 427 – 430 .
   Google Scholar
• FRANZ , R. and WELLE , F. 1999a . Post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) for direct food contact applications — final proof of food law compliance . Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau , 95 : 424 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANZ , R. and WELLE , F. 1999b . Analytisches screening und bewertung von marküblichen postconsumer-PET-recyclaten für die erneute anwendung in lebensmittel/verpackungen . Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau , 95 : 94 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRANZ , R. , HUBER , M. and WELLE , F. 1998 . Recycling of postconsumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) for direct food contact application — a feasibility study using a simplified challenge test . Deutsche Lebensrnittel-Rundschau , 94 : 303 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FREIRE , A. , CASTLE , L. , REYES , F. O. R. and DAMANT , A. P. 1998 . Thermal stability of polyethylene terephthalate food contact materials: formulation of volatiles from retail samples and implications for recycling . Food Additives and Contaminants , 15 : 473 – 480 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GARDE , J. A. , CATALÁ , R. and GAVARA , R. 1998 . Analysis of antioxidants extracted from polypropylene by supercritical fluid extraction . Food Additives and Contaminants , 15 : 701 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAKKARAINEN , M. , ALBERTSSON , A. and KARLSSON , S. 1997 . Solid phase microextraction (SPME) as an effective means to isolate degradation products in polymers . Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation , 5 : 67 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• HARDING , I. H. , CROSS , R. F. , CASS , P. J. , MUDUMBA , R. and KOSIOR , E. 2003 . Evaluation of a new poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling process for food contact applications: Part A — Decontamination efficiency . Food Additives and Contaminants , submitted
   Google Scholar
• HUBER , M. and FRANZ , R. 1997a . Identification of migratable substances in recycled high density polyethylene collected from household waste . Journal of High Resolution Chromatography , 20 : 427 – 430 .
   Google Scholar
• HUBER , M. and FRANZ , R. 1997b . Studies on contamination of post-consumer plastics from controlled resources for recycling into food packaging applications . Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau , 93 : 328 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• HUNT , T. P. and DOWLE , C. J. 1991 . Analysis of poly(vinyl chloride) additives by supercritical fluid extraction and supercritical fluid chromatography . Analyst , 116 : 1299 – 1304 .
   Google Scholar
• KIM , H. , GILBERT , S. G. and JOHNSON , J. B. 1990 . Determination of potential migrants from commercial amber polyethylene terephthalate bottle wall . Pharmaceutical Research , 7 : 176 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOMOLPRASERT , V. and LAWSON , A. R. 1995 . “ Residual contaminants in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) — effects of washing and drying ” . In Plastics. Rubber, and Paper: A Pragmatic Approach , ACS Symposium Series 609 Edited by: Rader , C. P. , Baldwin , S. D. , Cornell , D. D. , Sadler , G. D. and Stocke , R. F. 435 – 444 . Washington, DC : ACS .
