Ford’s network: the American-Yugoslav project and the circulation of urban planning expertise in the Cold War

References

• Banerjee, Tridib. “U.S. Planning Expeditions to Postcolonial India: From Ideology to Innovation in Technical Assistance.” Journal of the American Planning Association 75, no. 2 (2009): 193–208. doi:10.1080/01944360902790711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, Tridib, and Sanjoy Chakravorty. “Transfer of Planning Technology and Local Political Economy: A Retrospective Analysis of Calcutta’s Planning.” Journal of the American Planning Association 60, no. 1 (1994): 71–82. doi:10.1080/01944369408975553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basta, Daniel J., James L. Lounsbury, and Blair T. Bower. Analysis for Residuals-Environmental Quality Management: A Case Study of the Ljubljana Area of Yugoslavia. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Batty, Michael. Urban Modelling: Algorithms, Calibrations, Predictions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Berghahn, Volker R. “Philanthropy and Diplomacy in the ‘American Century’.” Diplomatic History 23, no. 3 (1999): 393–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, Edward H. The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy: The Ideology of Philanthropy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Beyer, Elke. “Planning for Mobility: Designing City Centers and New Towns in the USSR and the GDR in the 1960s.” In The Socialist Car: Automobility in the Eastern Bloc, edited by Lewis Siegelbaum, 71–91. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Bjažić Klarin, Tamara. Ernest Weissmann: Socially Engaged Architecture, 1926-1939. Zagreb: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts/Croatian Museum of Architecture, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Bjažić Klarin, Tamara. “CIAM Networking – International Congress of Modern Architecture and Croatian Architects in the 1950s.” Život umjetnosti 99 (2016): 40–57.
   Google Scholar
• Black, Cyrill E. “Evaluation of Current and Prospective Projects in Yugoslavia.” September 19, 1968. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Bojić, Nikola. “Constructing a Travel Landscape: A Case Study of the Sljeme Motels Along the Adriatic Highway.” Architectural Histories 6, no. 1 (2018): 1–14.doi:10.5334/ah.187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, Howard. “A Trip to Yugoslavia. January-February, 1962.” Section 3 Reports, Grant File PA 59–95, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State University. “Request for Support for Foreign Fellowships Program.” March 18, 1970. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Certain, Philip. Interview with Katherine Lyall. University of Wisconsin-Madison Oral History Program. https://ohms.library.wisc.edu/viewer.php?cachefile=Lyall.K.832.xml#segment3060.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Jean-Louis. Building a New World: Amerikanizm in Russian Architecture. Montreal: Canadian Center for Architecture and Yale University Press, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Collings-Wells, Sam. “From Black Power to Broken Windows: Liberal Philanthropy and the Carceral State.” Journal of Urban History (September 2020): 739–759. doi:10.1177/0096144220956617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collings-Wells, Sam. “Developing Communities: The Ford Foundation and the Global Urban Crisis, 1958–66.” Journal of Global History 16, no. 3 (2021): 336–354. doi:10.1017/S1740022820000200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabović, Tijana, Zorica Nedović-Budić, and Dejan Djordjević. “Pursuit of Integration in the Former Yugoslavia’s Planning.” Planning Perspectives 34, no. 2 (2019): 215–241. doi:10.1080/02665433.2017.1393628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGraaf, Beverly J., and Sue Smock. Day Care in Yugoslavia—A Case Study of Ljubljana. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Center for Metropolitan Planning and Research, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Domhoff, G. William. “The Ford Foundation in the Inner City: Forging an Alliance with Neighborhood Activists.” In Who Rules America? September 2005. https://whorulesamerica.ucsc.edu/local/ford_foundation.html.
   Google Scholar
• Doxiadis, C. A. “Ekistics and the Ford Foundation.” Ekistics: The Problems and Science of Human Settlements 38, no. 229 (December 1974): 389–390.
   Google Scholar
• Duller, Matthias. The Ford Foundation’s East European Fellowship Program, ca. 1950-1970. Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports. Tarrytown, NY: The Rockefeller Archive Center, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Dyckman, John W., and Jack C. Fisher. “The American-Yugoslav Project.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 34, no. 6 (1968): 385–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyckman, John W., and Jack C. Fisher. International Professional Exchange: The Implications of the American-Yugoslav Project. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Center for Metropolitan Planning and Research, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Jack C. “Planning the City of Socialist Man.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 28, no. 4 (1962): 251–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, Jack C. “Urban Analysis: A Case Study of Zagreb, Yugoslavia.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 53, no. 3 (1963): 266–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, Stanley T. Letter to Shepard Stone, January 13, 1964. Grant File PA 59-95, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Jack C. “The Yugoslav Commune.” World Politics 16, no. 3 (1964): 418–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, Jack C., ed. City and Regional Planning in Poland. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Jack C. Yugoslavia—A Multinational State: Regional Difference and Administrative Response. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Company, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Jack C. Letter to Stanley Gordon, December 26, 1967. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Jack C. Letter to Stanley Gordon, May 6, 1968. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Jack C. “Notes on the Need for Regional (Spatial) Planning on the State Level in India,” 1968. Reports 6262-9286, FA 730, Box 383, Folder 009242, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, Stanley T. Letter to Records Center, June 17, 1968. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, Stanley T. Letter to Records IR-5, October 7, 1968. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, Stanley T. Inter-Office Memo to H.R. Swearer and C. Black, October 7, 1968. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Grabar, Nika. Planning and Ideology: American-Yugoslav Project. Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports. Tarrytown, NY: The Rockefeller Archive Center, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Grabar, Nika. “Razvoj prostornog planiranja: Suočavanje jugoslovenskog razvoja s konceptima američke akademije.” In Usponi i padovi, edited by Ana Miljanić and Branislav Dimitrijević, 45–61. Belgrade: Centar za kulturnu dekontaminaciju, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, Peter. Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design Since 1880, 4th ed. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Healy, Patsy, and Robert Upton, eds. Crossing Borders: International Exchange and Planning Practices. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Immerwahr, Daniel. Thinking Small: The United States and the Lure of Community Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• International Planning Workshop: Proceedings and Selected Papers. Ljubljana: The Urbanistic Institute of SR Slovenia, 1969.
   Google Scholar
• Keast, William. Letter to Stanley Gordon, April 25, 1968. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Konta, Carla. US Public Diplomacy in Socialist Yugoslavia, 1950-70: Soft Culture, Cold Partners. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Korbonski, Andrzej. Inter-Office Memorandum, April 24, 1972. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Kranjčević, Jasenka. “Turističko i prostorno planiranje u Hrvatskoj i Jugoslaviji 1960-ih.” Časopis za suvremenu povijest 53, no. 3 (2021): 1183–1208. doi:10.22586/csp.v53i3.18737.
   Google Scholar
• Kulić, Vladimir. “Edvard Ravnikar’s Eclecticism of Taste and the Politics of Appropriation.” In Terms of Appropriation: Modern Architecture and Global Exchange, edited by Ana Miljački, and Amanda Reeser Lawrence, 75–93. London and New York: Routledge, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, Bruno. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Lees, Lorraine M. Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Le Normand, Brigitte. Designing Tito’s Capital: Urban Planning, Modernism, and Socialism in Belgrade. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Loss, Christopher. Remapping the Midcentury Metropolis: The Ford Foundation and the Joint Center for Urban Studies of MIT and Harvard University. Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports. Tarrytown, NY: The Rockefeller Archive Center, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Lowry, Ira S. A Model of Metropolis. The Rand Corporation: Santa Monica, 1964.
   Google Scholar
• Lozanovska, Mirjana. “Performing Equality: The Exceptional Story of Mimoza Nestorova-Tomić in the Post-1963 Earthquake Reconstruction of Skopje.” In Ideological Equals: Women Architects in Socialist Europe, 1945-1989, edited by Mary Pepchinski, and Mariann Simon, 123–138. London and New York: Routledge, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Mattioni, Vladimir. Jadranski projekti: Projekti južnog i gornjeg Jadrana 1967.-1972. Zagreb: Urbanistički institut Hrvatske, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Mashayekhi, Azadeh. “The 1968 Tehran Master Plan and the Politics of Planning Development in Iran (1945-1979).” Planning Perspectives 34, no. 5 (2019): 849–876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, Richard. “Comments on American-Jugoslav Project to date, and preliminary suggestions,” September 11, 1968. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• May, Richard. Letter to Vladimir Mušič, September 28, 1968. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• McGrath, Anita. Letter to Charles McVicker, January 24, 1961. Section 3 Reports, Grant File PA 59-95, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• McVicker, Charles P. Letter to Waldemar A. Nielsen, September 19, 1961. Section 3 Reports, Grant File PA 59-95, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• McVicker, Charles. Letter to Waldemar Nielsen, October 18, 1961. Section 3 Reports, Grant File PA 59-95, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Mumford, Eric. “From Master-Planning to Self-Build: The MIT-Harvard Joint Center for Urban Studies, 1959-1971.” In MIT, Architecture, and the ‘Techno-Social’ Moment, edited by Arindam Dutta, 288–309. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Mušič, Vladimir, ed. Alternative Patterns of Spatial Organization of the Ljubljana Region. Background Material for the Review of the Demonstration Study. Ljubljana: American-Yugoslav Project, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Mušič, Vladimir. “The Yugoslav Center for Regional and Urban Studies,” draft, February 1970. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Mušič, Vladimir. “Proposal to the Ford Foundation for Support of the International Activities of the Center,” March 1970. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Mušič, Vladimir Braco. “Tribute.” Ekistics: The Problems and Science of Human Settlements 52, no. 314/315 (1985): 487.
   Google Scholar
• Mušič, Vladimir Braco. “Ob Tridesetletnici Dela Urbanističnega Inštituta SR Slovenije.” Urbani Izziv 10 (December 1989): 5–11.
   Google Scholar
• Mušič, Vladimir Braco, and Katja Repič. “Regionalno Planiranje na Urbanističnem Inštitutu RS.” Urbani Izziv 15 (April 1991): 55–60.
   Google Scholar
• Mušič, Vladimir Braco, and Richard May. “Foundations for the Organization of an International Training and Research Center in Regional and Spatial Planning at Ljubljana, Yugoslavia,” November 25, 1968. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Muzaffar, M. Ijlal. “The Periphery Within: Modern Architecture and the Making of the Third World.” Doctoral diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, Tracy. U.S. Foundations, Urban Design, and International Development since 1945. Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports. Tarrytown, NY: The Rockefeller Archive Center, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Nemann, Tracy. “Overpromising Technocracy’s Potential: The American-Yugoslav Project, Urban Planning, and Cold War Cultural Diplomacy.” Journal of Planning History (2022). doi:10.1177/15385132211060041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsletter: American-Yugoslav Project in Regional and Urban Planning Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Waldemar A. The Big Foundations. New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Nikezić, Marko. Letter to the Secretary of the Federal Executive Council Veljko Zeković, November 19, 1962. Fond 130, Fascikla 640, Međunarodni odnosi, Archive of Yugoslavia.
   Google Scholar
• Nye, Joseph. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ollivier, Serge. New Paradigms of Urban Planning in Developing Countries and the Ford Foundation: The Case of the Special Programs in Urban and Regional Studies (SPURS) at MIT (1967-1976). Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports. Tarrytown, NY: The Rockefeller Archive Center, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Parmar, Inderjeet. Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller Foundations in the Rise of American Power. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Perović, Miloš, ed. Istraživanje urbane strukture Beograda. Belgrade: Zavod za planiranje razvoja grada, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Perović, Miloš, ed. Pogovori z delosovci/Dialogues with the Delians. Ljubljana: Revija Sinteza, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Perović, Miloš, ed. “The Problem and Science of Human Settlements.” Special issue of Ekistics: The Problems and Science of Human Settlements 72, no. 430-35 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Pogačnik, Andrej B. “A Systems Approach to Urban Design: The Case of the City of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia.” Town Planning Review 48, no. 2 (1977): 187–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyla, Panaiyota. “Architects as Development Experts: Model Communities in Iraq and Syria.” In Landscapes of Development: The Impact of Modernization Discourses on the Physical Environment of the Eastern Mediterranean, edited by Panaiyota Pyla. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Design, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmusen, Frederick N. “Dr. Jack C. Fisher.” The Baltimore Sun, November 20, 2007. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-11-20-0711200057-story.html.
   Google Scholar
• Roelofs, Joan. “How Foundations Exercise Power.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 74, no. 4 (2015): 654–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumbach, Andrew. “‘Between the Devil and the Bay of Bengal’: The Ford Foundation and the Politics of Planning in Post-Independence Calcutta.” Planning Perspectives 36, no. 5 (2021): 1025–1051. doi:10.1080/02665433.2021.1897032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, Frances Stonor. The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters. New York: The New Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Shoshkes, Ellen. Jacqueline Tyrwhitt: A Transnational Life in Urban Planning and Design. Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Skansi, Luka, ed. Streets and Neighbourhoods: Vladimir Braco Mušič and the Large Scale Architecture, Exhibition Catalog. Ljubljana: The Museum of Architecture and Design, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Slater, J. E. “Preliminary Report of J. E. Slater on Foundation Yugoslav Program – 1960.” Reports 010752, Room 202, Unit 85, Shelf 2, Box 18970, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, Douglas. Critique of Architecture: Essays on Theory, Autonomy, and Political Economy. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Stensrud, Ingeborg. “Europe not Taken for Granted: The Ford Foundation’s Exchange Programs in Eastern Europe in the 1950s and ‘60s’.” Doctoral diss., Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Subramanian, Divya. The Ford Foundation and Visions of Urban Development in 1960s India. Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports. Tarrytown, NY: The Rockefeller Archive Center, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• “Summary of the Conversation Between Osman Đikić and Stanley Gordon,” August 16, 1963. Fond 130 Savezno izvršno veće, Fascikla 640 Međunarodni odnosi, Archive of Yugoslavia.
   Google Scholar
• Swearer, Howard R. Letter to Dean Marver H. Bernstein, October 1, 1968. Section 2 Payments, Grant File PA 59-95, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Nigel. Urban Planning Theory Since 1945. London: SAGE, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• “Team of Officials from the University of Skopje Visiting the United States April 23 to May 21, 1964”. Grant File PA 59-95, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• “Ted” (Full Name Illegible). Letter to Shepard Stone, February 15, 1963. Section 3 Reports, Grant File PA 59-95, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• “Tentative Schedule for Visiting Indian Group,” December 1967. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Tepina, Marjan, Nikola Dobrović, Franjo Gašparović, Branko Petrović, and Stanko Žuljić. Regionalno prostorno planiranje. Belgrade: Izdanje urbanista Srbije, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• Theodosis, Lefterios. “Victory over Chaos? Constantinos A. Doxiadis and Ekistics, 1945-1975.” Doctoral diss., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Thyagarajan, S. Belgrade Transportation and Land Use Study: An Overview. Detroit: Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State University, 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Tolić, Ines. Dopo il terremoto: La politica della ricostruzione negli anni della guerra fredda a Skopje. Reggio Emilia: Diabasis, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Tolić, Ines. “Ernest Weissmann’s ‘World City:’ The Reconstruction of Skopje within the Cold War Context.” Southeastern Europe 41 (2017): 173–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrwhitt, Jacqueline, and Miloš Perović. “CIAM and Delos.” Ekistics: The Problems and Science of Human Settlements 52, no. 314/315 (1985): 470–472.
   Google Scholar
• Vernon, Raymond, and David L. Birch. “Report to the Ford Foundation on the Regional and Urban Planning Project in Yugoslavia,” April 16, 1970. Grants 06800493, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Vučetić, Radina. “Američke stipendije u Jugoslaviji 50-ih i 60-ih godina XX veka.” Tokovi istorije, no. 2 (2019): 135–165.
   Google Scholar
• Vučetić, Radina. Coca-Cola Socialism: Americanization of Yugoslav Culture in the Sixties. Budapest: CEU Press, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Wakeman, Rosemary. Practicing Utopia: An Intellectual History of the New Town Movement. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Wigley, Mark. “Network Fever.” Grey Room 04 (Summer 2001): 83–122.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, Alan. The Science of Cities and Regions: Lectures on Mathematical Model Design. Dodrecht, Heidelberg, London, and New York: Springer, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Your Aid to Skopje, July—September 1963. Skopje: Committee for Reconstruction and Development of Skopje, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• “Yugoslav Exchange Program of the Ford Foundation,” April 1960. Reports 010916, Room 202, Unit 85, Shelf no. 3, Box 18976, Ford Foundation Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
   Google Scholar
• Zatrić-Šahović, Mejrema. “Geography of Architecture and ‘The Way to Modernity:’ Juraj Neidhardt’s Regionalism in Early Socialist Yugoslavia.” Doctoral diss., ETH, Zurich, 2020.
   Google Scholar