Estimation of exposure to food packaging materials. 3: Development of consumption factors and food-type distribution factors from data collected on Irish children

References

• Barlow , SM , Kozianowksi , G , Würten , G and Schlatter , J . 2001 . Threshold of toxicological concern for chemical substances present in the diet . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 39 : 893 – 905 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouma , K , Stavenga , K and Draaijer , A . 2003 . Domestic use of food packaging materials in the Netherlands. Report No. NDFCM010/01 (available at: http://www.vwa.nl/download/rapporten/Voedselveiligheid/20041019_food_%20packaging_materials.pdf) (accessed on 11 October 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Cheeseman , MA . 2005 . Thresholds as a unifying theme in regulatory toxicology . Food Additives and Contaminants , 22 : 900 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheeseman , MA , Machuga , EJ and Baily , AB . 1999 . A tired approach to threshold of regulation . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 37 : 387 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionisi , G and Oldring , PKT . 2002 . Estimates of per capita exposure to substances migrating from canned food and beverages . Food Additives and Contaminants , 19 : 891 – 903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglass , JS . 1997 . “ Estimation of dietary intake of food chemicals ” . In Food chemical risk analysis , Edited by: Tennant , DR . 195 – 216 . London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Duffy , E , Hearty , AP , Flynn , A , McCarthy , S and Gibney , MJ . 2006a . The estimation of exposure to food packaging materials. 2. Patterns of intakes of packaged foods in Irish Children aged 5–12 years . Food Additives and Contaminants , 23 : 715 – 725 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy , E , Hearty , AP , Gilsenan , MG and Gibney , MJ . 2006b . The estimation of exposure to food packaging materials. 1. The development of a food packaging database . Food Additives and Contaminants , 23 : 623 – 633 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission . 1998 . Report on methodologies for the monitoring of food additive intake across the European Union (report of experts participating in Task 4.2) , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Commission .
   Google Scholar
• European Council . 1985 . European Council Directive 85/572/EEC of the 19 December 1985 on laying down the list of simulants to be used for testing migration of constituents of plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs . Official Journal of the European Communities , L372 : 14
   Google Scholar
• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) . 2006 . Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food related to exposure of adults to expoxidised soyabean oil used in food-contact materials. Question No EFSA-Q-2005-215. Adopted on 16 March by written procedure . EFSA Journal , 332 : 1 – 9 . (available at: http://www.efsa.eu.int/science/afc/afc_opinions/catindex_en.html) (accessed on 12 March 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Gibney , MJ and Lambe , J . 1996 . Estimation of food additive intake: methodology overview . Food Additives and Contaminants , 13 : 405 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grob , K , Pfenninger , S , Pohl , W , Laso , M and Imhof Rieger , D . 2007 . European legal limits for migration from food packaging materials: 1. Food should prevail over simulants; 2. More realistic conversion from concentrations to limits per surface area. PVC cling films in contact with cheese as an example . Food Control , 18 : 201 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman , JH . 2005 . Food packaging regulation in the United States and the European Union . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology , 42 : 96 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , MJ , Hart , A , Northing , P , Oldring , PKT , Castle , L , Stott , D , Smith , G and Wardman , O . 2005 . Dietary exposure to chemical migrants from food-contact materials: A probabilistic approach . Food Additives and Contaminants , 22 : 907 – 919 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) . 1997 . Food consumption and packaging usage factors. Summary report of a workshop held in July 1996 (available at: http://europe.ilsi.org/file/ILSIFCon.pdf) (accessed on 6 March 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Irish University Nutrition Alliance (IUNA) . 2005 . National children's food survey (available at: http://www.iuna.net) (accessed on 16 December 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Kroes , R , Müller , D , Lambe , J , Löwik , MR , Van Klaveren , J , Kliener , J , Massey , R , Mayer , S , Urieta , I , Verger , P and Visconti , A . 2002 . Assessment of intake from the diet . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 40 : 327 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroes , R , Renwick , AG , Cheeseman , M , Kliener , J , Mangelsdorf , I , Piersma , A , Schilter , B , Schlatter , J , Van Schothorst , F , Vos , JG and Würten , G . 2004 . Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 42 : 65 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurice Palmer Associated Ltd (MPA) . 1995 . “ Assessment of food exposure to packaging in EU countries ” . In Report , Cambridge : Maurice Palmer Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Nutriscan . 1994 . “ An evaluation of the methodologies for the estimation of intakes of food additives and contaminants in the European Community ” . In Final Report , Dublin : Nutriscan Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) . 2002 . “ Guidance for industry: preparation of food contact notifications and food additive petitions for food contact substances: chemistry recommendations ” . In Final Guidance , Washington, , DC : Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and applied Nutrition . (available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/opa2pmnc.html) (accessed on 8 December 2005)
   Google Scholar