   Google Scholar
• KOMOLPRASERT , V. and LAWSON , A. R. 1997 . Considerations for reuse of PET bottles in food packaging: migration study . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 45 : 444 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOMOLPRASERT , V. , HARGRAVES , W. A. and ARMSTRONG , D. J. 1994 . Determination of benzene residues in recycled PETE by dynamic headspace-gas chromatography . Food Additives and Contaminants , 11 : 605 – 614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOMOLPRASERT , V. , LAWSON , A. R. and BEGLEY , T. H. 1997 . Migration of residual contaminants from secondary recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) into food-simulating solvents, aqueous, ethanol, and heptane . Food Additives and Contaminants , 14 : 491 – 498 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KOMOLPRASERT , V. , MCNEAL , T. P. , AGRAWAL , A. , ADHIKARI , C. and THAYER , D. W. 2001 . Volatile and non-volatile compounds in irradiate semi-rigid crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) . Food Additives and Contaminants , 18 : 89 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAU , O. and WONG , S. 1994 . Naphthalene contamination of sterilised milk drinks contained in low-density polyethylene bottles. Part 1 . Analyst , 119 : 1037 – 1042 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAU , O. and WONG , S. 1995 . Naphthalene contamination of sterilised milk drinks contained in low-density polyethylene bottles. Part 2. Effect of naphthalene vapour in air . Analyst , 120 : 1125 – 1129 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lou , X. , JANSSEN , H. and CRAMERS , C. A. 1996 . Effects of modifier addition and temperature variation in SFE of polymeric materials . Journal of Chromatographie Science , 34 : 282 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Lou , X. , JANSSEN , H. and CRAMERS , C. A. 1997 . Parameters affecting the accelerated solvent extraction of polymeric samples . Analytical Chemistry , 69 : 1598 – 1603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NERÎN , C. , ASENSIO , E. , FERNÁNDEZ , C. and BATLLE , R. 2000 . Supercritical fluid extraction of additives and degradation products from both virgin and recycled PET . Quimica Analitica , 19 : 205 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• NERÍN , C. , SALAFRANCA , J. , RUBIO , C. and CACHO , J. 1998 . Multicomponent recycled plastics: considerations about their use in food contact applications . Food Additives and Contaminants , 15 : 842 – 854 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NIELSON , R. C. 1991 . Extraction and quantitation of polyolefin additives . Journal of Liquid Chromatography , 14 : 503 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIELSON , T. , DAMANT , A. P. and CASTLE , L. 1997 . Validation studies of a quick test for predicting the sorption and washing properties of refutable plastic bottles . Food Additives and Contaminants , 14 : 685 – 693 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PAIK , J. S. 1992 . Comparison of Sorption in orange flavour components by packaging films using the headspace technique . Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry , 40 : 1822 – 1825 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERLSTEIN , P. 1983 . The determination of light stabilisers in plastics by high performance liquid chromatography . Analytica Chimica Acta , : 21 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• POCHIVALOV , K. V. , PRONIN , A. M. , MIZEROVSKII , L. N. and KOZLOV , S. N. 2000 . Effect of ultrasound on the kinetics of extraction of the polymer component from a porous composite material . Fibre Chemistry , 32 : 298 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• RIQUET , A. M. , SANDRAY , V. , AKERMANN , O. and FEIGENBAUM , A. 1991 . ESR study of the evolution of rigid PVC: Influence of heat and contact with fatty or aqueous simulating liquids . Sciences Des Aliments , 11 : 341 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• SADLER , G. , PIERCE , D. , LAWSON , A. , SUVANNUNT , D. and SENTHIL , V. 1996 . Evaluating organic compound migration in poly(ethylene terephthalate): a simple test with implications for polymer recycling . Food Additives and Contaminants , 13 : 979 – 989 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SPELL , H. L. and EDDY , R. D. 1960 . Determination of additives in polyethylene by absorption spectroscopy . Analytical Chemistry , 32 : 1811 – 1814 .
   Google Scholar
• ST KÜPPERS . 1992 . The use of temperature variation in supercritical fluid extraction of polymers for the selective extraction of low molecular weight components from poly(ethylene terephthalate) . Chromatographia , 33 : 434 – 440 .
   Google Scholar
• US EPA METHOD 8000B . 1996 . Determinative Chromatographic Separations , revision 2, Section 7.5.2 21 Washington, DC : US EPA .
   Google Scholar
• VANDENBURG , H. J. , CLIFFORD , A. A. , BARTLE , K. D. , CARLSON , R. E. , CARROLL , J. and NEWTON , I. D. 1999 . A simple solvent selection method for accelerated solvent extraction of additives from polymers . Analyst , 124 : 1707 – 1710 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VANDENBURG , H. J. , CLIFFORD , A. A. , BARTLE , K. D. , CARROLL , J. , NEWTON , I. , GARDEN , L. M. , DEAN , J. R. and COSTLEY , C. T. 1997 . Analytical extraction of additives from polymers . Analyst , 122 : 101R – 115R .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIM , A. M. and SWARIN , S. J. 1975 . Determination of antioxidants in polypropylene by liquid chromatography . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 19 : 1243 – 1256 .
   Google Scholar