Private tutoring at transition points in the English education system: its nature, extent and purpose

References

• Baker , D.P. , Akiba , M. , Letendre , G. and Wiseman , A.W. 2001 . Worldwide shadow education: Outside‐school learning, institutional quality of schooling and cross‐national mathematics achievement . Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis , 23 ( 1 ) : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton , A. , Mullis , I. , Martin , M. , Gonzalez , E. , Kelly , D. and Smith , T. 1996 . Mathematics achievement in the middle school years: IEA's third international mathematics and science study , Chestnut Hill, MA : Center for the Study of Testing, Evaluation and Educational Policy, Boston College .
   Google Scholar
• Bloom , B.S. 1984 . The 2 sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one‐to‐one tutoring . Educational Researcher , 13 ( 6 ) : 4 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Bray , M. 2007 . The shadow education system: Private tutoring and its implications for planners. , 2nd ed. , Paris : International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO .
   Google Scholar
• Bray , M. and Kwok , P. 2003 . Demand for private supplementary tutoring: Conceptual considerations and socio‐economic patterns in Hong Kong . Economics of Education Review , 22 ( 6 ) : 611 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunting , B.P. and Mooney , E. 2001 . The effects of practice and coaching on test results for educational selection at eleven years of age . Educational Psychology , 21 ( 3 ) : 243 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , S. 2004 . School choice by default? Understanding the demand for private tutoring in Canada . American Journal of Education , 110 ( 3 ) : 233 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desforges , C. and Abouchaar , A. 2003 . The impact of parental involvement, parental support and family education on pupil achievement and adjustment: A review of the literature (Research Report No. 433) , London : Department for Education and Skills .
   Google Scholar
• DfES . 2005 . Higher standards, better schools for all (UK Government White Paper) , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberger , R. 1998 . Achievement: The importance of industriousness . Behavioural and Brain Sciences , 21 ( 3 ) : 412 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellson , D.G. 1976 . “ Tutoring ” . In The psychology of teaching methods , Edited by: Gage , N. 130 – 63 . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Foondum , A.R. 2002 . The issue of private tuition: An analysis of the practice in Mauritius and selected South‐East Asian countries . International Review of Education , 48 ( 6 ) : 485 – 515 .
   Google Scholar
• Heine , S.J. , Lehman , D.R. , Markus , H.R. and Kitayama , S. 1999 . Is there a universal need for positive self‐regard? . Psychological Review , 106 : 766 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoover‐Dempsey , K.V. and Sandler , H.M. 1997 . Why do parents become involved in their children's education? . Review of Education Research , 67 ( 3 ) : 2 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Ireson , J. 2004 . Private tutoring: How prevalent and effective is it? . London Review of Education , 2 ( 2 ) : 109 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Ireson , J. and Rushforth , K. 2005 . Mapping and evaluating shadow education (Final Report to the Economic and Social Research Council) , London : Institute of Education, University of London .
   Google Scholar
• Marsh , H.W. , Byrne , B.M. and Yeung , A.S. 1999 . Causal ordering of academic self‐concept and achievement: Reanalysis of a pioneering study and revised recommendations . Educational Psychologist , 34 : 154 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mischo , C. and Haag , L. 2002 . Expansion and effectiveness of private tutoring . European Journal of Psychology of Education , XVII ( 3 ) : 263 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD . 2001 . Knowledge and skills for life: First results from the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2000 , Paris : OECD .
   Google Scholar
• Paviot , L. , Heinsohn , N. and Korkman , J. 2008 . Extra tuition in southern and eastern Africa: Coverage, growth, and linkages with pupil achievement . International Journal of Educational Development , 28 : 149 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salili , F. 1996 . “ Accepting personal responsibility for learning ” . In The Chinese learner: Cultural, psychological and contextual influences , Edited by: Watkins , D.A. and Biggs , J.B. 85 – 105 . Hong Kong : Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong .
   Google Scholar
• Silova , I. and Bray , M. 2006 . “ The hidden marketplace: Private tuition in former socialist countries ” . In Education in a hidden marketplace: Monitoring of private tutoring , Edited by: ESP . 71 – 98 . Budapest : Education Support Program (ESP) of the Open Society Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Smyth , E. 2008 . The more, the better? Intensity of involvement in private tuition and examination performance . Educational Research and Evaluation , 14 ( 5 ) : 465 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson , H. and Stigler , J. 1992 . The learning gap , New York : Summit Books .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , M. 1981 . The education of the black child: The myth of multiracial education , London : Fontana .
   Google Scholar
• Sujatha , K. Private tuition in India: Trends and policy implications . Paper presented at IIEP Policy Forum ‘Confronting the shadow education system: What government policies for what private tutoring?’ . July 5–6 , Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• Tanner , E. , Ireson , J. , Day , N. , Rushforth , K. , Tennant , R. , Turcuk , O. and Smith , K. 2009 . Private tuition in England (Research Report DCSF‐RR081) , London : Department for Children, Schools and Families .
   Google Scholar
• Tweed , R.G. and Lehman , D.R. 2002 . Learning considered within a cultural context: Confucian and Socratic approaches . American Psychologist , 57 ( 2 ) : 89 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF . 1998 . Education for all? The MONEE project regional monitoring report no. 5 , Florence : UNICEF Child Development Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Wing On , L. 1996 . “ The cultural context for Chinese learners: Conceptions of learning in the Confucian tradition ” . In The Chinese learner: Cultural, psychological and contextual influences , Edited by: Watkins , D.A. and Biggs , J.B. 25 – 41 . Hong Kong : Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong .
   Google Scholar