Evaluation of the toxicity of drug residues in food: The case for ‘relay’ toxicity studies

References

• Alink , G. M. , Reijven , P. L. , Sijtsma , S. R. , Jongen , W. M. , Topp , R. J. , Kuiper , H. A. and Koeman , J. H. 1988 . Effects of human diets on biotransformation enzyme activity and metabolic activation of carcinogens in rat liver . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 26 : 833 – 891 .
   Google Scholar
• Alink , G. M. , Kuiper , H. A. , Beems , R. B. and Koeman , J. H. 1989 . A study on the carcinogenicity of human diets in rats: the influence of heating and the addition of vegetables and fruit . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 27 : 427 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames , B. N. , Gold , L. S. and Willett , W. C. 1995 . The causes and prevention of cancer . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 92 : 5258 – 5265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold , D. 1990 . EEC Perspectives on relay toxicity and bioavailability studies . Drug Metabolism Reviews , 22 : 699 – 705 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer , J. E. , Jacob , T. A. and Wolf , F. J. 1977 . Cambendazole and nondrug macromolecules in tissue residues . Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health , 2 : 895 – 903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , W. S. , Schneider , H. T. , Dietzel , K. , Nuernberg , B. and Brune , K. 1990 . Gastrointestinal ulcerations induced by antiinflammatory drugs in rats . Archives of Toxicology , 64 : 210 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boisseau , J. 1990 . Relay toxicity . Drug Metabolism Reviews , 22 : 685 – 697 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carakostas , M. and Colaianne , J. J. 1996 . A proposed design for conducting target animal safety studies for developing new veterinary Pharmaceuticals . Regulatory Pharmacology and Toxicology , 23 : 49 – 54 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delatour , P. , Parish , R. C. and Gyurik , R. J. 1981 . Albendazole: a comparison of relay embryotoxicity with embryotoxicity of individual metabolites . Annales de Recherche Vétérinaire , 12 : 159 – 167 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EC . 1991 . “ Commission of the European Communities (Oct 1991). Establishment by the EC of Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) for residues of veterinary products in foodstuffs of animal origin ” . In Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Community , Vol. VI , 104 Brussels : CEC .
   Google Scholar
• Estabrook , R. W. , ed. 1996 . Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet , Washington, DC : National Research Council, USA, National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fagan , T. C. , Walle , T. , Oexmann , M. J. , Walle , U. K. , Bai , S. A. and Gaffney , T. E. 1987 . Increased clearance of propranolol and theophylline by high protein compared with high carbohydrate diet . Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 41 : 402 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrando , R. , Truhaut , R. , Raynaud , J. P. and Spanoghe , J. P. 1975 . La toxicité de relais. II. Application de la méthodologie “toxicité de relais”; à l'évaluation de la sécurité d'emploi pour les consommateurs humains de carbadox, facteur de croissance, ajouté à la ration du porc charcutier . Toxicology , 3 : 369 – 398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick , S. C. 1995 . Identifying the ‘residue of toxicological concern'—bioavailability and bioactivity testing . Drug Metabolism Reviews , 27 : 557 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold , L. S. , Slone , T. H. , Manley , N. B. and Ames , B. N. 1994 . Heterocyclic amines formed by cooking food: comparison of bioassay results with other chemicals in the carcinogenic potency database . Cancer Letters , 83 : 21 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin , B. R. and Gorbach , S. L. 1976 . The relationship between diet and rat fecal bacterial enzymes implicated in colon cancer . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 57 : 371 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heywood , R. 1981 . Target organ toxicity . Toxicology Letters , 8 : 349 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heywood , R. 1983 . Target organ toxicity, II . Toxicology Letters , 18 : 83 – 88 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kappas , A. , Alvares , A. P. , Anderson , K. E. , Pantuck , E. J. , Pantuck , C. B. , Chang , P. and Conney , A. H. 1978 . Effect of charcoal‐broiled beef on antipyrine and theophylline metabolism . Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 23 : 445 – 450 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurencot , H. L. 1990 . Biological models to determine the safety of bound residues in the tissues of food‐producing animals . Drug Metabolism Reviews , 22 : 789 – 802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , A. Y. H. , Wislocki , P. G. , Chiu , S‐H., L. and Miwa , G. T. 1987 . Tissue drug residues and their toxicological significance . Drug Metabolism Reviews , 18 : 363 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald , A. and Fitzpatrick , S. C. , eds. 1990 . Symposium on biological models to determine the safety of bound residues in the tissues of food‐producing animals . Drug Metabolism Reviews . 1990 . Vol. 22 , pp. 585 – 906 .
   Google Scholar
• Melander , A. , Lalka , D. and McLean , A. 1988 . Influence of food on the presystemic metabolism of drugs . Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 38 : 253 – 267 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Netter , K. J. 1994 . “ The role of nutrients in detoxification mechanisms ” . In Nutritional Toxicology , Edited by: Kotsonis , F. N. , Mackey , M. and Hjelle , J. 1 – 18 . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pantuck , E. J. , Hsiao , K. C. , Conney , A. H. , Garlano , W. A. , Kappas , A. , Anderson , K. E. and Alvarez , A. P. 1976 . Effect of charcoal broiled beef on phenacetin metabolism in man . Science , 194 : 1055 – 1057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantuck , E. J. , Pantuck , C. B. , Anderson , K. E. , Wattenberg , L. W. , Conney , A. H. and Kappas , A. 1984 . Effect of brussel sprouts and cabbage on drug conjugation . Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 35 : 161 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pence , B. C. , Butler , M. J. , Dunn , D. M. , Miller , M. F. , Zhao , C. and Landers , M. 1995 . Non‐promoting effects of lean beef in the rat colon carcinogenesis model . Carcinogenesis , 16 : 1157 – 1160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy , B. S. , Nasisawa , T. and Weisburger , J. H. 1976 . Effect of a diet with high levels of protein and fat on colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats treated with 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 57 : 567 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rico , A. G. , ed. 1986 . Drug Residues in Animals , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rico , A. and Burgat‐Sacaze , V. 1984 . Toxicological significance of covalently‐bound residues . Food Additives and Contaminants , 1 : 157 – 161 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sugimura , T. 1986 . Past, present and future mutagens in cooked foods . Environmental Health Perspectives , 67 : 5 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symposium . 1977 . Multi‐authored proceedings of a Symposium on animal drug safety . Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health , 2 : 727 – 916 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Symposium . 1995 . Multi‐authored proceedings of a Symposium on new approaches to toxicological testing of residues—defining the ‘residue of toxicological concern’ . Drug Metabolism Reviews , 27 : 543 – 590 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Truhaut , R. and Ferrando , R. 1975 . La toxicité de relais. I. principes généraux d'une approche méthodologique nouvelle pour 1'évaluation toxicologique des additifs aux aliments des animaux d'élevage . Toxicology , 3 : 361 – 368 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vroomen , L. H. M. , Berghmans , M. C. J. , Van Bladeren , P. J. , Groten , J. P. , Wissink , C. J. and Kuiper , H. A. 1990 . In vivo and in vitro metabolic studies of furazolidone: a risk evaluation . Drug Metabolism Reviews , 22 : 663 – 676 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welling , P. G. 1989 . Effects of food on drug absorption . Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 43 : 425 – 141 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winstanley , P. A. and Orme , M. L'E. 1989 . The effects of food on drug bioavailability . British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , 28 : 621 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To whom correspondence should be addressed.
   Google Scholar