2,907
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Positive youth development outcomes and environmental education: a review of research

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, &
Pages 475-492 | Received 29 Aug 2022, Accepted 09 Nov 2022, Published online: 06 Dec 2022

References

  • Acosta, J. D., Chinman, M., & Phillips, A. (2021). Promoting positive youth development through healthy middle school environments. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Youth Development: Advancing Research, Policy, and Practice in Global Contexts (pp. 483–499). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70262-5_32
  • Alexander, P. A. (2020). Methodological guidance paper: The art and science of quality systematic reviews. Review of Educational Research, 90(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319854352
  • Allen, K., & Elmore, R. D. (2012). The effects of the wildlife habitat evaluation program on targeted life skills. Journal of Extension, 50(1). eric. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ1042364&site=ehost-live&authtype=ip,sso&custid=s4392798
  • Ardoin, N. M., Biedenweg, K., & O’Connor, K. (2015). Evaluation in residential environmental education: An applied literature review of intermediary outcomes. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 14(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2015.1013225
  • Ardoin, N. M., Bowers, A. W., & Gaillard, E. (2020). Environmental education outcomes for conservation: A systematic review. Biological Conservation, 241, 108224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108224
  • Ardoin, N. M., Bowers, A. W., Roth, N. W., & Holthuis, N. (2018). Environmental education and K-12 student outcomes: A review and analysis of research. The Journal of Environmental Education, 49(1), 1–17.
  • Arnold, M. E., & Silliman, B. (2017). From theory to practice: A critical review of positive youth development program frameworks. Journal of Youth Development, 12(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2017.17
  • Barnason, S., Li, C. J., Hall, D. M., Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., & Schulz, J. H. (2022). Environmental action programs using positive youth development may increase civic engagement. Sustainability, 14(11), 6781. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116781
  • Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O. U., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., Marshall, C., McGuire, J. L., Lindsey, E. L., Maguire, K. C., Mersey, B., & Ferrer, E. A. (2011). Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived? Nature, 471(7336), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09678
  • Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Hamilton, S. F., & Sesma Jr., A. (2007). Positive youth development: Theory, research, and applications. [Abstract]. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0116
  • Blanchet-Cohen, N., & Di Mambro, G. (2015). Environmental education action research with immigrant children in schools: Space, audience and influence. Action Research, 13(2), 123–140.
  • Briggs, L., Krasny, M., & Stedman, R. C. (2019). Exploring youth development through an environmental education program for rural Indigenous women. Journal of Environmental Education, 50(1), 37–51.
  • Bruner, M. W., McLaren, C. D., Sutcliffe, J. T., Gardner, L. A., Lubans, D. R., Smith, J. J., & Vella, S. A. (2021). The effect of sport-based interventions on positive youth development: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1875496
  • Burkhard, B. M., Robinson, K. M., Murray, E. D., & Lerner, R. M. (2020). Positive youth development: Theory and perspective. In The encyclopedia of child and adolescent development (pp. 1–12). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171492.wecad310
  • Caiman, C., & Lundegård, I. (2014). Pre-school children’s agency in learning for sustainable development. Environmental Education Research, 20(4), 437–459.
  • Catalano, R. F., Berglund, M. L., Ryan, J. A. M., Lonczak, H. S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2004). Positive youth development in the united States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 98–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260102
  • Cincera, J., & Simonova, P. (2017). “I am not a big man”: Evaluation of the issue investigation program. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 16(2), 84–92. eric.
  • Clark, C. R., Heimlich, J. E., Ardoin, N. M., & Braus, J. (2020). Using a Delphi study to clarify the landscape and core outcomes in environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 26(3), 381–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2020.1727859
  • Cooper, H., Hedges, L. V., & Valentine, J. C. (Eds.). (2019). The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (3rd ed.). Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). SAGE.
  • de Vreede, C., Warner, A., & Pitter, R. (2014). Facilitating youth to take sustainability actions: The potential of peer education. Journal of Environmental Education, 45(1), 37–56.
  • Delia, J., & Krasny, M. E. (2018). Cultivating positive youth development, critical consciousness, and authentic care in urban environmental education. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2340.
