23
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Evidence for the safety of gum karaya (Sterculia spp.) as a food additive

Pages 189-199 | Received 25 Jan 1988, Published online: 10 Jan 2009

References

  • Anderson , A. W. J. , Brydon , W. J. , Eastwood , M. A. , McDougal , F. J. and Anderson , D. M. W. 1985 . The absence of rhamnose in human urine following ingestion of gum karaya . Food Additives and Contaminants , 2 : 33 – 36 .
  • Anderson , D. M. W. 1986 . Nitrogen conversion factors for the proteinaceous content of gums permitted as food additives . Food Additives and Contaminants , 3 : 231 – 234 .
  • Anderson , D. M. W. 1988 . Evidence for the safety of gum tragacanth (Asiatic Astragalus spp.) and modern criteria for evaluation of food additives . Food Additives and Contaminants , 6 : 1 – 12 .
  • Anderson , D. M. W. , Mcnab , C. G. A. , Anderson , C. G. , Brown , P. M. and Pringuer , M. A. 1982 . Gum exudates from the genus Sterculia (gum karaya) . International Tree Crops Journal , 2 : 147 – 154 .
  • Anderson , D. M. W. , Ashby , P. , Busuttil , A. , Kempson , S. A. and Lawson , M. E. 1984 . Transmission electron microscopy of rat heart and liver . Toxicology Letters , 21 : 83 – 89 .
  • Anderson , D. M. W. , Howlett , J. F. and Mcnab , C. G. A. 1985 . The amino acid composition of gum karaya . Food Additives and Contaminants , 2 : 153 – 157 .
  • Anderson , D. M. W. , Howlett , J. F. and Mcnab , C. G. A. 1985 . The amino acid composition of gum arabic . Food Additives and Contaminants , 2 : 159 – 164 .
  • Anderson , D. M. W. , Howlett , J. F. and Mcnab , C. G. A. 1985 . The amino acid composition of gum tragacanth . Food Additives and Contaminants , 2 : 231 – 235 .
  • Anderson , D. M. W. , Busuttil , A. , Kempson , S. A. and Penman , D. W. 1986 . Transmission electron microscopy of rat ileum, jejunum and caecum after ingestion of gum karaya . Toxicology , 41 : 75 – 82 .
  • Anderson , D. M. W. , Eastwood , M. A. and Brydon , W. G. 1986 . A dietary study of carboxymethylcellulose in Man . Food Hydrocolloids , 1 : 37 – 44 .
  • Behall , K. M. , Scholfield , D. J. , Lee , K. , Powell , A. S. and Moser , P. B. 1987 . Mineral Balance in Man—the effect of four refined fibres . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 46 : 307 – 314 .
  • Bhat , R. V. , Sesikaran , B. , Reedy , C. V. K. and Radhaiah , G. 1987 . Toxicological evaluation of gum karaya in rhesus monkeys . Journal of Food Safety (USA) , 8 : 161 – 166 .
  • Blanquet , G. and Klein , D. 1984 . Sciences des Aliments , 4 : 335 – 346 .
  • Brown , P. M. , Pringuer , M. A. and Anderson , D. M. W. 1982 . The fate of gum karaya in the rat . Toxicology Letters , 13 : 247 – 251 .
  • Camarasa , I. M. 1980 . Contact dermatitis from a karaya seal ring . Contact Dermatology , 6 : 139 – 140 .
  • Eastwood, M. A., 1986, personal communication.
  • Eastwood , M. A. , Brydon , W. G. and Anderson , D. M. W. 1983 . A dietary study of gum karaya in Man . Toxicology Letters , 17 : 159 – 166 .
  • Eastwood , M. A. , Brydon , W. G. and Anderson , D. M. W. 1984 . A dietary study of gum tragacanth in Man . Toxicology Letters , 21 : 73 – 81 .
  • Eastwood , M. A. , Brydon , W. G. and Anderson , D. M. W. 1986 . The effect of the polysaccharide structure and composition of dietary fibres on caecal fermentation and faecal excretion . American Journal Clinical Nutrition , 44 : 51 – 55 .
  • Eastwood , M. A. , Brydon , W. G. and Anderson , D. M. W. 1987 . A dietary study of xanthan gum in Man . Food Additives and Contaminants , 4 : 17 – 26 .
  • EEC . 1974 . Directive . Offic. J. Eur. Comm. , 74/329/EEC L223/13 14 August 1978 (as amended by Directives 78/612/EEC and 80/597/EEC)
  • EEC, 1978 aS. C.F. Reports, Seventh Series, pp. 31–32.
  • EEC, 1978,b Directive 78/663/EEC.
  • EEC, 1982, S.C.F. Report III/61/82.
  • EEC, 1983, S.C.F. Reports, Fifteenth Series.
  • EEC . 1987 . Conditions of use of food additives, programme of action 1987–1992 , Paper III/445/87
  • FAO, Rome . 1978 . Food and Nutrition Papers , : 29 – 30 .
  • FAO, Rome . 1982 . Food and Nutrition Papers , : 93
  • FAO, Rome . 1983 . Food and Nutrition Papers , : 57 – 59 .
  • FAO, Rome . 1983 . Food and Nutrition Papers , 5 Rev. I
  • FAO, Rome . 1986 . Food and Nutrition Papers , : 133 – 135 .
  • FAO, Rome . 1987 . Food and Nutrition Papers , : A5
  • FDA . 1972 . Scientific Literature Review, gum karaya Washington NTIS Report PB‐221–205
  • FDA, Washington . 1972 . Teratogenic Evaluation of gum karaya . NTIS Report PB‐221–789 ,
  • FDA, Washington . 1972 . Mutagenic evaluation of gum karaya . NTIS Report PB‐221–823 ,
  • FDA, Washington . 1973 . Teratologic evaluation of gum karaya . NTIS Report PB‐223–818AS ,
  • FDA, Washington . 1974 . GRAS re‐affirmation of gum karaya . Federal Register , 39 ( 185 ) 23. Sept. : 34209 – 34211 . 1974)
  • Feinberg , S. M. and Schoenkerman , B. B. 1940 . Wisconsin Medical Journal , 39 : 734 – 736 .
  • Figley , K. D. 1940 . Journal of American Medical Association , 114 : 747
  • Frohberg , H. , Oettel , H. and Zeller , H. 1969 . The mechanisms of foetal toxic effects . Archives Toxikologic , 25 : 268 – 295 .
  • Gelfand , H. H. 1943 . Journal of Allergy , 14 : 203
  • Hoelzel , F. , Costel , E. and Carlson , A. J. 1941 . American Journal of Digestive Diseases , 8 : 266
  • Indian Institute Of Foreign Trade, New Delhi . 1987 . Market Survey for Forest Products, France, U. K., USA and Japan ,
  • Ivy , A. C. and Isaacs , B. L. 1938 . American Journal of Digestive Diseases , 5 : 315
  • Kelsey , J. L. 1981 . Effect of dietary fibre level on bowel function and trace mineral balances of human subjects . Cereal Chemistry , 58 : 2 – 5 .
  • Martin , G. 1984 . Sciences des Aliments , 4 : 335 – 346 .
  • May , C. B. 1982 . Karaya gel in the treatment of leg ulcers . Nursing Times , July 21 : 1233 – 1234 .
  • National Institute Of Nutrition, Hyderabad . 1983 . A study of gum karaya in guinea pigs and monkeys , Annual Report for 1982 205 – 106 .
  • Ross , A. H. M. , Eastwood , M. A. , Brydon , W. G. , Anderson , J. R. and Anderson , D. M. W. 1983 . A study of the effects of dietary gum arabic in humans . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 37 : 368 – 375 .
  • Salyers , A. A. , Vercelotti , J. R. , West , S. E. H. and Wilkins , T. D. 1977 . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 33 : 319 – 322 .
  • Salyers , A. A. , Vercelotti , J. R. , West , S. E. H. and Wilkins , T. D. 1977 . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 34 : 529 – 533 .
  • Strobel , S. , Ferguson , A. and Anderson , D. M. W. 1982 . Immunogenicity of foods and food additives . Toxicology Letters , 14 : 247 – 252 .
  • Strobel , S. , Ferguson , A. and Anderson , D. M. W. 1986 . Immunogenicity, cross‐reactivity, and non‐specific irritant properties of the exudate gums . Food Additives and Contaminants , 3 : 47 – 56 .
  • Taupin , P. J. Y. and Anderson , D. M. W. 1982 . Sub‐chronic toxicity study in rats fed gum karaya . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 20 : 513 – 517 .
  • Wagner , W. 1980 . Karaya gum hypersensitivity in an enterostomal therapist . Journal of Medical Association , 243 : 432
  • WHO . 1974 . Food Additives Series , : 324 – 326 .
  • WHO . 1976 . Technical Report Series , : 20 – 21 .
  • WHO . 1978 . Technical Report Series , : 14 – 15 .
  • WHO . 1983 . Technical Report Series , : 24 – 25 .
  • WHO . 1983 . Food Additives Series ,
  • WHO . 1984 . Technical Report Series , : 21
  • WHO . 1986 . Technical Report Series , : 37
  • WHO . 1986 . Technical Report Series , : 45 – 46 .
  • WHO . 1987 . Technical Report Series , : 27 – 28 .
  • WHO . 1987 . Food Additives Series , : 151 – 162 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.