References
- Abrams, L. S., & Moio, J. A. (2009). Critical race theory and the cultural competence dilemma in social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 45(2), 245–261. https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2009.200700109
- Anderson, G. (2008, June 2). Marketers, don’t just blindly follow latest media trends. AdAge.
- Anderson, J. R., Holland, E., Heldreth, C., & Johnson, S. P. (2018). Revisiting the jezebel stereotype: The impact of target race on sexual objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(4), 461–476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684318791543
- Associated Press. (2008, August 8). Beyoncé not altered, L’Oréal says. Toronto Star (Canada) E09.
- Association of National Advertisers, & Alliance for Inclusive and Multicultural Marketing (AIMM). (2018). A diversity report for the advertising/marketing industry.
- Astor, M. (2017). Dove drops ad after it draws criticism for being racist. New York Times, 167, B2.
- Baker, C. N. (2005). Images of women’s sexuality in advertisements: A content analysis of Black- and White-oriented women’s and men’s magazines. Sex Roles, 52(1–2), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1190-y
- Banerjee, M., Capozzoli, M., McSweeney, L., & Sinha, D. (1999). Beyond Kappa: A review of interrater agreement measures. The Canadian Journal of Statistics, 27(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/3315487
- Banks, I. (2000). Hair matters: Beauty, power, and black women’s consciousness. NYU Press.
- Barber, K. (2011). “What happened to all the protests?” Black megachurches’ responses to racism in a colorblind era. Journal of African American Studies, 15(2), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-010-9154-x
- BBC News. (2017). “Racist” Dove ad: Model Lola Ogunyemi speaks out. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=c_F29AJYzkQ
- Begedou, K. (2015). Decolonizing the mind and fostering self-esteem: Fanon and Morrison on skin lightening practices in the African diaspora. D1. National Association of African American Studies.
- Bell, D. A. (1980). Brown v. Board of education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93(3), 518–533. https://doi.org/10.2307/1340546
- Bendick, M., & Egan, M. L. (2009). Research perspectives on race and employment in the advertising industry. Bendick and Egan Economic Consultants Washington, DC.
- Bimper, J. A. (2015). Lifting the veil: Exploring colorblind racism in Black student athlete experiences. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 39(3), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723513520013
- Bloch, K. R., Taylor, T., & Martinez, K. (2019). Playing the race card: White injury, White victimhood and the paradox of colour-blind ideology in anti-immigrant discourse. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 43(7), 1130–1148. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2019.1648844
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (2003). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- Bonilla-Silva, E., & Ashe, A. (2014). The end of racism? Colorblind racism and popular media. In S. Nilsen & S. E. Turner (Eds.), The colorblind screen: Television in post-racial America (pp. 57–79). New York University Press.
- Bonilla-Silva, E., Doane, A., & Bonilla‐Silva, E. (2003). “New racism,” color-blind racism, and the future of Whiteness in America. In White out: The continuing significance of racism (1st ed., pp. 271–284). Routledge.
- Boulton, C. (2015). Under the cloak of whiteness: A circuit of culture analysis of opportunity hoarding and colour-blind racism inside US advertising internship programs. TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 13(2), 390–403. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v13i2.592
- Bristor, J. M., Lee, R. G., & Hunt, M. R. (1995). Race and ideology: African-American images in television advertising. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 14(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/074391569501400105
- Burke, M. (2008). Colorism. In A. Darity Jr (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (Vol. 2, pp. 17–18). Thomson Gale.
- Burton, L. M., Bonilla‐Silva, E., Ray, V., Buckelew, R., & Hordge Freeman, E. (2010). Critical race theories, colorism, and the decade’s research on families of color. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 440–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00712.x
- Campbell, F. A. K. (2008). Exploring internalized ableism using critical race theory. Disability & Society, 23(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590701841190
- Carrera, J. S., & Flowers, C. C. (2018). Sanitation inequity and the cumulative effects of racism in colorblind public health policies. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 77(3–4), 941–966. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12242
- Chan, M. (2017, October 9). Dove’s “racist” ad is just the latest headache for the company. Time.
- Clout, L. (2008, August 8). Light-skinned Beyoncé ad sparks outrage. The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/2521327/Light-skinned-Beyonce-ad-sparks-outrage-knowles-LOre.html
- Cornelis, I., & Van Hiel, A. (2006). The impact of cognitive styles on authoritarianism based conservatism and racism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 28(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2801_4
- Cowart, K. O., & Lehnert, K. D. (2018). Empirical evidence of the effect of colorism on customer evaluations. Psychology & Marketing, 35(5), 357. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21091
- Craig, R. S. (1992). The effect of television day part on gender portrayals in television commercials: A content analysis. Sex Roles, 26(5–6), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289707
- Crenshaw, K., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., & Thomas, K. (Eds.). (1996). Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. The New Press.
- Davis, J. F. (2018). Selling whiteness? – A critical review of the literature on marketing and racism. Journal of Marketing Management, 34(1–2), 134–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2017.1395902
- Delgando, R., & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York University Press.
- Desai, D. (2010). The challenge of new colorblind racism in art education. Art Education, 63(5), 22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2010.11519084
- Dhillon-Jamerson, K. K. (2019). Marketing marriage and colorism in India. In G. D. Johnson, K. D. Thomas, A. K. Harrison, & S. A. Grier (Eds.), Race in the marketplace: Crossing critical boundaries (pp. 121–136). Springer.
- DiAngelo, R. (2018, May 30). As Starbucks trains on implicit bias, the author of “White Fragility” gets real. USA Today. usatoday.com
- Donnella, L. (2016, August 25). All mixed up: What do we call people of multiple backgrounds? NPR.Org.
- Dove [@Dove]. (2017, October 7). Apology [Tweet]. https://twitter.com/Dove/status/916731793927278592
- Edwards, O. L. (1973). Skin color as a variable in racial attitudes of Black urbanites. Journal of Black Studies, 3(4), 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193477300300405
- Elise, S. (2004). How Whites play their rAce card: Drylongso stories reveal “the game”. Sociological Perspectives, 47(4), 409–438). https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2004.47.4.409
- Ernst, R. (2010). The price of progressive politics: The welfare rights movement in an era of colorblind racism. New York University Press.
- Essed, P. (2019). Critical race theory. In M. S. Lewis-Beck, A. Bryman, & T. F. Liao (Eds.), The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods (Vol. 1, pp. 221–221). SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Freedlander, D. (2018, May 8). How Eric Schneiderman went from political golden boy to disgrace. The New Yorker, Intelligencer.
- Goldsmith, A. H., Hamilton, D., & Darity, W., Jr. (2006). Shades of discrimination: Skin tone and wages. American Economic Review, 96(2), 242–245. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282806777212152
- Gullickson, A. (2005). The significance of color declines: A re-analysis of skin tone differentials in post-civil rights America. Social Forces, 84(1), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0099
- Gwaltney, J. L. (1993). Drylongso: A self-portrait of Black America. (New Press). The New Press.
- Hall, R. E. (2005). From the psychology of race to the issue of skin color for people of African descent. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(9), 1958–1967. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02204.x
- Harris, A. P. (2008). From color line to color chart: Racism and colorism in the new century. Journal of African-American Law & Policy, 10(1), 52–69.
- Harrison, R. L., Thomas, K. D., & Cross, S. N. N. (2017). Restricted visions of multiracial identity in advertising. Journal of Advertising, 46(4), 503–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2017.1360227
- Henderson, J., Baldasty, G. J., & Baldasty, J. (2003). Race, advertising, and prime-time television. Howard Journal of Communication, 14(2), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170304267
- Herring, C., Keith, V., & Horton, H. D. (2004). Skin deep: How race and complexion matter in the “color-blind” era. University of Illinois Press.
- Higgs, R. (2008). The complex course of ideological change. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 67(4), 547–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2008.00592.x
- Hill, M. E. (2002). Skin color and the perception of attractiveness among African Americans: Does gender make a difference? Social Psychology Quarterly, 65(1), 77–91. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3090169
- Hing, J. (2010, September 3). Gabourey Sidibe is a (much lighter) Elle cover girl. Colorlines. www.colorlines.com
- Hoyt, C. (2016a). The arc of a bad idea: Understanding and transcending race (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Hoyt, C. (2016b). The racialization process. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=cTcs-qOaAQ0
- Hughes, M., & Hertel, B. R. (1990). The significance of color remains: A study of life chances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among Black Americans. Social Forces, 68(4), 1105–1120. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579136
- Hunter, M. L. (2013). Race, gender, and the politics of skin tone. Routledge.
- Jones, T. (1999). Shades of brown: The law of skin color. Duke LJ, 49(6), 1487. https://doi.org/10.2307/1373052
- Keenan, K. L. (1996). Skin tones and physical features of Blacks in magazines advertisements. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(4), 905–912. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909607300410
- Keith, V. M. (2009). A colorstruck world: Skin tone, achievement, and self-esteem among African American women. In E. N. Glenn (Ed.), Shades of difference: Why skin color matters. (pp. 25-29). Stanford University Press.
- Kernahan, C., & Davis, T. (2007). Changing perspective: How learning about racism influences student awareness and emotion. Teaching of Psychology, 34(1), 49–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/009862830703400111
- Kerr, A. E. (2005). The paper bag principle: Of the myth and the motion of colorism. Journal of American Folklore, 118(469), 271–289. https://doi.org/10.1353/jaf.2005.0031
- Kerr, A. E. (2006). The paper bag principle: Class, colorism, and rumor and the case of Black Washington. Univ. of Tennessee Press.
- Kuryla, P. (2005). Blue vein society. In G. Jaynes (Ed.), Encyclopedia of African American society (pp. 133–134). SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/095183998236863
- Leach, B. (2010, September 16). Elle magazine in Gabourey Sidibe skin lightening controversy. The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8005734/Elle-magazine-in-Gabourey-Sidibe-skin-lightening-controversy.html
- Long, H. (2017, September 15). African Americans are the only U.S. racial group earning less than in 2000. New York Times.
- López, G. R. (2003). The (racially neutral) politics of education: A critical race theory perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(1), 68–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X02239761
- Marikar, S. (2010, September 15). Gabourey Sidibe’s Elle Cover: Offensive? ABC News.
- Martin, B. A. S., & Collins, B. A. (2002). Violence and consumption imagery in music videos. European Journal of Marketing, 36(7/8), 855–873. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560210430845
- Martin, D. B. (2009). Researching race in mathematics education. Teachers College Record, 111(2), 295–338.
- Martinez, A. Y. (2014). Critical race theory: Its origins, history, and importance to the discourses and rhetorics of race. Frame: Journal of Literary Studies, 27(2), 9–27. http://www.tijdschriftframe.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Frame-27_2-Critical-Race-Theory.pdf
- McCoy, D. L., Winkle-Wagner, R., & Luedke, C. L. (2015). Colorblind mentoring? Exploring White faculty mentoring of students of color. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 8(4), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038676
- Media, PQ., Quinn, P., & Kivijarv, L. (2018). Global advertising & marketing revenue forecast 2018-22 (Custom Media Report No. 6th Edition). PQ Media
- Mitchell, T. A. (2017). The advertising process [Keynote slides]. Creative Advertising Campaigns, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.
- Mukherjee, R. (2014). Rhyme and reason: “Post-Race” and the politics of colorblind racism. In S. Nilsen & S. E. Turner (Eds.), The colorblind screen: Television in post-racial America (pp. 39–56). New York University Press.
- Neuendorf, K. A. (2001). The content analysis guidebook (1st ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
- Neville, H. A., Awad, G. H., Brooks, J. E., Flores, M. P., & Bluemel, J. (2013). Color-blind racial ideology: Theory, training, and measurement implications in psychology. American Psychologist, 68(6), 455. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033282
- Nielsen. (2017). African-American women: Our science, her magic (Diverse Intelligence Series). New York, NY: The Nielsen Company.
- Nilsen, S., & Turner, S. E. (2014). The colorblind screen: Television in post-racial America. New York University Press.
- Nixon, Z. (2010, September 17). Reply to Natasha Finkel’s FB posts. https://www.facebook.com/natashafinkel/posts/161354480546174
- Puente, M. (2015, February 5). Kerry Washington “InStyle” cover raises eyebrows. USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2015/02/05/kerry-washington-instyle-cover-raises-eyebrows/22946777/
- Quackenbush, C. (2017, October 9). Dove apologizes for Facebook ad many consider racist. Time.
- Remiao, D. (2017, October 6). Reply to Naythemua’s FB post. https://www.facebook.com/naythemua/posts/so-im-scrolling-through-facebook-and-this-is-the-dove-ad-that-comes-up-ok-so-wha/1662304190486605/
- Russell, K., Wilson, M., & Hall, R. E. (1992). The color complex: The politics of skin color among African Americans (1st ed.). Harcourt.
- Schweizer, P. (2006). Do as i say (not as i do): Profiles in Liberal hypocrisy (1st Paperback ed.). Anchor.
- Serpe, G. (2008, August 7). L’Oréal: We didn’t lighten beyoncé. Honest. E! Online. https://www.eonline.com/news/22638/l-oreal-we-didn-t-lighten-beyonce-honest
- ShADEs, S. A.-D. E. (2020, June). Why we need to talk about Black representation in photography [Blog]. https://www.shutterstock.com/blog/black-representation-photography
- Sherbin, L., & Rashid, R. (2017). Diversity doesn’t stick without inclusion. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2017/02/diversity-doesnt-stick-without-inclusion
- Smith, M. (2015). Where has she been and where is she going: The evolutionary portrayal of Black women in print advertising from the 1960s to 2000s. Southern Illinois University Carbondale.
- Smith, S. (2017, October 6). Reply to Naythemua’s FB post. https://www.facebook.com/naythemua/posts/so-im-scrolling-through-facebook-and-this-is-the-dove-ad-that-comes-up-ok-so-wha/1662304190486605/
- Sobande, F. (2019). Constructing and critiquing interracial couples on YouTube. In G. D. Johnson, K. D. Thomas, A. K. Harrison, & S. A. Grier (Eds.), Race in the marketplace: Crossing critical boundaries (pp. 107–120). Springer.
- Soble, J. R., Spanierman, L. B., & Liao, H.-Y. (2011). Effects of a brief video intervention on White university students’ racial attitudes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(1), 151. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021158
- Solorzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69(1/2), 60–73. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2696265
- Solorzano, D. G. (1998). Critical race theory, race and gender microaggressions, and the experience of Chicana and Chicano scholars. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/095183998236926
- Tate, S. A. (2017). The governmentality of black beauty shame: Discourse, iconicity and resistance. Springer.
- Tate, W. F., IV. (1997). Critical race theory and education: History, theory, and implications. Review of Research in Education, 22(1), 195–247. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X022001195
- The New York Times. (2017, April 2). Readers respond: Which racial terms make you cringe? The New York Times.
- Thompson, M. S., & Keith, V. M. (2001). The blacker the berry: Gender, skin tone, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. Gender & Society, 15(3), 336–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124301015003002
- Veras, E. (2016). He’s dark, dark; colorism among African American men. Georgia State University. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/aas_theses/33
- Walker, A. (1983). In search of our mother’s gardens. Harcourt.
- Williams, L. (2002). Playing the race card: Melodramas of black and white from uncle Tom to OJ Simpson. Princeton University Press.
- Wise, T. J. (2010). Colorblind: The rise of post-racial politics and the retreat from racial equity. City Lights Books.
- Yu, V. (2015, February 3). What are Pantone colors and how do we use them? https://www.intouch-quality.com/blog/pantone-colors-use
- Yuen, N. W. (2017). Reel inequality: Hollywood actors and racism. Rutgers University Press.