Violent crime and incentives in the long-run: evidence from England and Wales

References

• B. Baltagi, T. Fomby, and R.C. Hill, Nonstationary Panels, Cointegration in Panels and Dynamic Panels, Advances in Econometrics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Becker , G. 1968 . Crime and punishment: An economic approach . J. Polit. Econ. , 76 ( 2 ) : 169 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box , G. E.P. and Jenkins , G. M. 1970 . Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control , San Francisco : Holden-Day .
   Google Scholar
• Britt , C. 2001 . Testing theory and the analysis of time series data . J. Quant. Criminol. , 17 ( 4 ) : 343 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor , D. and Land , K. 1985 . Unemployment and crime rates in the post-world war II United States: A theoretical and empirical analysis . Am. Sociol. Rev. , 50 ( 3 ) : 317 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charemza , W. and Deadman , D. 1997 . New Directions in Econometric Practice , 2 , Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Dickey , D. A. and Fuller , W. A. 1979 . Distributions of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root . J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , 74 : 427 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich , I. 1973 . Participation in illegitimate activities: A theoretical and empirical investigation . J. Polit. Econ. , 81 ( 3 ) : 521 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle , R. F. 1982 . Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimates of the variance of UK inflation . Econometrica , 50 : 987 – 1008 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.P. Farrington, P. Langan, and M. Tonry, Cross-National Studies in Crime and Justice, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004
   Google Scholar
• S. Field, Trends in Crime and Their Interpretation: A Study of Recorded Crime in Post-War England and Wales, Home Office Research Study Vol. 119, Home Office, London, 1990
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalo , J. 1994 . Five alternative methods of estimating long-run equilibrium relationships . J. Econ. , 60 : 203 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , D. 2001 . Time series analysis of crime rates . J. Quant. Criminol. , 17 ( 4 ) : 291 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale , C. 1998 . Crime and business cycle in post-war Britain revisited . Br. J. Criminol. , 38 ( 4 ) : 681 – 698 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale , C. , Hayward , K. , Wahidin , A. and Wincup , E. 2005 . Criminology , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harbo , I. , Johansen , S. , Neilsen , B. and Rehbek , A. 1998 . Asymptotic inference on cointegrating rank in partial systems . J. Bus. Econ. Stat. , 16 : 388 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausman , J. A. 1978 . Specification test in econometrics . Econometrica , 46 : 1251 – 1272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen , S. 1988 . Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors . J. Econ. Dyn. Control , 12 : 231 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen , S. 1995 . Likelihood-Based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levitt , S. 1996 . The effect of prison population size on crime rates: Evidence from prison overcrowding litigation . Quart. J. Econ. , 111 ( 2 ) : 319 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Machin and C. Meghir, Crime and economic incentives, Working Paper, The Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2000
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , J. G. 1996 . Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests . J. Appl. Econ. , 11 ( 6 ) : 601 – 618 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Marris, Survey of the Literature on the Criminological and Economic Factors Influencing Crime Trends, Modeling Crime and Offending: Recent Developments in England and Wales, Home Office Occasional Paper 80, Home Office, London, 2003
   Google Scholar
• Mocan , H. N. and Rees , D. I. 2005 . Economic conditions, deterrence and juvenile crime: Evidence from micro data . Am. Law Econ. Rev. , 7 ( 2 ) : 319 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• P. Ormerod, C. Mounfield, and L. Smith, Non-Linear Modelling of Burglary and Violent Crime in the UK, Modelling Crime and Offending: Recent Developments in England and Wales, Home Office Occasional Paper 80, Home Office, London, 2003
   Google Scholar
• Perron , P. 1990 . Testing for a unit root in a time-series with a changing mean . J. Bus. Econ. Stat. , 8 : 153 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesaran , H. , Shin , Y. and Smith , R. 2001 . Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships . J. Appl. Econ. , 16 : 289 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , P. C.B. and Perron , P. 1988 . Testing for a unit root in time series regression . Biometrika , 75 : 335 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pudney , S. , Deadman , D. and Pyle , D. 2000 . The relationship between crime, punishment and economic conditions: Is reliable inference possible when crimes are under-recorded? . J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A Stat. Soc. , 163 ( 1 ) : 81 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyle , D. and Deadman , D. 1994 . Crime and business cycle in post-war Britain . Br. J. Criminol. , 34 : 339 – 357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahbek , A. and Mosconi , R. 1999 . Cointegration rank inference with stationary regressors in VAR models . Econ. J , 2 : 76 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Raphael , S. and Winter-Ebmer , R. 2001 . Identifying the effect of unemployment on crime . J. Law Econ. , XLIV : 259 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saridakis , G. 2004 . Violent crime in the United States of America: A time-series analysis between 1960–2000 . Eur. J. Law Econ. , 18 ( 2 ) : 203 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• C. Smith and J. Allen, Violent crime in England and Wales, Home Office Online Report 18/04, Home Office, London, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Witt , R. and Witte , A. 2000 . Crime, prison, and female labor supply . J. Quant. Criminol. , 16 ( 1 ) : 69 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpin , K. 1978 . An economic analysis of crime and punishment in England and Wales, 1847–1967 . J. Polit. Econ. , 86 ( 5 ) : 815 – 840 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , D. 1973 . Alternative tests of independence between stochastic regressors and disturbances . Econometrica , 41 : 733 – 750 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar