Recent progress in microstructural hydrogen mapping in steels: quantification, kinetic analysis, and multi-scale characterisation

References

• Aasaoka T, Lapasset G, Aucouturier M, et al. Observation of hydrogen trapping in Fe-0.15 Wt% Ti alloy by high resolution autoradiography. Corrosion. 1978;34:39–47. doi: 10.5006/0010-9312-34.2.39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanada H, Otsuka T, Nakashima H, et al. Profiling of hydrogen accumulation in a tempered martensite microstructure by means of tritium autoradiography. Scr Mater. 2005;53:1279–1284. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.07.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuka T, Tanabe T. Hydrogen diffusion and trapping process around MnS precipitates in αFe examined by tritium autoradiography. J Alloy Compd. 2007;446–447:655–659. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razzini G, Maffi S, Mussati G, et al. The scanning photoelectrochemical microscopy of diffusing hydrogen into metals. Corros Sci. 1995;37:1131–1141. doi: 10.1016/0010-938X(95)00020-K
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razzini G, Cabrini M, Maffi S, et al. Photoelectrochemical visualization in real-time of hydrogen distribution in plastic regions of low-carbon steel. Corros Sci. 1999;41:203–208. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(98)00140-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guedes FMF, Maffi S, Razzini G, et al. Scanning photoelectrochemical analysis of hydrogen permeation on ASTM A516 grade60 steel welded joints in a H2S containing solution. Corros Sci. 2003;45:2129–2142. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(03)00033-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fushimi K, Lill KA, Habazaki H. Heterogeneous hydrogen evolution on corroding Fe–3 at.% Si surface observed by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electrochim Acta. 2007;52:4246–4253. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller RF, Thomas S, Birbilis N, et al. Spatially resolved mapping of the relative concentration of dissolved hydrogen using the scanning electrochemical microscope. Electrochem Commun. 2015;51:54–58. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai K, Seki J, Yamauchi G, et al. Observation of trapping sites of hydrogen and deuterium in high-strength steels by using secondary ion mass spectrometry, materials transactions. JIM. 1995;36:1134–1139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awane T, Fukushima Y, Matsuo T, et al. Highly sensitive detection of net hydrogen charged into austenitic stainless steel with secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2011;83:2667–2676. doi: 10.1021/ac103100b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarzimoghadam Z, Rohwerder M, Merzlikin SV, et al. Multi-scale and spatially resolved hydrogen mapping in a Ni–Nb model alloy reveals the role of the δ phase in hydrogen embrittlement of alloy 718. Acta Mater. 2016;109:69–81. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.02.053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobol O, Holzlechner G, Nolze G, et al. Time-of-Flight secondary Ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging of deuterium assisted cracking in a 2205 duplex stainless steel micro-structure. Mater Sci Eng: A. 2016;676:271–277. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.08.107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schober T, Dieker C. Observation of local hydrogen on nickel surfaces. Metall Trans A. 1983;14:2440–2442. doi: 10.1007/BF02663321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao J, Cahoon JR. The use of silver decoration technique in the study of hydrogen transport in metallic materials. Metall T A. 1990;21:603–608. doi: 10.1007/BF02671932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundararajan T, Akiyama E, Tsuzaki K. Hydrogen mapping across a crevice: effect of applied potential. Scr Mater. 2005;53:1219–1223. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama M, Tasan CC, Nagashima T, et al. Hydrogen-assisted damage in austenite/martensite dual-phase steel. Philos Mag Lett. 2016;96:9–18. doi: 10.1080/09500839.2015.1130275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagashima T, Koyama M, Bashir A, et al. Interfacial hydrogen localization in austenite/martensite dual-phase steel visualized through optimized silver decoration and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. Mater Corros. 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luppo MI, Ovejero-Garcia J. The influence of microstructure on the trapping and diffusion of hydrogen in a low carbon steel. Corros Sci. 1991;32:1125–1136. doi: 10.1016/0010-938X(91)90097-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovejero-García J. Hydrogen microprint technique in the study of hydrogen in steels. J Mater Sci. 1985;20:2623–2629. DOI: 10.1007/BF00556094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronevich JA, Speer JG, Krauss G, et al. Improvement of the hydrogen microprint technique on AHSS steels. Metallogr Microst Anal. 2012;1:79–84. doi: 10.1007/s13632-012-0015-y
   Google Scholar
• Ichitani K, Kuramoto S, Kanno M. Quantitative evaluation of detection efficiency of the hydrogen microprint technique applied to steel. Corros Sci. 2003;45:1227–1241. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(02)00218-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohwerder M, Turcu F. High-resolution Kelvin probe microscopy in corrosion science: scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) versus classical scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). Electrochim Acta. 2007;53:290–299. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.03.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senöz C, Evers S, Stratmann M, et al. Scanning Kelvin probe as a highly sensitive tool for detecting hydrogen permeation with high local resolution. Electrochem Commun. 2011;13:1542–1545. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.10.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers S, Senöz C, Rohwerder M. Hydrogen detection in metals: a review and introduction of a Kelvin probe approach. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2013;14:014201. doi: 10.1088/1468-6996/14/1/014201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama M, Bashir A, Rohwerder M, et al. Spatially and kinetically resolved mapping of hydrogen in a twinning-induced plasticity steel by use of scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. J Electrochem Soc. 2015;162:C638–C647. doi: 10.1149/2.0131512jes
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Yan Y, Yang X, et al. Investigation of hydrogen evolution and enrichment by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy. Electrochem Commun. 2013;35:100–103. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi J, Kawakami K, Kobayashi Y, et al. The first direct observation of hydrogen trapping sites in TiC precipitation-hardening steel through atom probe tomography. Scr Mater. 2010;63:261–264. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi J, Kawakami K, Tarui T. Direct observation of hydrogen-trapping sites in vanadium carbide precipitation steel by atom probe tomography. Scr Mater. 2012;67:213–216. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.04.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haley D, Merzlikin SV, Choi P, et al. Atom probe tomography observation of hydrogen in high-Mn steel and silver charged via an electrolytic route. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2014;39:12221–12229. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemma R, Al-Kassab T, Kirchheim R, et al. Visualization of deuterium dead layer by atom probe tomography. Scr Mater. 2012;67:903–906. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.08.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Révay Z, Belgya T, Szentmiklósi L, et al. In situ determination of hydrogen inside a catalytic reactor using prompt γ activation analysis. Anal Chem. 2008;80:6066–6071. doi: 10.1021/ac800882k
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichart P, Dollinger G, Bergmaier A, et al. 3D hydrogen microscopy with sub-ppm detection limit. Nucl Instrum Methods B. 2004;219-220:980–987. doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2004.01.200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeper K, Moser M, Reichart P, et al. 3D-microscopy of hydrogen in tungsten. J Nucl Mater. 2013;438(Supplement):S887–S890. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner S, Moser M, Greubel C, et al. Hydrogen microscopy – distribution of hydrogen in buckled niobium hydrogen thin films. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2013;38:13822–13830. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manke I, Markötter H, Tötzke C, et al. Investigation of energy-relevant materials with synchrotron X-rays and neutrons. Adv Eng Mater. 2011;13:712–729. doi: 10.1002/adem.201000284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardjilov N, Manke I, Hilger A, et al. Neutron imaging in materials science. Mater Today. 2011;14:248–256. doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70139-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer K, Kannengiesser T, Griesche A, et al. Neutron radiography study of hydrogen desorption in technical iron. J Mater Sci. 2011;46:5171–0. doi: 10.1007/s10853-011-5450-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griesche A, Dabah E, Kannengiesser T, et al. Three-dimensional imaging of hydrogen blister in iron with neutron tomography. Acta Mater. 2014;78:14–22. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.06.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griesche A, Dabah E, Kannengiesser T, et al. Measuring hydrogen distributions in iron and steel using neutrons. Phys Procedia. 2015;69:445–450. doi: 10.1016/j.phpro.2015.07.062
   Google Scholar
• Choo WY, Lee JY. Thermal analysis of trapped hydrogen in pure iron. Metall Trans A. 1982;13:135–140. doi: 10.1007/BF02642424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei FG, Hara T, Tsuzaki K. Precise determination of the activation energy for desorption of hydrogen in two Ti-added steels by a single thermal-desorption spectrum. Metall Mater Trans B. 2004;35:587–597. doi: 10.1007/s11663-004-0057-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama M, Springer H, Merzlikin SV, et al. Hydrogen embrittlement associated with strain localization in a precipitation-hardened Fe–Mn–Al–C light weight austenitic steel. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2014;39:4634–4646. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.12.171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu JH, Kim SK, Lee CS, et al. Effect of aluminium on hydrogen-induced fracture behaviour in austenitic Fe–Mn–C steel. Proc R Soc A – Math Phys. 2013;469.
   Google Scholar
• Enos DG, Scully JR. A critical-strain criterion for hydrogen embrittlement of cold-drawn, ultrafine pearlitic steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2002;33:1151–1166. doi: 10.1007/s11661-002-0217-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai K, Watanuki R. Hydrogen in trapping states innocuous to environmental degradation of high-strength steels. ISIJ Int. 2003;43:520–526. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.43.520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Akiyama E, Tsuzaki K. Effect of hydrogen on the fracture behavior of high strength steel during slow strain rate test. Corros Sci. 2007;49:4081–4097. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2007.03.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi S, Toji Y, Yoshino M, et al. Hydrogen embrittlement resistance evaluation of ultra high strength steel sheets for automobiles. ISIJ Int. 2012;52:316–322. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.52.316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnoush A, Vehoff H. Recent developments in the study of hydrogen embrittlement: hydrogen effect on dislocation nucleation. Acta Mater. 2010;58:5274–5285. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.05.057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamabe J, Awane T, Matsuoka S. Elucidating the hydrogen-entry-obstruction mechanism of a newly developed aluminum-based coating in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2015;40:10329–10339. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.06.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller RF, Scully JR. Spatial determination of diffusible hydrogen concentrations proximate to pits in a Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo steel using the scanning Kelvin probe. Electrochem Commun. 2016;63:5–9. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2015.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doshida T, Takai K. Dependence of hydrogen-induced lattice defects and hydrogen embrittlement of cold-drawn pearlitic steels on hydrogen trap state, temperature, strain rate and hydrogen content. Acta Mater. 2014;79:93–107. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki D, Koyama M, Hamada S, et al. Tensile properties of precracked tempered martensitic steel specimens tested at ultralow strain rates in high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere. Philos Mag Lett. 2015;95:260–268. doi: 10.1080/09500839.2015.1049574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagumo M, Nakamura M, Takai K. Hydrogen thermal desorption relevant to delayed-fracture susceptibility of high-strength steels. Metall Mater Trans A. 2001;32:339–347. doi: 10.1007/s11661-001-0265-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Akiyama E, Tsuzaki K. Determination of the critical hydrogen concentration for delayed fracture of high strength steel by constant load test and numerical calculation. Corros Sci. 2006;48:2189–2202. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2005.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, Lee YH, Lee DL, et al. Microstructural influences on hydrogen delayed fracture of high strength steels. Mater Sci Eng A. 2009;505:105–110. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.11.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama M, Akiyama E, Tsuzaki K. Hydrogen-induced delayed fracture of a Fe–22Mn–0.6 C steel pre-strained at different strain rates. Scr Mater. 2012;66:947–950. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.02.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lufrano J, Sofronis P. Enhanced hydrogen concentrations ahead of rounded notches and cracks—competition between plastic strain and hydrostatic stress. Acta Mater. 1998;46:1519–1526. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00364-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Akiyama E, Tsuzaki K. Effect of hydrogen and stress concentration on the notch tensile strength of AISI 4135 steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2005;398:37–46. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2005.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayas C, Deshpande VS, Fleck NA. A fracture criterion for the notch strength of high strength steels in the presence of hydrogen. J Mech Phys Solids. 2014;63:80–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2013.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei FG, Tsuzaki K. Quantitative analysis on hydrogen trapping of TiC particles in steel. Metall Mater Trans A. 2006;37:331–353. doi: 10.1007/s11661-006-0004-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe N, Suzuki H, Takai K, et al. Identification of hydrogen trapping sites, binding energies, and occupation ratios at vacancies, dislocations and grain boundaries in iron of varying carbon content. Materials Science and Technology Conference and Exhibition 2011, MS and T'11; 2011. p. 1277–1284.
   Google Scholar
• Koyama M, Tsuzaki K. Ε→γ reverse transformation-induced hydrogen desorption and Mn effect on hydrogen uptake in Fe–Mn binary alloys. ISIJ Int. 2015;55:2269–2271. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2015-215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee CW, Botnick EM. Hydrogen depth profiling using SIMS—problems and their solutions. J Vac Sci Technol. 1981;19:47–52. doi: 10.1116/1.571015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto A, Koyama M, Yamato S, et al. Detection of charged hydrogen in ferritic steel through cryogenic secondary ion mass spectrometry. ISIJ Int. 2015;55:335–337. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.55.335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamabe J, Matsuoka S, Murakami Y. Surface coating with a high resistance to hydrogen entry under high-pressure hydrogen-gas environment. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2013;38:10141–10154. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.05.152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers S, Rohwerder M. The hydrogen electrode in the “dry”: A Kelvin probe approach to measuring hydrogen in metals. Electrochem Commun. 2012;24:85–88. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.08.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers S, Senöz C, Rohwerder M. Spatially resolved high sensitive measurement of hydrogen permeation by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. Electrochim Acta. 2013;110:534–538. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gault B, Moody MP, Cairney JM, et al. Atom probe microscopy. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Hono K, Raabe D, Ringer SP, et al. Atom probe tomography of metallic nanostructures. MRS Bull. 2016;41:23–29. doi: 10.1557/mrs.2015.314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquis E, Choi PP, Danoix F, et al. New insights into the atomic-scale structures and behavior of steels. Microsc Today. 2012;20:44–48. doi: 10.1017/S1551929512000387
   Google Scholar
• Gault B, Loi ST, Araullo-Peters VJ, et al. Dynamic reconstruction for atom probe tomography. Ultramicroscopy. 2011;111:1619–1624. doi: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asahi H, Hirakami D, Yamasaki S. Hydrogen trapping behavior in vanadium-added steel. ISIJ Int. 2003;43:527–533. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.43.527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama M, Yamasaki D, Nagashima T, et al. In situ observations of silver-decoration evolution under hydrogen permeation: effects of grain boundary misorientation on hydrogen flux in pure iron. Scr Mater. 2017;129:48–51. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.10.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagao A, Kuramoto S, Ichitani K, et al. Visualization of hydrogen transport in high strength steels affected by stress fields and hydrogen trapping. Scr Mater. 2001;45:1227–1232. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(01)01154-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momotani Y, Shibata A, Terada D, et al. Hydrogen embrittlement behavior at different strain rates in low-carbon martensitic steel. Mater Today: Proc. 2015;2:S735–S738. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.387
   Google Scholar
• Morito S, Tanaka H, Konishi R, et al. The morphology and crystallography of lath martensite in Fe-C alloys. Acta Mater. 2003;51:1789–1799. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00577-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morsdorf L, Tasan CC, Ponge D, et al. 3D structural and atomic-scale analysis of lath martensite: effect of the transformation sequence. Acta Mater. 2015;95:366–377. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.05.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama M, Abe Y, Saito K, et al. Martensitic transformation-induced hydrogen desorption characterized by utilizing cryogenic thermal desorption spectroscopy during cooling. Scr Mater. 2016;122:50–53. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar