Histopathological evaluation of prostate specimens after thermal ablation may be confounded by the presence of thermally-fixed cells

References

• Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Garmo H, et al. Radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. New Eng J Med. 2014;370:932–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilt TJ, Jones KM, Barry MJ, et al. Follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:132–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, et al. 10-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1415–1424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Lane JA, et al. Patient-reported outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1425–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanda MG, Dunn RL, Michalski J, et al. Quality of life and satisfaction with outcome among prostate-cancer survivors. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1250–1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Poel MG, Henk G, van den Bergh RCN, Briers E, et al. Focal therapy in primary localised prostate cancer: the European Association of Urology position in 2018. Eur Urol. 2018;74:84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valerio M, Cerantola Y, Eggener SE, et al. New and established technology in focal ablation of the prostate: a systematic review. Eur Urol. 2017;71:17–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodrum DA, Gorny KR, Mynderse LA. Mr-guided Prostate Interventions. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2018;27:141–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed HU, Bosaily AE, Brown LC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study. Lancet. 2017;389:815–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasivisvanathan V, Rannikko AS, Borghi M, et al. MRI-targeted or standard biopsy for prostate-cancer diagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1767–1777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay E, Mougenot C, Staruch R, et al. Evaluation of focal ablation of magnetic resonance imaging defined prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging controlled transurethral ultrasound therapy with prostatectomy as the reference standard. J Urol. 2017;197:255–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra R, Colquhoun A, Burtnyk M, et al. MR imaging–controlled transurethral ultrasound therapy for conformal treatment of prostate tissue: Initial feasibility in humans. Radiology. 2012;265:303–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin JL, Billia M, Relle J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided transurethral ultrasound ablation of prostate tissue in patients with localized prostate cancer: a prospective phase 1 clinical trial. Eur Urol. 2016;70:447–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross AB, Diederich CJ, Nau WH, et al. Highly directional transurethral ultrasound applicators with rotational control for MRI-guided prostatic thermal therapy. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49:189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu KF, Dupuy DE. Thermal ablation of tumours: biological mechanisms and advances in therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14:199–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leenders G, Beerlage HP, Ruijter ET, et al. Histopathological changes associated with high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment for localised adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Pathol. 2000;53:391–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyes A, Tang K, Yaffe M, et al. Prostate tissue analysis immediately following magnetic resonance imaging guided transurethral ultrasound thermal therapy. J Urol. 2007;178:1080–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burtnyk M, Hill T, Cadieux-Pitre H, et al. Magnetic resonance image guided transurethral ultrasound prostate ablation: a preclinical safety and feasibility study with 28-day followup. J Urol. 2015;193:1669–1675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara Y, Calderon A, Watanabe H, et al. A precise and fast temperature mapping using water proton chemical shift. Magn Reson Med. 1995;34:814–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay E, Mougenot C, Köhler M, et al. MR thermometry in the human prostate gland at 3.0 T for transurethral ultrasound therapy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;38:1564–1571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui K, Chopra R, Vedula S, et al. MRI-guided transurethral ultrasound therapy of the prostate gland using real-time thermal mapping: initial studies. Urology. 2010;76:1506–1511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra R, Tang K, Burtnyk M, et al. Analysis of the spatial and temporal accuracy of heating in the prostate gland using transurethral ultrasound therapy and active MR temperature feedback. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54:2615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böni RA, Sulser T, Jochum W, et al. Laser ablation-induced changes in the prostate: findings at endorectal MR imaging with histologic correlation. Radiology. 1997;202:232–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouvière O, Lyonnet D, Raudrant A, et al. MRI appearance of prostate following transrectal HIFU ablation of localized cancer. Eur Urol. 2001;40:265–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomers JGR, Cornel EB, Futterer JJ, et al. MRI-guided focal laser ablation for prostate cancer followed by radical prostatectomy: correlation of treatment effects with imaging. World J Urol. 2017;35:703–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosset R, Bratan F, Crouzet S, et al. Can pre-and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging predict recurrence-free survival after whole-gland high-intensity focused ablation for prostate cancer? Eur Radiol. 2017;27:1768–1775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biermann K, Montironi R, Lopez-Beltran A, et al. Histopathological findings after treatment of prostate cancer using high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Prostate. 2010;70:1196–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germer C, Isbert CM, Albrecht D, et al. Laser-induced thermotherapy for the treatment of liver metastasis. Surg Endoscopy. 1998;12:1317–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhowmick S, Coad JE, Swanlund DJ, et al. In vitro thermal therapy of AT-1 Dunning prostate tumours. Int J Hyperthermia. 2004;20:73–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennings L, Kaufmann Y, Griffin R, et al. Dead or alive? Autofluorescence distinguishes heat-fixed from viable cells. Int J Hyperthermia. 2009;25:355–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford RJ, Shetty A, Elliott AM, et al. Magnetic resonance guided, focal laser induced interstitial thermal therapy in a canine prostate model. J Urol. 2010;184:1514–1520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coad JE, Kosari K, Humar A, et al. Radiofrequency ablation causes ‘thermal fixation’ of hepatocellular carcinoma: a post‐liver transplant histopathologic study. Clin Transplant. 2003;17:377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coad JE. Thermal fixation: a central outcome of hyperthermic therapies. Proceedings of Thermal Treatment of Tissue: Energy Delivery and Assessment III. International Society for Optics and Photonics. 2005. Vol. 5698. p. 15–22.
   Google Scholar
• He X, McGee S, Coad JE, et al. Investigation of the thermal and tissue injury behaviour in microwave thermal therapy using a porcine kidney model. Int J Hyperthermia. 2004;20:567–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courivaud F, Kazaryan AM, Lund A, et al. Thermal fixation of swine liver tissue after magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2014;40:1564–1577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindner U, Lawrentschuk N, Weersink RA, et al. Focal laser ablation for prostate cancer followed by radical prostatectomy: validation of focal therapy and imaging accuracy. Eur Urol. 2010;57:1111–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu F, Wang Z, Cao Y, et al. Heat fixation of cancer cells ablated with high-intensity-focused ultrasound in patients with breast cancer. Am J Surg. 2006;192:179–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Künzli B, Abitabile MP, Maurer CA. Radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: actual limitations and potential solutions in the future. WJH. 2011;3:8–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leslie TA, Kennedy JE, Illing RO, et al. High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation of liver tumours: can radiological assessment predict the histological response? BJR. 2008;81:564–571.
   Google Scholar
• van Vulpen M, Raaymakers BW, de Leeuw AA, et al. Prostate perfusion in patients with locally advanced prostate carcinoma treated with different hyperthermia techniques. J Urol. 2002;168:1597–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapareto SA, Dewey WC. Thermal dose determination in cancer therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol• Biol•Phys. 1984;10:787–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewhirst MW, Viglianti BL, Lora-Michiels M, et al. Basic principles of thermal dosimetry and thermal thresholds for tissue damage from hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia. 2003;19:267–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damianou C, Hynynen K. The effect of various physical parameters on the size and shape of necrosed tissue volume during ultrasound surgery. J Acoust Soc Am. 1994;95:1641–1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan X, Hynynen K. Ultrasound surgery using multiple sonications—treatment time considerations. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1996;22:471–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarmolenko PS, Moon EJ, Landon C, et al. Thresholds for thermal damage to normal tissues: an update. Int J Hyperthermia. 2011;27:320–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li GC, Mivechi NF, Weitzel G. Heat shock proteins, thermotolerance, and their relevance to clinical hyperthermia. I J Hyperthermia. 1995;11:459–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli MJ, Thompson LL, Cain CA, et al. Time-temperature analysis of cell killing of BHK cells heated at temperatures in the range of 43.5 C to 57.0 C. Int J Rad Oncol* Biol* Phys. 1990;19: 389–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field SB, Morris CC. The relationship between heating time and temperature: its relevance to clinical hyperthermia. Radiother Oncol. 1983;1:179–186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Majno G, Joris I. Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am J Pathol. 1995;146:3–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vykhodtseva N, Mcdannold N, Martin H, et al. Apoptosis in ultrasound-produced threshold lesions in the rabbit brain. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2001;27:111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall MS, Deng X, Torzilli PA, et al. Thermal modification of collagen. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1999;8: 339–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright NT, Humphrey JD. Denaturation of collagen via heating: an irreversible rate process. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2002;4:109–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay KJ, Amin MB, Ghai S, et al. Surveillance after prostate focal therapy. World J Urol. 2019;37:397–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar