Internal brand orientation: conceptualisation, scale development and validation

References

• Aaker, D. A. (1996). Building strong brands. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aaker, D. A., & Joachimsthaler, E. (2000). Brand leadership. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C. (1987). An approach for confirmatory measurement and structural equation modeling of organizational properties. Management Science, 33(4), 525–541. doi:10.1287/mnsc.33.4.525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashill, N., Davies, K., & Thompson, I. (2003). Characteristics of marketing organization in the New Zealand financial services sector. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 21(2), 80–93. doi:10.1108/02652320310461465
   Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. doi:10.1007/BF02723327
   Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 421–458. doi:10.2307/2393203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balmer, J. (2008). Identity based view of the corporation. European Journal of Marketing, 42(9/10), 879–906. doi:10.1108/03090560810891055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgarth, C. (2010). ’Living the Brand’: Brand orientation in the business-to-business sector. European Journal of Marketing, 44(5), 653–671. doi:10.1108/03090561011032315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearden, W. O., Hardesty, D., & Rose, R. (2001). Consumer self-confidence: Refinements in conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 121–134. doi:10.1086/321951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedbury, S. (2002). A new brand world: 8 Principles for achieving brand leadership in the 21^st century. UK: Penguin books.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, L. L. (2000). Cultivating service brand equity. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Strategy, 28(1), 128–137. doi:10.1177/0092070300281012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1991). Marketing services: Competing through quality. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, E., & Williams, M. (2005). Internal branding. In A. M. Tybout & T. Calkins (Eds.), Kellogg on branding (pp. 320–326). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Burmann, C., Zeplin, S., & Riley, N. (2009). Key determinants of internal brand management success: An exploratory empirical analysis. The Journal of Brand Management, 16(4), 264–284. doi:10.1057/bm.2008.6
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. L., Quincy, C., Osserman, J., & Pedersen, O. K. (2013). Coding in-depth semistructured interviews: Problems of unitization and intercoder reliability and agreement. Sociological Methods & Research, 42(3), 294–320. doi:10.1177/0049124113500475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, A., Chiang, H., & Han, T. (2012). A multilevel investigation of relationships among brand-centered HRM, brand psychological ownership, brand citizenship behaviors, and customer satisfaction. European Journal of Marketing, 46(5), 626–662. doi:10.1108/03090561211212458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64–73. doi:10.2307/3150876
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in scale development. Psychological assessment, 7(3), 309–319. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. C. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302. doi:10.1037/h0040957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M., & Fleiss, J. L. (1982). Measuring agreement for multinomial data. Biometrics, 38(4), 1047–1051. doi:10.2307/2529886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, S. (2005). Building a brand driven organization. In A. M. Tybout & T. Calkins (Eds.), Kellogg on branding (pp. 226–243). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, S., & Dunn, M. (2002). Building the brand-driven business: Operationalize your brand to drive profitable growth. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley and Sons, Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• De Chernatony, L. (1999). Brand management through narrowing the gap between brand identity and brand reputation. Journal of Marketing Management, 15(1–3), 157–179. doi:10.1362/026725799784870432
   Google Scholar
• De Chernatony, L. (2001). From brand vision to brand evaluation – strategically building and sustaining brands. Oxford: Butterworth – Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• De Chernatony, L., & Cottam, S. (2009). Interacting contributions of different departments to brand success. Journal of Business Research, 62(3), 297–304. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Chernatony, L., Drury, S., & Segal-Horn, S. (2003). Building a services brand: Stages, people and orientations. The Service Industries Journal, 23(3), 1–21. doi:10.1080/714005116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Chernatony, L., McDonald, M., & Wallace, E. (2011). Creating powerful brands (4th ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• De Vellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Devasagayam, P. R., Buff, C. L., Aurand, T. W., & Judson, K. M. (2010). Building brand community membership within organizations: A viable internal branding alternative? Journal of Product and Brand Management, 19(3), 210–217. doi:10.1108/10610421011046184
   Google Scholar
• Dillman, D. A. (2007). Mail and Internet Surveys: The tailored design method (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, M., & Davis, S. (2003). Building brands from the inside. Marketing Management, 12(3), 32–37. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, Accession number: 10600467 http://www.ebscohost.com
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, R. (1984). The principle of parsimony and some applications in psychology. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 5(2), 119–130. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43853318
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, M. T., & Napoli, J. (2005). Developing and validating a multidimensional nonprofit brand orientation scale. Journal of Business Research, 58(6), 841–853. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 286–299. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, C., Punjaisri, K., & Cheng, R. (2010). Exploring the relationship between corporate, internal and employer branding. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 19(6), 401–409. doi:10.1108/10610421011085712
   Google Scholar
• Gerbing, D. P., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimentionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186–192. doi:10.2307/3172650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, L. D., & Goodwin, W. L. (1985). Statistical techniques in AERJ articles, 1979–1983: The preparation of graduate students to read the educational research literature. Educational Researcher, 14(2), 5–11. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1174902
   Google Scholar
• Gromark, J., & Melin, F. (2011). The underlying dimensions of brand orientation and its impact on financial performance. Journal of Brand Management, 18(6), 394–410. doi:10.1057/bm.2010.52
   Google Scholar
• Gulati, S. (2007). Silo busting: How to execute on the promise of customer focus. Harvard Business Review, 85(5), 98–108. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, Accession number: 24635722 http://www.ebscohost.com
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, L. C., & Ogbonna, E. (2006). Service sabotage: A study of antecedents and consequences. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(4), 543–558. doi:10.1177/0092070306287324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, S., Richard, D. C., & Kubany, E. S. (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 232–247. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, J., & Mehra, S. (1999). Operationalizing productivity improvement programs through total quality management. The International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 16(1), 72–84. doi:10.1108/02656719910250890
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Y., & Tsai, Y. (2013). Antecedents and consequences of brand-oriented companies. European Journal of Marketing, 47(11/12), 2020–2041. doi:10.1108/EJM-07-2011-0371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, D. E., & Ahearne, M. (2010). Energizing the reseller’s sales force: The power of brand identification. Journal of Marketing, 74(July), 81–96. doi:10.1509/jmkg.74.4.81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacobucci, D., Ostrom, A., & Grayson, K. (1995). Distinguishing service quality and customer satisfaction: The voice of the consumer. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 4(3), 277–303. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp0403_04
   Google Scholar
• Ind, N. (2001). Living the brand. London: Kogan Page.
   Google Scholar
• Jaworski, B. J., & Kohli, A. K. (1993). Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 57(July), 53–73. doi:10.2307/1251854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassarjian, H. H. (1977). Content analysis in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 4(1), 8–18. doi:10.1086/208674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(January), 1–22. doi:10.2307/1252054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, K. L. (1999). Brand mantras: Rationale, criteria and examples. Journal of Marketing Management, 15(1–3), 43–51. doi:10.1362/026725799784870513
   Google Scholar
• Keller, K. L. (2013). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Keller, K. L., & Lehmann, D. R. (2006). Brands and branding: Research findings and future priorities. Marketing Science, 25(6), 740–759. doi:10.1287/mksc.1050.0153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, C., & Grace, D. (2008). Internal branding: Exploring the employee’s perspective. The Journal of Brand Management, 15(5), 358–372. doi:10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550136
   Google Scholar
• King, C., & Grace, D. (2010). Building and measuring employee based brand equity. European Journal of Marketing, 44(7/8), 938–971. doi:10.1108/03090561011047472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, C., & Grace, D. (2012). Examining the antecedents of positive employee brand-related attitudes and behaviours. European Journal of Marketing, 46(3/4), 469–488. doi:10.1108/03090561211202567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, N. (1994). The qualitative research interview. In C. Cassel & S. London (Eds.), Qualitative methods in organizational research: A practical guide (pp. 14–36). London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kinnear, T. C., & Taylor, R. (1996). Marketing research, an applied approach (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Kohli, A. K., & Jaworski, B. J. (1990). Market orientation: The construct, research propositions, and managerial implications. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 1–18. doi:10.2307/1251866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotler, P. (2005). Foreword. In A. M. Tybout & T. Calkins (Eds.), Kellogg on branding (pp. ix–x). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. doi:10.2307/2529310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., & Sablynski, C. J. (1999). Qualitative research in organizational and vocational psychology, 1979–1999. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(2), 161–187. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1999.1707
