Bystanders to bullying: fourth- to seventh-grade students’ perspectives on their reactions

References

• Almedia, A., I. Correia, and S. Marinho. 2010. “Moral Disengagement, Normative Beliefs or Peer Group, and Attitudes regarding Roles in Bullying.” Journal of School Violence 9: 23–36.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. 1999. “Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 3: 193–209.10.1207/pspr.1999.3.issue-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandura, A. 2002. “Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency.” Journal of Moral Education 31: 101–119.10.1080/0305724022014322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barchia, K., and K. Bussey. 2011. “Predictors of Student Defenders of Peer Aggression Victims: Empathy and Social Cognitive Factors.” International Journal of Behavioral Development 35: 289–297.10.1177/0165025410396746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. 1994. ?Why act for the Public Good? Four Answers.? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20: 603?610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellmore, A., T. L. Ma, J. I. You, and M. Hughes. 2012. “A Two-method Investigation of Early Adolescents’ Responses upon Witnessing Peer Victimization in School.” Journal of Adolescence 35: 1265–1276.10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumer, H. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Borntrager, C., J. L. Davis, A. Bernstein, and H. Gorman. 2009. “A Cross-national Perspective on Bullying.” Child & Youth Care Forum 38: 121–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosacki, S. L., Z. A. Marini, and A. V. Dane. 2006. “Voices from the Classroom: Pictorial and Narrative Representations of Children’s Bullying Experiences.” Journal of Moral Education 35: 231–245.10.1080/03057240600681769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caravita, S. C. S., P. D. Blasio, and C. Salmivalli. 2009. “Unique and Interactive Effects of Empathy and Social Status on Involvement in Bullying.” Social Development 18: 140–163.10.1111/sode.2009.18.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Charon, J. M. 2007. Symbolic Interactionism: An Introduction, an Interpretation, and Integration. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, S., and Y. Cho. 2013. “Influence of Psychological and Social Factors on Bystanders’ Roles in School Bullying among Korean-American Students in the United States.” School Psychology International 34: 67–81.10.1177/0143034311430406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colnerud, G. Forthcoming. Moral Stress in Teaching Practice. Linköping: Linköping University.
   Google Scholar
• Correia, I., and C. Dalbert. 2008. “School Bullying.” European Psychologist 13: 248–254.10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, W., and D. Pepler. 1997. “Observations of Bullying and Victimization in the School Yard.” Canadian Journal of Social Psychology 13: 41–60.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, W. M., D. Pepler, and R. Atlas. 2000. “Observations of Bullying in the Playground and in the Classroom.” School Psychology International 21: 22–36.10.1177/0143034300211002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslea, M., E. Menesini, Y. Morita, M. O?Moore, J. A. Mora-Merchán, B. Pereira, and P. K. Smith. 2004. ?Friendship and Loneliness among Bullies and Victims: Data from Seven Countries.? Aggressive Behavior 30: 71?83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flick, U. (ed.). Forthcoming. SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan, C. 1993. In a Different Voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gini, G. 2006. ?Social Cognition and Moral Cognition in Bullying: What’s Wrong?? Aggressive Behavior 32: 528?539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gini, G., P. Albiero, B. Benelli, and G. Altoè. 2007. “Does Empathy Predict Adolescents’ Bullying and Defending Behavior?” Aggressive Behavior 33: 467–476.10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gini, G., P. Albiero, B. Benelli, and G. Altoè. 2008. “Determinants of Adolescents’ Active Defending and Passive Bystanding Behavior in Bullying.” Journal of Adolescence 31: 93–105.10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G. 1978. Theoretical Sensitivity. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G. 1998. Doing Grounded Theory. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G., and A. L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. 1990. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, D. L., D. J. Pepler, and W. M. Craig. 2001. “Naturalistic Observations of Peer Interventions in Bullying.” Social Development 10: 512–527.10.1111/sode.2001.10.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, J. P., and D. Shulman. 2011. Self and Society: A Symbolic Interactionist Social Psychology. 11th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. L. 2000. Empathy and Moral Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., and G. M. Vaughan. 2008. Social Psychology. 5th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Jameton, A. 1984. Nursing Practice: The Ethical Issues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Knipe, D., M. Reynolds, and S. Milner. 2007. “Exclusion in Schools in Northern Ireland: The Pupils’ Voice.” Research Papers in Education 22: 407–424.10.1080/02671520701651060
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, P., J. Scourfield, N. Smalley, and R. Jones. 2008. “The Social Context of School Bullying: Evidence from a Survey of Children in South Wales.” Research Papers in Education 23: 269–291.10.1080/02671520701809866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, S. 2009. “A Pluralist View of Generalization in Qualitative Research.” International Journal of Research & Method in Education 32: 25–38.
   Google Scholar
• Lützén, K., and B. E. Kvist. 2012. “Moral Distress: A Comparative Analysis of Theoretical Understandings and Inter-related Concepts.” HEC Forum 24: 13–25.10.1007/s10730-012-9178-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayall, Berry. 2008. ?Conversations with Children: Working with Generational Issues.? In Research with Children: Perspectives and Practices, edited by Pia Christensen and Allison James, 120?135. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J., and R. Deady. 2008. “Moral Distress Reconsidered.” Nursing Ethics 15: 254–262.10.1177/0969733007086023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooij, T. 2011. “Differences in Pupil Characteristics and Motives in Being a Victim, Perpetrator and Witness of Violence in Secondary Education.” Research Papers in Education 26: 105–128.10.1080/02671520903191196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noddings, N. 2003. Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Obermann, M. L. 2011. “Moral Disengagement among Bystanders to School Bullying.” Journal of School Violence 10: 239–257.10.1080/15388220.2011.578276
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell, P., D. Pepler, and W. Craig. 1999. “Peer Involvement in Bullying: Insights and Challenges for Intervention.” Journal of Adolescence 22: 437–452.10.1006/jado.1999.0238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, I., and R. J. Hazler. 2009. “Contributions of Personal and Situational Factors to Bystanders’ Reactions to School Bullying.” School Psychology International 30: 291–310.10.1177/0143034309106499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olweus, D. 1993. Bullying at School. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrini, A. D., M. Bartini, and F. Brooks. 1999. “School Bullies, Victims, and Aggressive Victims: Factors Relating to Group Affiliation and Victimization in Early Adolescence.” Journal of Educational Psychology 91: 216–224.10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini, A. D., and J. D. Long. 2002. “A Longitudinal Study of Bullying, Dominance, and Victimization during the Transition from Primary School through Secondary School.” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 20: 259–280.10.1348/026151002166442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, J. R., and S. Smith-Adcock. 2011. “Children Who Help Victims of Bullying: Implications for Practice.” International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 33: 196–205.10.1007/s10447-011-9121-9
   Google Scholar
• Pöyhönen, V., J. Juvonen, and C. Salmivalli. 2012. “Standing up for the Victim, Siding with the Bully or Standing by? Bystander Responses in Bullying Situations.” Social Development 21: 722–741.10.1111/sode.2012.21.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzoli, T., R. P. Ang, and G. Gini. 2012. “Bystanders’ Reactions to Bullying: A Cross-cultural Analysis of Personal Correlates among Italian and Singaporean Students.” Social Development 21: 686–703.10.1111/sode.2012.21.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzoli, T., and G. Gini. 2010. “Active Defending and Passive Bystanding Behavior in Bullying: The Role of Personal Characteristics and Perceived Peer Pressure.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 38: 815–827.10.1007/s10802-010-9399-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzoli, T., and G. Gini. 2013. “Why Do Bystanders of Bullying Help or Not? A Multidimensional Model.” The Journal of Early Adolescence 33: 315–340.10.1177/0272431612440172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravet, J. 2007. “Making Sense of Disengagement in the Primary Classroom: A Study of Pupil, Teacher and Parent Perceptions.” Research Papers in Education 22: 333–362.10.1080/02671520701497589
   Google Scholar
• Rigby, K., and B. Johnson. 2005. “Student Bystanders in Australian Schools.” Pastoral Care in Education 23: 10–16.10.1111/past.2005.23.issue-2
   Google Scholar
• Rigby, K., and B. Johnson. 2006. “Expressed Readiness of Australian Schoolchildren to Act as Bystanders in Support of Children Who Are Being Bullied.” Educational Psychology 26: 425–440.10.1080/01443410500342047
   Google Scholar
• Rivers, I., V. P. Poteat, N. Noret, and N. Ashurst. 2009. “Observing Bullying at School: The Mental Health Implications of Witness Status.” School Psychology Quarterly 24: 211–223.10.1037/a0018164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli, C. 1999. “Participant Role Approach to School Bullying: Implications for Interventions.” Journal of Adolescence 22: 453–459.10.1006/jado.1999.0239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singal, N., and M. Swann. 2011. “Children’s Perceptions of Themselves as Learner inside and outside School.” Research Papers in Education 26: 469–484.10.1080/02671520903281617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavrinides, P., S. Georgiou, M. Nikiforou, and E. Kiteri. 2011. “Longitudinal Investigation of the Relationship between Bullying and Psychosocial Adjustment.” European Journal of Developmental Psychology 8: 730–743.10.1080/17405629.2011.628545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedish National Agency for Education [Skolverket]. 2011. Evaluation of Anti-Bullying Methods (Report 353). Stockholm: Skolverket.
   Google Scholar
• Sweeting, H., and P. West. 2001. “Being Different: Correlates of the Experience of Teasing and Bullying at Age 11.” Research Papers in Education 16: 225–246.10.1080/02671520110058679
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, W. L., and D. Thomas. 1928. The Child in America. New York, NY: Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Thornberg, R. 2007. “A Classmate in Distress: Schoolchildren as Bystanders and Their Reasons for How They Act.” Social Psychology of Education 10: 5–28.10.1007/s11218-006-9009-4
   Google Scholar
• Thornberg, R. 2010. “A Student in Distress: Moral Frames and Bystander Behavior in School.” The Elementary School Journal 110: 585–608.10.1086/605615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberg, R. 2012. “Informed Grounded Theory.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 56: 243–259.10.1080/00313831.2011.581686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberg, R., and K. Charmaz. Forthcoming. “Grounded Theory and Theoretical Coding.” In SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Thornberg, R., K. Halldin, N. Bolmsjö, and A. Petersson. 2013. “Victimising of School Bullying: A Grounded Theory.” Research Papers in Education 28 (3): 309–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberg, R., and T. Jungert. 2013. “Bystander Behavior in Bullying Situations: Basic Moral Sensitivity, Moral Disengagement and Defender Self-Efficacy.” Journal of Adolescence 36: 475–483.10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberg, R., L. Tenenbaum, K. Varjas, J. Meyers, T. Jungert, and G. Vanegas. 2012. “Bystander Motivation in Bullying Incidents: To Intervene of Not to Intervene?” Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 13: 247–252.10.5811/westjem.2012.3.11792
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorne, B. 1993. Gender play: Girls and Boys in School. Buckingham: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• West, P., H. Sweeting, and R. Young. 2010. “Transition Matters: Pupils’ Experiences of the Primary-secondary School Transition in the West of Scotland and Consequences for Well-being and Attainment.” Research Papers in Education 25: 21–50.10.1080/02671520802308677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar