Risk assessment of furan in commercially jarred baby foods, including insights into its occurrence and formation in freshly home-cooked foods for infants and young children

References

• Barton , AH , Cogliano , VJ , Flowers , L , Valcovic , L , Setzer , RW and Woodruff , TJ . 2005 . Assessing susceptibility from early-life exposures to carcinogens . Environ Health Perspect , 113 : 1125 – 1133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becalski , A and Seaman , S . 2005 . Furan precursors in food: a model study and development of a simple headspace method for determination of furan . J AOAC Int , 88 : 102 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi , F , Careri , M , Mangia , A and Musci , M . 2006 . Development and validation of a solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of furan in baby-food . J Chromatogr A , 1102 : 268 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box , GEP , Hunter , JS and Hunter , WG . 2005 . Statistics for experimenters , Hoboken, NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Codex Alimentarius. 1997. Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in foods. CODEX STAN 193–1995, Rev.1–1997. Available: www.codexalimentarius.net. Accessed: 31 July 2008
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Communities . 1993 . Council Regulation (EEC) No 315/93 laying down Community procedures for contaminants in food . Off J Eur Commun , L37 : 1 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Crews , C and Castle , L . 2007a . A review of the occurrence, formation and analysis of furan in heat-processed foods . Trends Food Sci Technol , 18 : 365 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews , C and Castle , L . 2007b . The determination of furan in foods – Challenges and solutions . LC-GC Eur , 20 : 498 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews , C , Hasnip , S , Roberts , DPT and Castle , L . 2007 . Factors affecting the analysis of furan in heated foods . Food Addit Contam , 24 : 108 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durling , LJK , Svensson , K and Abramsson-Zetterberg , L . 2007 . Furan is not genotoxic in the micronucleus assay in vivo or in vitro . Toxicol Lett , 169 : 43 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA . 2005 . Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from the European Food Safety Authority, related to a harmonised approach for risk assessment of substances which are both genotoxic and carcinogenic . EFSA J , 282 : 1 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• EFSA . 2006 . Call for scientific data on furan in food and beverages , Parma, , Italy : European Food Safety Authority .
   Google Scholar
• European Commission . 2006 . Commission Directive 2006/125/EC of 5 December 2006 on processed cereal-based foods and baby foods for infants and young children . Off J Eur Commun , L339 : 16 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• European Council . 2001 . Council Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91 of 24 June 1991 on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring there to on agricultural products and foodstuffs . Off J Eur Commun , L198 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Fan , XT . 2005 . Formation of furan from carbohydrates and ascorbic acid following exposure to ionizing radiation and thermal processing . J Agric Food Chem , 53 : 7826 – 7831 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA 2004. Determination of furan in foods. Available: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/∼dms/furan.html. Accessed: 13 October 2008
   Google Scholar
• Goldmann , T , Périsset , A , Scanlan , F and Stadler , RH . 2005 . Rapid determination of furan in heated foodstuffs by isotope dilution solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) . Analyst , 130 : 878 – 883 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasnip , S , Crews , C and Castle , L . 2006 . Some factors affecting the formation of furan in heated foods . Food Addit Contam , 23 : 219 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heppner , CW and Schlatter , JR . 2007 . Data requirements for risk assessment of furan in food . Food Addit Contam , 24 : 114 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC 1995. Furan. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 63. Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer
   Google Scholar
• Jun , HJ , Lee , KG , Lee , YK , Woo , GJ , Park , YS and Lee , SJ . 2008 . Correlation of urinary furan with plasma gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase levels in healthy men and women . Food Chem Toxicol , 46 : 1753 – 1759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersting , M , Alexy , U , Sichert-Hellert , W , Manz , F and Schoch , G . 1998 . Measured consumption of commercial infant food products in German infants: results from the DONALD study . J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , 27 : 547 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuballa , T . 2007 . Furan in coffee and other foods . Z Verbraucherschutz Lebensm , 2 : 429 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuballa , T , Stier , S and Strichow , N . 2005 . Furan concentrations in coffee and coffee beverages . Dtsch Lebensm.-Rundsch , 101 : 229 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limacher , A , Kerler , J , Conde-Petit , B and Blank , I . 2007 . Formation of furan and methylfuran from ascorbic acid in model systems and food . Food Addit Contam , 24 : 122 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limacher , A , Kerler , J , Davidek , T , Schmalzried , F and Blank , I . 2008 . Formation of furan and methylfuran by Maillard-type reactions in model systems and food . J Agric Food Chem , 56 : 3639 – 3647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maga , JA . 1979 . Furan in foods . CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr , 11 : 355 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Mandelsloh , N . 2007 . Babybreie selbst gemacht , Erftstadt, , Germany : Area Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Märk , J , Pollien , P , Lindinger , C , Blank , I and Märk , T . 2006 . Quantitation of furan and methylfuran formed in different precursor systems by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry . J Agric Food Chem , 54 : 2786 – 2793 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery , DC . 2005 . Design and analysis of experiments , Hoboken, NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Morehouse , KM , Nyman , PJ , Mcneal , TP , Dinovi , MJ and Perfetti , GA . 2008 . Survey of furan in heat processed foods by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and estimated adult exposure . Food Addit Contam , 25 : 259 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez Locas , C and Yaylayan , VA . 2004 . Origin and mechanistic pathways of formation of the parent furan – A food toxicant . J Agric Food Chem , 52 : 6830 – 6836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , D , Crews , C , Grundy , H , Mills , C and Matthews , W . 2008 . Effect of consumer cooking on furan in convenience foods . Food Addit Contam , 25 : 25 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanner , T , Dybing , E , Willems , MI and Kroese , ED . 2001 . A simple method for quantitative risk assessment of non-threshold carcinogens based on the dose descriptor T25 . Pharmacol Toxicol , 88 : 331 – 341 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Senyuva , HZ and Gökmen , V . 2007 . Potential of furan formation in hazelnuts during heat treatment . Food Addit Contam , 24 : 136 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senyuva , HZ and Gökmen , V . 2005 . Analysis of furan in foods. Is headspace sampling a fit-for-purpose technique? . Food Addit Contam , 22 : 1198 – 1202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suk , WA , Murray , K and Avakian , MD . 2003 . Environmental hazards to children's health in the modern world . Mutat Res , 544 : 235 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzl , T , Lachenmeier , DW and Gökmen , V . 2007 . Analysis of heat-induced contaminants (acrylamide, chloropropanols and furan) in carbohydrate-rich food . Anal Bioanal Chem , 389 : 119 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaylayan , VA . 2006 . Precursors, Formation and Determination of Furan in Food . Z Verbraucherschutz Lebensm , 1 : 5 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida , I , Isagawa , S , Kibune , N , Hamano-Nagaoka , M and Maitani , T . 2007 . Rapid and improved determination of furan in baby foods and infant formulas by headspace GC/MS . J Food Hyg Soc Jpn , 48 : 83 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoller , O , Sager , F and Reinhard , H . 2007 . Furan in food: headspace method and product survey . Food Addit Contam , 24 : 91 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar