Chemical contamination of free-range eggs from Belgium

References

• Baars , A , Bakker , M , Baumann , R , Boon , P , Freijer , J , Hoogenboom , L , Hoogerbrugge , R , Van Klaveren , J , Liem , A , Traag , W and De Vries , J . 2004 . Dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non-dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffs: Occurrence and dietary in take in the Netherlands . Toxicology Letters , 151 : 51 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeyens , W , Verstraete , F and Goeyens , L . 2004 . Elucidation of sources, pathways and fate of dioxins, furans and PCBs requires performant analysis techniques . Talanta , 63 : 1095 – 1100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltest . 2000 . “ Determination of polychlorobiphenyls in feed, fats of animal origin ” . In eggs, egg products, diary and other food stuffs. I014, Revn 4 , Brussels : Beltest .
   Google Scholar
• Bordajandi , LR , Gomez , G , Abad , E , Rivera , J , Fernandez-Baston , MDL , Blasco , J and Gonzalez , MJ . 2004 . Survey of persistent organochlorine contaminants (PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and PAHs), heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Hg), and arsenic in food samples from Huelva (Spain): Levels and health implications . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 52 : 992 – 1001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , D , Chu , M , Van Overmeire , I , Chu , A and Clark , G . 2001 . Determination of REP values for the CALUX bioassay and comparison to the WHO TEF values . Organohalogen Compounds , 53 : 211 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Carbonnelle , S , Van Loco , J , Van Cleuvenbergen , R , Van Leeuwen , S , Van Overmeire , I , Windal , I , Van Wouwe , N and Goeyens , L . 2004a . Comparison of the results obtained by CALUX bioassay and GC-HRMS for different matrices . Organohalogen Compounds , 66 : 336 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Carbonnelle , S , Van Loco , J , Van Overmeire , I , Windal , I , Van Wouwe , N , Van Leeuwen , S and Goeyens , L . 2004b . Importance of REP values when comparing the CALUX bioassay with chemoanalyses results example with spiked vegetable oils . Talanta , 63 : 1255 – 1259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centre for Environment and Health . 2005 . “ Flemish human biomonitoring program Environment and Health (2002–2006) ” . In Results report: Newborn campaign , Brussels : Centre for Environment and Health [in Dutch] .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , R , Hayward , D , Goldman , L , Harnly , M , Flattery , J and Stephens , R . 1989 . Foraging animals as biomonitors for dioxin contamination . Chemosphere , 19 : 481 – 486 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vos , S , Verschueren , D and De Schrijver , R . 2005 . Digestibility, retention and incorporation of low-level dietary PCB contents in laying hens . Chemosphere , 58 : 1553 – 1562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison , MS , Zhao , B , Baston , DS , Clark , GC , Murata , H and Han , D . 2004 . Recombinant cell bioassay systems for the detection and relative quantitation of halogenated dioxins and related chemicals . Talanta , 63 : 1123 – 1133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diletti , G , Ceci , R , De Massis , M , Scortichini , G and Migliorati , G . 2005 . A case of eggs contamination by PCDD/Fs in Italy: Analytical levels and contamination source identification . Organohalogen Compounds , 67 : 1460 – 1461 .
   Google Scholar
• Eljarrat , E , Monjonell , A , Caixach , J and Rivera , J . 2002 . Toxic potency of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in food samples from Catalonia (Spain) . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 50 : 1161 – 1167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EN . 1996 . Fatty food-determination of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). General part. prEN1528-1 , Brussels : European Committee for Standardization .
   Google Scholar
• European Union . 2001a . Council Regulation No. 2375/2001 of 29 November 2001 amending Commission Regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs . Official Journal of the European Communities , L321 : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• European Union . 2001b . Council Directive 2001/102/EC of 27 November 2001 amending Directive 1999/29/EC on the undesirable substances and products in animal nutrition . Official Journal of the European Communities , L6 : 45 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• European Union . 2001c . European Commission. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the risk assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food. 30 May 2001 , Brussels : Scientific Committee on Food . Available at: http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out90_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Union . 2002 . Commission Directive 2002/69/EC of 26 July 2002 . Official Journal of the European Communities , L209 : 5 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• European Union . 2004 . Commission Regulation 684/2004 of 13 April 2004 amending regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 as regards dioxins . Official Journal of the European Communities , L06 : 6 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• European Union . 2006 . Commission Regulation (EC) No. 199/2006 of 3 February 2006 amending Regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs . Official Journal of the European Communities , L32 : 34 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Fierens , S , Mairesse , H , Heilier , JF and Bernard , A . 2003 . PCB body burden in the vicinity of different sources of environmental pollution in Belgium . Organohalogen Compounds , 63 : 445 – 448 .