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C.-Y., Ko, W. W., & Chapleo, C. (2017). Managing employee attention and internal branding. Journal of Business Research, 79(1), 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.05.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löhndorf, B., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2014). Internal branding: Social identity and social exchange perspectives on turning employees into brand champions. Journal of Service Research, 17(3), 310–325. doi:10.1177/1094670514522098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M’ Zungu, S., Merrilees, B., & Miller, D. (2010). Brand management to protect brand equity: A conceptual model. Journal of Brand Management, 17(8), 605–617. doi:10.1057/bm.2010.15
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, S. В., Podsakoff, P. M., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2011). Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research: Integrating new and existing techniques. MIS Quarterly, 35(2), 293–334. doi:10.2307/23044045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahnert, K. F., & Torres, A. M. (2007). The brand inside: The factors of failure and success in internal branding. Irish Marketing, 19(1–2), 54–63. Review. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, Accession number: 28748437 http://www.ebscohost.com
   Google Scholar
• Matanda, M. J., & Ndubisi, N. O. (2013). Internal marketing, internal branding, and organisational outcomes: The moderating role of perceived goal congruence. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(9–10), 1030–1055. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2013.800902
   Google Scholar
• Merrilees, B., & Frazer, L. (2013). Internal branding: Franchisor leadership as a critical determinant. Journal of Business Research, 66(2), 158–164. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, W. L., & Crabtree, B. F. (1999). Using codes and code manuals: A template organizing style of interpretation. In B. F. Crabtree & W. L. Miller (Eds.), Doing qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, C. (2002). Selling the brand inside. Harvard Business Review, 80(1), 99–105. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, Accession number: 5848101 http://www.ebscohost.com
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morhart, F. M., Herzog, W., & Tomczak, T. (2009). Brand-specific leadership: Turning employees into brand champions. Journal of Marketing, 73(September), 122–142. doi:10.1509/jmkg.73.5.122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narver, J. C., & Slater, S. F. (1990). The effect of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing, 54(4), 20–35. doi:10.2307/1251757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, R. (2000). Service management: Strategy and leadership in service business (3rd ed.). Chichester: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Book.
   Google Scholar
• Obermiller, C., & Spangenberg, E. R. (1998). Development of a scale to measure consumer skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7(2), 159–186. doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp0702_03
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, A. L., Iacobucci, D., & Morgan, F. N. (2005). Services Branding. In A. M. Tybout & T. Calkins (Eds.), Kellogg on branding (pp. 186–200). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Paisley, W. J. (1969). Studying style as deviation from encoding norms. In G. Gerbner,‎ O. R. Holsti,‎ K. Krippendorff,‎ W. J. Paisley,‎ & P. J. Stone (Eds.), The analysis of communications content: Developments in scientific theories and computer techniques (pp. 133–146). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Piehler, R., King, C., Burmann, C., & Xiong, L. (2016). The importance of employee brand understanding, brand identification, and brand commitment in realizing brand citizenship behavior. European Journal of Marketing, 50(9/10), 1575–1601. doi:10.1108/EJM-11-2014-0725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punjaisri, K., Evanschitzky, H., & Rudd, J. (2013). Aligning employee service recovery performance with brand values: The role of brand-specific leadership. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(9–10), 981–1006. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2013.803144
   Google Scholar
• Punjaisri, K., Evanschitzky, H., & Wilson, A. (2009). Internal branding: An enabler of employees’ brand-supporting behaviors. Journal of Service Management, 20(2), 209–226. doi:10.1108/09564230910952780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punjaisri, K., & Wilson, A. (2007). The role of internal branding in the delivery of employee brand promise. The Journal of Brand Management, 15(1), 57–70. doi:10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550110
   Google Scholar
• Punjaisri, K., & Wilson, A. (2011). Internal branding process: Key mechanisms, outcomes and moderating factors. European Journal of Marketing, 45(9/10), 1521–1537. doi:10.1108/03090561111151871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punjaisri, K., Wilson, A., & Evanschitzky, H. (2008). Exploring the influences of internal branding on employees’ brand promise delivery: Implications for strengthening customer – brand relationships. Journal of Relationship Management, 7(4), 407–423. doi:10.1080/15332660802508430
   Google Scholar
• Richards, L. (2002). Introducing NVivo: A workshop handbook. Doncaster, VIC: QSR International.
   Google Scholar
• Riefler, P., Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2012). Cosmopolitan consumers as target group for segmentation. Journal of International Business Studies, 43(3), 285–305. doi:10.1057/jibs.2011.51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1991). Criteria for scale selection and evaluation. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saleem, F. Z., & Iglesias, O. (2016). Mapping the domain of the fragmented field of internal branding. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 25(1), 43–57. doi:10.1108/JPBM-11-2014-0751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, S. (1996). Applied multivariate techniques. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Simoes, C., Dibb, S., & Fisk, R. P. (2005). Managing corporate identity: An internal perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 33(2), 153–168. doi:10.1177/0092070304268920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarnovskaya, V., & De Chernatony, L. (2011). Internalising a brand across cultures: The case of IKEA. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 39(8), 598–618. doi:10.1108/09590551111148677
   Google Scholar
• Thomson, K., & Hecker, L. A. (2000). The business value of buy-in. In R. J. Varey & B. R. Lewis (Eds.), Internal marketing: Directions for marketing (pp. 160–172). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tosti, D. T., & Stotz, R. D. (2001). Building your brand from the inside out. Marketing Management, 10(2), 28–33. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, Accession number: 4966508 http://www.ebscohost.com
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich, D., & Smallwood, N. (2007). Building a leadership brand. Harvard Business Review, 85(7/8), 93–100. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, Accession number: 25354749 http://www.ebscohost.com
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urde, M. (1994). Brand orientation – a strategy for survival. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 11(3), 18–32. doi:10.1108/07363769410065445
   Google Scholar
• Urde, M. (1999). Brand orientation: A mindset for building brands into strategic resources. Journal of Marketing Management, 15(1–3), 117–133. doi:10.1362/026725799784870504
   Google Scholar
• Vallaster, C., & De Chernatony, L. (2005). Internationalization of services brands: The role of leadership during the internal brand building process. Journal of Marketing Management, 21(1/2), 181–203. doi:10.1362/0267257053166839
   Google Scholar
• Vallaster, C., & De Chernatony, L. (2006). Internal brand building and structuration: The role of leadership. European Journal of Marketing, 40(7), 761–784. doi:10.1108/03090560610669982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentzel, D. (2009). The effect of employee behavior on brand personality impressions and brand attitudes. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 37(3), 359–374. doi:10.1007/s11747-009-0140-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whisman, R. (2009). Internal branding: A university’s most valuable intangible asset. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 18(5), 367–370. doi:10.1108/10610420910981846
   Google Scholar
• Wong, C. S., Law, K. S., & Huang, G. H. (2008). On the importance of conducting construct-level analysis for multidimensional constructs in theory development and testing. Journal of Management, 34(4), 744–764. doi:10.1177/0149206307312506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, H. Y., & Merrilees, B. (2007). Closing the marketing strategy to performance gap: The role of brand orientation. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 15(5), 387–402. doi:10.1080/09652540701726942
   Google Scholar