A study of time use and academic achievement among secondary-school students in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia

REFERENCES

• Anderson, C., & Dill, K. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 772–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashir, Z., & Hussain, S. (2012). The effectiveness of co-curricular activities on academic achievements of secondary school students in district Abbottabad, Pakistan – A case study. Journal of Education and Practice, 3, 44–48.
   Google Scholar
• Battle, J., & Coates, D. L. (2004). Father-only and mother-only, single-parent family status of black girls and achievement in grade twelve and at two-years post high school. The Journal of Negro Education, 73, 392–407.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, D. (2007). Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. In D.Buckingham (Ed.), MacArthur foundation series on digital learning-youth, identity and digital media volume (pp. 119–142). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carvin, A. (2006). Learning now: At the crossroads of Internet culture & education with host Andy Carvin. New government report exposes the school-home digital divide. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/teachers/learning.now/2006/09/new_report_exposes_the_schoolh.html.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, S. Y., & Lu, L. (2009). After school time use in Taiwan: Effects on educational achievement and well-being. Adolescence, 44(Winter), 891–909.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper, H. (1989). Homework. White Plains, NY: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, H., Robinson, J. C., & Patall, E. A. (2006). Does homework improve academic achievement? A synthesis of research, 1987–2003. Review of Educational Research, 76, 1–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, H., Valentine, J. C., Nye, B., & Lindsay, J. J. (1999). Relationships between five after-school activities and academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 369–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling, N., Caldwell, L. L., & Smith, R. (2005). Participation in school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Leisure Research, 37, 51–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes iq in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological Science, 16, 939–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flad, K. (2010). The influence of social networking participation on student academic performance across gender lines. Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.digitalcommons.brockport.edu/edc_theses/31/.
   Google Scholar
• Giuliodori, M. J., Lujan, H. L., & DiCarlo, S. E. (2006). Peer instruction enhanced student performance on qualitative problem-solving questions. Advances in Physiology Education, 30, 168–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goethals, G. R. (2001). Peer effects, gender, and intellectual performance among students at a highly selective college: A social comparison of abilities analysis. Williams Project on the Economics of Higher Education, DP-61, 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales, N. A., Cauce, A. M., Friedman, R. J., & Mason, C. A. (1996). Family, peer, and neighborhood influences on academic achievement among African-American adolescents: One-year prospective effects. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 365–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, J. (1996). Relation of parental involvement, empowerment, and school traits to student academic performance. The Journal of Educational Research, 90, 33–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, A., & Schneider, B. (2003). Adolescents' extracurricular participation in context: The mediating effects of schools, communities, and identity. Sociology of Education, 76, 89–90; 92–93; 103–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanushek, E. A., Kain, J. F., Markman, J. M., & Rivkin, S. G. (2002). Does peer ability affect student achievement?Revised Publication Version. Journal of Applied Econometrics, (October), 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes-Hassell, S., & Lutz, C. (2006). What do you want to tell us about reading? A survey of the habits and attitudes of urban middle school students toward leisure reading. Young Adult Library Services, 4, 39–45.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, W. J., & Nettles, S. M. (2000). How students invest their time outside of school: Effects on school-related outcomes. Social Psychology of Education, 3, 217–243.
   Google Scholar
• Kabre, F., & Brown, U. J. (2011). The influence of Facebook usage on the academic performance and the quality of life of college students. Journal of Media and Communications Studies, 3. Retrieved August 26, 2012 from http://www.academicjournals.org/jmcs/contents/2011cont/April.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Kamaruzaman, J., Norhidayah, A., Syukriah, A., Najah, M., & Azni, S. A. S. (2009). The factors influencing students' performance at universiti Teknologi MARA Kedah, Malaysia. Retrieved September 11, 2012, from http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/mse/article/download/j.mse.1913035X20090304.010/820.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkorian, H. L., Wartella, E., & Anderson, D. R. (2008). Media and young children's learning. Future of Children, 18, 63–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, R. W., Hansen, D., & Moneta, G. (2006). Differing profiles of developmental experiences across types of organized youth activities. Developmental Psychology, 42, 849–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. (1994). Family-school connections and students' education: Continuity and change of family involvement from the middle grades to high school. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
   Google Scholar
• Malaysia and Kelantan. (2011). Population distribution and basic demographic characteristic report 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2011, from http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option = com_content&id = 1215.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, H. W., & Kleitman, S. (2002). Extracurricular school activities: The good, the bad, and the nonlinear. Harvard Educational Review, 72, 464–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, S. (2008). Multimedia activities and grades among high school students. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Adler School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from http://www.proquest.umi.com.
   Google Scholar
• McAndrew, F. T., & Jeong, H. S. (2012). Who does what on Facebook? Age, sex, and relationship status as a predictor of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2359–2365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKool, S. S. (2007). Factors that influence the decision to read: An investigation of fifth grade students' out-of-school reading habits. Reading Improvement, 44, 111–131.
   Google Scholar
• Noor-Ul-Amin, S., & Mattoo, M. I. (2012). Influence of heavy and low television watching on study habits of secondary school students – A study. Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/waoe/aminmattoo.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Noraini, O., & Kong, B. L. (2011). The relationship between self-concept, intrinsic motivation, self-determination and academic achievement among Chinese primary school students. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 3, 90–98.
   Google Scholar
• Ogedebe, P. M. (2012). Internet usage and students' academic performance in Nigeria tertiary institutions: A case study of university of Maiduguri. Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.savap.org.pk/journals/ARInt./Vol.2(3)/2012(2.3-41).pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Raj, P. S. (2012, April 20). Sedentary lifestyle: It's time to unplug and play. New Straits Times, Retrieved June 10, 2013, from http://www.nst.com.my/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/sedentary-lifestyle-it-s-time-to-unplug-and-play-1.75817.
   Google Scholar
• Rao, S. P., & DiCarlo, S. E. (2000). Peer instruction improves performance on quizzes. Advances in Physiology Education, 24, 51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, J. B., & Chambers, E. A. (2002). After-school pursuits, ethnicity and achievement, for 8th and 10th grade students. Journal of Educational Research, 96, 90–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparkes, L. (2004). Academic achievement and academic motivation and its relationship to extra-curricular activities and parental involvement in high school students. Senior thesis, San Anselm College, Manchester, New Hampshire.
   Google Scholar
• Strasburger, V., & Wilson, B. (2002). Children, adolescents, and the media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, L., & Bradley, K. D. (2010). Using the U.S. PISA results to investigate the relationship between school computer use and student academic performance. Retrieved August 26, 2012, from http://www.uky.edu/∼kdbrad2/MWERA_Letao.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Swang, M. D. (2011). From Facebook to gradebook: An examination of the relationship between teen use of social networking sites and academic achievement. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS. UMI Number: 3491814.
   Google Scholar
• ZahyahHanafi. (2008). The relationship between aspects of socio-economic factors and academic achievement. Jurnal Pendidikan (UKM), 33, 95–105.
   Google Scholar