   Google Scholar
• Focant , J , Eppe , G , Pirard , C , Massart , A , André , J and De Pauw , E . 2002 . Levels and congener distributions of PCDDs, PCDFs and non-ortho PCBs in Belgian foodstuffs Assessment of dietary intake . Chemosphere , 48 : 167 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food Standards Agency (FSA) . 2004 . “ Total Diet Study 2000 of 12 elements — aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc ” . In Food Survey Information Sheet No. 48/04 , London : FSA . Available at: http://www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance
   Google Scholar
• Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) . 2004 . Investigation into levels of dioxins, furans, PCBs and some elements in battery, free-range, barn and organic eggs , Dublin : FSAI . Available at: http://www.fsai.ie/surveillance/food/dioxin_report04/Dioxin_04.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Furst , P and Wilmers , K . 1993 . PCDD/PCDF in commercial chicken eggs — dependence on the type of housing . Organohalogen Compounds , 13 : 31 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Gallani , B , Verstraete , F , Boix , A , Von Holst , C and Anklam , E . 2004 . Levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food and feed in Europe . Organohalogen Compounds , 66 : 1917 – 1924 .
   Google Scholar
• Garrison , PM , Tullis , K , Aarts , JMMJG , Brouwer , A , Giesy , P and Denison , MS . 1996 . Species-specific recombinant cell lines as bioassay systems for the detection of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxin-like chemicals . Environmental and Applied Toxicology , 30 : 194 – 203 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goemans , G , Belpaire , C , Raemaekers , M and Guns , M . 2003 . “ The Flemish network on contaminants in eel, 1994–2001: Polychlorinated biphenyls ” . In organochlorinated pesticides and heavy metals in eel. Report IBW , Brussels : Instituut voor Bosbouw en Wildbeheer [in Dutch] .
   Google Scholar
• Hamm , S , Grümping , R and Schwietering , J . 2005 . Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs in milk, milk products and eggs from West European countries . Organohalogen Compounds , 67 : 1406 – 1408 .
   Google Scholar
• Harnly , ME , Petreas , MX , Flattery , J and Goldman , LR . 2000 . Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuan contamination in soil and home-produced chicken eggs near pentachlorophenol sources . Environmental Science and Technology , 34 : 1143 – 1149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward , DG , Nortrup , D , Gardner , A and Clower , MC . 1999 . Elevated TCDD in chicken eggs and farm-raised catfish fed a diet with ball clay from a southern United States mine . Environmental Research Section A , 81 : 248 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoogenboom , LAP , Portier , L , Onstenk , C , Polman , T , Hamers , A and Traag , W . 2000 . Determination of dioxins and planar PCBs in fish using the GC/MS and CALUX bioassay; introduction of the screening approach for control purposes . Organohalogen Compounds , 45 : 180 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Kijlstra , A . 2004 . The role of organic and free-range poultry production systems on the dioxin levels in eggs, in Proceedings of the 3rd SAFO Workshop , 93 – 90 . Poland : Falenty .
   Google Scholar
• Koppen , G , Covaci , A , Van Cleuvenbergen , R , Schepens , P , Winneke , G , Nelen , V , Van Larebeke , N , Vliietinck , R and Schoeters , G . 2002 . Persistent organochlorine pollutants in human serum of 50–65 years old women in he Flanders Environmental and Health Study (FLEHS). Part 1: Concentrations and regional differences . Chemosphere , 48 : 811 – 825 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leblanc , JC , Guérin , T , Verger , P and Volatier , JL . 2004 . The 1st French Total Diet Study. Mycotoxins, minerals and trace elements. Paris: Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Alimentation, de la Pêche et des Affaires Rurales and by the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Paris
   Google Scholar
• Maervoet , J , Chu , S , De Vos , S , Covaci , A , Voorspoels , S , De Schrijver , R and Schepens , P . 2004 . Accumulation and tissue distribution of selected polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in chickens . Chemosphere , 57 : 61 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malisch , R . 1998 . Update of PCDD/PCDF intake from food in Germany . Chemosphere , 37 : 1687 – 1698 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels , A , Cenijn , P , Schepens , J and Brouwer , A . 2000 . Comparison of chemical-activated luciferase gene expression bioassay and gas chromatography for PCB determination in human serum and follicular fluid . Environmental Health Perspectives , 108 : 553 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirard , C , Eppe , G , Massart , A , Fierens , S , De Pauw , E and Focant , J . 2005 . Environmental and human impact of an old-timer incinerator in terms of dioxin and PCB level: A case study . Environmental Science and Technology , 39 : 4721 – 4728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pless-Mulloli , T , Schilling , B , Päpke , O , Griffiths , N and Edwards , R . 2001 . Transfer of PCDD/F and heavy metals from incinerator ash on footpaths in allotments into soil and eggs . Organohalogen Compounds , 51 : 48 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Pussemier , L , Mohimont , L , Huyghebaert , A and Goeyens , L . 2004 . Enhanced levels of dioxins in eggs from free range hens: A fast evaluation approach . Talanta , 63 : 1273 – 2276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal Order . 2000a . “ Royal Order changing Royal Order of 13 March 2000 fixing maximum levels for pesticide residues allowed in and on food products ” . In Belgisch Staatsblad 21.10.2000 , 35406 Brussels : Ministry of Social Services, Public Health and Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Royal Order . 2000b . “ Concerning the maximum dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyl contents in certain foodstuffs ” . In Belgisch Staatsblad 31. 0. 2000 , 18791 Brussels : Ministry of Social Services, Public Health and Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Schmid , P , Gujer , E , Degen , S , Zennegg , M , Kuchen , A and Vütrich , C . 2002 . Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in food of animal origin. The Swiss dioxin monitoring program . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 50 : 7482 – 7487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuler , F , Schmid , P and Schlatter , C . 1997 . The transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from soil into eggs of foraging chicken . Chemosphere , 34 : 711 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens , R , Petreas , M and Hayward , D . 1995 . Biotransfer and accumulation of dioxins and furans in soil: Chickens as a model for foraging animals . Science of the Total Environment , 175 : 253 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tlustos , C , Pratt , I , Moylan , R , Neilan , R , White , S , Fernandes , A and Rose , M . 2004 . Investigation into levels of dioxins, furans and PCBs in battery, free range, barn and organic eggs . Organohalogen Compounds , 66 : 1901 – 1907 .
   Google Scholar
• Traag , W , Portier , L , Bovee , T , Van der Weg , G , Onstenk , C , Elghouch , N , Coors , R , Vd Kraats , C and Hoogenboom , R . 2002 . Residues of dioxins and coplanar PCBs in eggs of free range chickens . Organohalogen Compounds , 57 : 245 – 248 .
   Google Scholar
• Van den Berg , M , Birnbaum , L , Bosveld , A , Brunström , B , Cook , P , Feely , M , Giesy , J , Hanberg , A , Hasegawa , R Kennedy , S . 1998 . Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife . Environmental Health Perspectives , 106 : 775 – 792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Overmeire , I , Clark , GC , Brown , DJ , Chu , MD , Cooke , WM , Denison , MS , Baeyens , W , Srebrnik , S and Goeyens , L . 2001 . Trace contamination with dioxin-like chemicals: Evaluation of bioassay-based TEQ determination for hazard assessment and regulatory responses . Environmental Science and Policy , 4 : 345 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Overmeire , I , Van Loco , J , Roos , P , Carbonnelle , S and Goeyens , L . 2004 . Interpretation of CALUX results in view of the EU maximal TEQ level in milk . Talanta , 63 : 1241 – 1247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wouwe , N , Covaci , A , Kannan , K , Gordon , J , Chu , A , Eppe , G , De Pauw , E and Goeyens , L . 2004 . Levels of contamination for various pollutants present in Belgian human plasma . Organohalogen Compounds , 66 : 2818 – 2824 .
   Google Scholar
• Vieira , ER , Torres , J and Malm , O . 2001 . DDT environmental persistence from its use in a vector control program: A case study . Environmental Research Section A , 86 : 174 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windal , I , Denison , MS , Birnbaum , LS , Van Wouwe , N , Baeyens , W and Goeyens , L . 2005b . Chemically activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) cell bioassay analysis for the estimation of dioxin-like activity: Critical parameters of the CALUX procedure that impact assay results . Environmental Science and Technology , 39 : 7357 – 7364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windal , I , Van Wouwe , N , Eppe , G , Xhrouet , C , Debacker , V , Baeyens , W , De Pauw , E and Goeyens , L . 2005a . Validation and interpretation of CALUX as a tool for the estimation of dioxin-like activity in marine biological matrices . Environmental Science and Technology , 39 : 1741 – 1748 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar