Community policing and youth offending: a comparison of large and small jurisdictions in the United States

References

• Adams, R. E., Rohe, W. M., & Arcury, T. A. (2005). Awareness of community-oriented policing and neighborhood perceptions in five small to midsize cities. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33(1), 43–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, S. A., Sabatelli, R. M., & Trachtenberg, J. (2007). Community police and youth programs as a context for positive youth development. Police Quarterly, 10(1), 23–40.
   Google Scholar
• Blau, P. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brand, M., & Birzer, M. (2003). The benefits of community policing in rural Oklahoma. In Q. Thurman & E. McGarrel (Eds.), Community policing in a rural setting (pp. 105–112). Cincinnati: Anderson.
   Google Scholar
• Brick, B. T., Taylor, T. J., & Esbensen, F. A. (2009). Juvenile attitudes towards the police: The importance of subcultural involvement and community ties. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(5), 488–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, B., & Benedict, W. (2002). Perceptions of the police: Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues and policy implications. Policing, 25(3), 543–580.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R., Novak, K., & Frank, J. (2009). Identifying variation in police officer behavior between juveniles and adults. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(2), 200–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgason, K. A., Thomas, S. A., Berthelot, E. R., & Burkey, L. C. (2014). Gats and gashes: Street culture and distinctions in the nature of violence between youth and adult offenders. Deviant Behavior, 35(7), 534–554. doi:10.1080/01639625.2013.862032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursik, R., & Grasmick, H. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. San Francisco: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Civil Rights Division. (2015). Investigation of the ferguson police department. Washington, DC. http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/ferguson_police_department_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Clogg, C. C., Petkova, E., & Haritou, A. (1995). Statistical methods for comparing regression coefficients between models. American Journal of Sociology, 100(5), 1261–1293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COPS, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. (2014a). Community policing defined. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/vets-to-cops/e030917193-CP-Defined.pdf
   Google Scholar
• COPS, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. (2014b). The COPS Office: 20 years of community oriented policing. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/outside.asp?http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p301-pub.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cordner, G., & Scarborough, K. (2003). Operationalizing community policing in rural America: Sense and nonsense. In Q. Thurman & E. McGarrel (Eds.), Community policing in a rural setting (pp. 11–20). Cincinnati: Anderson.
   Google Scholar
• Cordner, G. (2015). Community policing: Elements and effects. In R. Dunham & G. Alpert (Eds.), Critical issues in policing: Contemporary issues (7th ed., pp. 481–498). Long Grove, IL: Wavelength Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eck, J., & Maguire, E. (2000). Have changes in policing reduced violent crime? An assessment of the evidence. In A. Blumstein & J. Wallman (Eds.), The crime drop in America (pp. 207–265). New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. (1986). Age and Crime. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (pp. 189–250). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Forman, J., Jr. (2004). Community policing and youth as assets. Criminal Law and Criminology, 95(1), 1–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, J., Brandl, S., Cullen, F., & Stichman, A. (1996). Reassessing the impact of race on citizens’ attitudes toward the police: A research note. Justice Quarterly, 13(2), 321–334.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, W., Lurigio, A., Greenleaf, R. G., & Albertson, S. (2004). Encounters between police and youth: Social costs of disrespect. Journal of Crime and Justice, 27(2), 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C., Vitter, Z., & Bennett, T. (2014). Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: A systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(4), 399–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, C., & Weisheit, R. (2003). The state of community policing in small towns and rural areas. In Q. Thurman & E. McGarrel (Eds.), Community policing in a rural setting (pp. 21–29). Cincinnati: Anderson.
   Google Scholar
• Hickman, M., & Reaves, B. (2006). Local police departments, 2003. Bureau of justice statistics, NCJ 210118. Washington: U.S: Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 89(3), 552–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst, Y., & Frank, J. (2000). How kids view cops: The nature of juvenile attitudes toward the police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28(3), 189–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilan, J. (2018). Scumbags! An ethnography of the interactions between street-based youth and police officers. Policing and Society, 28(6), 684–696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krivo, L. J., & Peterson, R. D. (2000). The structural context of homicide: Accounting for racial differences in process. American Sociological Review, 65(4), 547-559. doi:10.2307/2657382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, M. (2008). Civic community in the Hinterland: Toward a theory of rural social structure and violence. Criminology, 46(2), 447–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroux, E. J., & McShane, K. (2017). Changing youth attitudes toward the police through community policing programming. Journal of Community Psychology, 45(6), 810–822.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord, V., Kuhns, J., & Friday, P. (2009). Small city community policing and citizen satisfaction. Policing: an International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 32(4), 574–594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, J. (2002). The effectiveness of community policing in reducing urban violence. Crime and Delinquency, 48(4), 592–618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire, E., & King, W. (2004). Trends in the policing industry. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593(1), 15–41.
   Google Scholar
• Maguire, E., & Mastrofski, S. (2000). Patterns of community policing in the United States. Police Quarterly, 3(1), 4–45.
   Google Scholar
• Mastrofski, S. D., & Greene, J. R. (1993). Community policing and the rule of law. In D. Weisburd & C. Uchida (Eds.), Police innovation and control of the police (pp. 80–102). New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• McCall, P. L., Land, K. C., Dollar, C. B., & Parker, K. F. (2013). The age structure-crime rate relationship: Solving a long-standing puzzle. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 29(2), 167–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674–701. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morabito, M. (2010). Understanding community-oriented policing as an innovation: Patterns of adoption. Crime and Delinquency, 56(4), 564–587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, K. (2015). Does procedural justice matter to youth? Comparing adults’ and youths’ willingness to collaborate with police. Policing and Society, 25(1), 53–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, S. M. (2002). Police encounters with juvenile suspects: Explaining the use of authority and provision of support, executive summary report. Washignton, D.C.: National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Justice. (2004). Community policing beyond the big cities. Research for Practice, NCJ-205946. Washington: US Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Osgood, D. W. (2000). Poisson-based regression analysis of aggregate crime rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(1), 21–43. doi:10.1023/A:1007521427059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osgood, W., & Chambers, J. (2000). Social disorganization outside the metropolis: An analysis of rural youth violence. Criminology, 38(1), 81–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ousey, G. C., & Lee, M. R. (2002). Examining the conditional nature of the illicit drug-market homicide relationship: A partial test of the theory of contingent causation. Criminology, 40(1), 73–102. doi:10.1111/crim.2002.40.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelfrey, W. V. (2007). Style of policing adopted by rural police and deputies: An analysis of job satisfaction and community policing. Policing: an International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 30(4), 620–636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. (2015). Final report of the president’s task force on 21st century policing. Washington: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
   Google Scholar
• Prine, R., Ballard, C., & Robinson, D. (2001). Perceptions of community policing in a small town. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 25(2), 211–221.
   Google Scholar
• Puzzanchera, C. (2014). Juvenile Arrests, 2012. U.S. Department of Justice: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Reaves, B. A. (2015). Local police departments, 2013: Personnel, policies, and practice (NCJ No. 248677). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Reisig, M., & Correia, M. (1997). Public evaluations of police performance: An analysis across three levels of policing. Policing, 21(1), 311–325.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, D. P. (1986). Community crime prevention: Doest it work? Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, J., & Ryan, J. (2000). The national evaluation of the COPS program. Washington: National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Rukus, J., Warner, M. E., & Zhang, X. (2018). Community policing: Least effective where need is greatest. Crime & Delinquency, 64(14), 1858–1881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R., & Groves, W. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory. The American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1992). Crime and deviance in the life course. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 63–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, C., & McKay, H. (1969). Juvenile delinquency in urban areas: A study of rates of delinquency in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities (Revised Edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, H., & Sickmund, M. (2006). Juvenile offenders and victims: 2006 national report. office of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Sozer, M. A., & Merlo, A. (2013). The impact of community policing on crime rates: Does the effect of community policing differ in large and small law enforcement agencies? Police Practice and Research, 14(6), 506–521.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, T., Turner, K., Esbensen, F., & Winfree, J. L. (2001). Coppin‘ an attitude: Attitudinal differences among juveniles toward the police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29(4), 295–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The White House. (2014). Fact Sheet: Strengthening Community Policing. Retrived from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/01/fact-sheet-strengthening-community-policing
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, S. A., & Shihadeh, E. S. (2013). Institutional isolation and crime: The mediating effect of disengaged youth on levels of crime. Social Science Research, 42(5), 1167–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, B., Beck, E., & Ohmer, M. (2010). Linking informal social control and restorative justice: Moving social disorganization theory beyond community policing. Contemporary Justice Review, 13(4), 355–369.
   Google Scholar
• Weisburd, D., & Eck, J. (2004). What can police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593(1), 42–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisheit, R., Wells, L., & Falcone, D. (1994). Community policing in small town and rural America. Crime and Delinquency, 40(4), 549–567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, L. E., & Weisheit, R. A. (2004). Patterns of urban and rural crime: A county-level comparison. Criminal Justice Review, 29(1), 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., & Thurman, Q. (2003). Facilitators and obstacles to community policing in rural America. In Q. Thurman & E. McGarrel (Eds.), Community policing in a rural setting (pp. 29–34). Cincinnati: Anderson.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., Scheider, M., & Thurman, Q. (2002). Funding community policing to reduce crime: Have COPS grants made a difference? Criminology and Public Policy, 2(1), 7–32.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., & Thurman, Q. (2004). Funding community policing to reduce crime: Have COPS grants made a difference? Washington: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
   Google Scholar