  • Dimitrova, R., & Wiium, N. (2021). Handbook of positive youth development: Advancing the next generation of research, policy and practice in global contexts. In R. Dimitrova & N. Wiium (Eds.), Handbook of positive youth development: Advancing the next generation of research, policy and practice in global contexts (pp. 3–16). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70262-5_1
  • DuBois, B., Krasny, M. E., & Smith, J. G. (2018). Connecting brawn, brains, and people: An exploration of non-traditional outcomes of youth stewardship programs. Environmental Education Research, 24(7), 937–954.
  • Dvorsky, M. R., Kofler, M. J., Burns, G. L., Luebbe, A. M., Garner, A. A., Jarrett, M. A., Soto, E. F., & Becker, S. P. (2019). Factor structure and criterion validity of the five Cs model of positive youth development in a multi-university sample of college students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(3), 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0938-y
  • Elpus, K. (2013). Arts education and positive youth development: Cognitive, behavioral, and social outcomes of adolescents who study the arts (p. 56). National Endowment for the Arts. https://5y1.org/download/8be528ebbfdda10f0a4681abc60d28dd.pdf
  • Fröhlich, G., Sellmann, D., & Bogner, F. X. (2013). The influence of situational emotions on the intention for sustainable consumer behaviour in a student-centred intervention. Environmental Education Research, 19(6), 747–764.
  • Garip, G., Richardson, M., Tinkler, A., Glover, S., & Rees, A. (2021). Development and implementation of evaluation resources for a green outdoor educational program. Journal of Environmental Education, 52(1), 25–39.
  • Geldhof, G. J., Bowers, E. P., Mueller, M. K., Napolitano, C. M., Callina, K. S., Walsh, K. J., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2015). The five Cs Model of positive youth development. In E. P. Bowers, G. J. Geldhof, S. K. Johnson, L. J. Hilliard, R. M. Hershberg, J. V. Lerner, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Promoting Positive Youth Development (pp. 161–186). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17166-1_9
  • Godin, K., Stapleton, J., Kirkpatrick, S. I., Hanning, R. M., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2015). Applying systematic review search methods to the grey literature: A case study examining guidelines for school-based breakfast programs in Canada. Systematic Reviews, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-015-0125-0
  • Gough, D., Oliver, S., & Thomas, J. (Eds.). (2017). An introduction to systematic reviews (2nd ed.). SAGE.
  • Haglund, K., Ortiz, A., De Los Santos, J., Garnier-Villarreal, M., & Belknap, R. (2021). An engaged community-academic partnership to promote positive youth development. Journal of Community Engagement and Scholarship, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.54656/LNWP6978
  • Hollweg, K. S., Taylor, J., Bybee, R. W., Marcinkowski, T. J., McBeth, W. C., & Zoido, P. (2011). Developing a framework for assessing environmental literacy: Executive summary. NAAEE. https://cdn.naaee.org/sites/default/files/envliteracyexesummary.pdf
  • Lerner, R. M. (2017). Commentary: Studying and testing the positive youth development model: A tale of two approaches. Child Development, 88(4), 1183–1185. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12875
  • Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Almerigi, J. B., Theokas, C., Phelps, E., Gestsdottir, S., Naudeau, S., Jelicic, H., Alberts, A., Ma, L., Smith, L. M., Bobek, D. L., Richman-Raphael, D., Simpson, I., Christiansen, E. D., & von Eye, A. (2005). Positive youth development, participation in community youth development programs, and community contributions of fifth-grade adolescents: Findings from the first wave of the 4-H study of positive youth development. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(1), 17–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431604272461
  • Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Lewin-Bizan, S., Bowers, E. P., Boyd, M. J., Mueller, M. K., Schmid, K. L., & Napolitano, C. M. (2011). Positive youth development: Processes, programs, and problematics. Journal of Youth Development, 6(3), 38–62. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2011.174
  • Lithoxoidou, L. S., Georgopoulos, A. D., Dimitriou, A. Th., & Xenitidou, S. Ch. (2017). “Trees have a soul too!” Developing empathy and environmental values in early childhood. International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 5(1), 68–88.
  • Mahood, Q., Van Eerd, D., & Irvin, E. (2014). Searching for grey literature for systematic reviews: Challenges and benefits: MAHOOD ET AL . Research Synthesis Methods, 5(3), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1106
  • Meza Rios, M. M., Herremans, I. M., Wallace, J. E., Althouse, N., Lansdale, D., & Preusser, M. (2018). Strengthening sustainability leadership competencies through university internships. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 19(4), 739–755.
  • Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE.
  • Monroe, M. C., Andrews, E., & Biedenweg, K. (2008). A framework for environmental education strategies. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 6(3–4), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/15330150801944416
  • National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10022
  • North American Association for Environmental Education. (2022). Guidelines for excellence: Environmental education program (p. 110). North American Association for Environmental Education. https://naaee.org/our-work/programs/guidelines-excellence
  • North American Association for Environmental Education. (n.d.). About EE and why it matters. NAAEE. https://naaee.org/about-us/about-ee-and-why-it-matters
  • Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, 160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
  • Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D., Hadjichambis, A. Ch., & Korfiatis, K. (2015). How students’ values are intertwined with decisions in a socio-scientific issue. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 10(3), 493–513.
  • Pittman, K. J., Irby, M., Tolman, J., Yohalem, N., Ferber, T., & Forum for Youth Investment. (2003). Preventing problems, promoting development, encouraging engagement: Competing priorities or inseparable goals? The Forum for Youth Investment. http://dev.forumfyi.org/files/Preventing%20Problems,%20Promoting%20Development,%20Encouraging%20Engagement.pdf
  • Russ, A. (n.d.). Positive youth development. In Environmental education in action: Learning from case studies around the world. Global Environmental Education Partnership. https://thegeep.org/sites/default/files/files/GEEP.PositiveYouthDevelopmentEBookChapter.pdf
  • Schusler, T. M. (2013). Environmental action and positive youth development. In M. C. Monroe & M. E. Krasny (Eds.), Across the spectrum: Resources for environmental educators (pp. 94–115). North American Association for Environmental Education.
  • Schusler, T. M., & Krasny, M. E. (2010). Environmental action as context for youth development. The Journal of Environmental Education, 41(4), 208–223.
  • Schusler, T. M., Davis-Manigaulte, J., & Cutter-Mackenzie, A. (2017). Positive youth development. In Urban environmental education review (pp. 165–174). Cornell University Press.
  • Selby, S. T., Cruz, A. R., Ardoin, N. M., & Durham, W. H. (2020). Community-as-pedagogy: Environmental leadership for youth in rural Costa Rica. Environmental Education Research, 26(11), 1594–1620.
  • Shek, D. T., Dou, D., Zhu, X., & Chai, W. (2019). Positive youth development: Current perspectives. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 10, 131–141. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S179946
  • Shinn, M., & Yoshikawa, H. (2008). Toward positive youth development: Transforming schools and community programs. Oxford University Press.
  • Sibthorp, J. (2010). A letter from the editor: Positioning outdoor and adventure programs within positive youth development. Journal of Experiential Education, 33(2), vi–ix. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382591003300201
  • Stapleton, S. R. (2019). A case for climate justice education: American youth connecting to intragenerational climate injustice in Bangladesh. Environmental Education Research, 25(5), 732–750.
  • Suri, H. (2020). Ethical considerations of conducting systematic reviews in educational research. Systematic Reviews in Educational Research, 41–54.
  • Tsevreni, I. (2011). Towards an environmental education without scientific knowledge: An attempt to create an action model based on children’s experiences, emotions and perceptions about their environment. Environmental Education Research, 17(1), 53–67.
  • Tuntivivat, S., Jafar, S., Seelhammer, C., & Carlson, J. (2018). Indigenous youth engagement in environmental sustainability: Native Americans in Coconino County. International Journal of Behavioral Science, 13(2), 82–93.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). What is environmental education? [ Overviews and Factsheets]. https://www.epa.gov/education/what-environmental-education
  • UNESCO. (1978). Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education: Tbilisi (USSR), 14-26 October 1977. Final report. http://www.gdrc.org/uem//ee/EE-Tbilisi_1977.pdf
  • Wiium, N., & Dimitrova, R. (2019). Positive youth development across cultures: Introduction to the special issue. Child & Youth Care Forum, 48(2), 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-019-09488-7
  • Zawacki-Richter, O., Kerres, M., Bedenlier, S., Bond, M., & Buntins, K. (2020). Systematic reviews in educational research: Methodology, perspectives and application. Springer Nature.

AppendixBibliography of the 60 Studies in the Final Review Sample

  • Aguilar, O. (2018). Toward a theoretical framework for community EE. Journal of Environmental Education, 49(3), 207–227.
  • Allen, K., & Elmore, R. D. (2012). The effects of the wildlife habitat evaluation program on targeted life skills. Journal of Extension, 50(1).
  • Ampuero, D. A., Miranda, C., & Goyen, S. (2015). Positive psychology in education for sustainable development at a primary-education institution. Local Environment, 20(7), 745–763.
  • Ampuero, D., Miranda, C. E., Delgado, L. E., Goyen, S., & Weaver, S. (2015). Empathy and critical thinking: Primary students solving local environmental problems through outdoor learning. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 64–78.
  • Ardoin, N. M., DiGiano, M., O’Connor, K., & Holthuis, N. (2016). Using online narratives to explore participant experiences in a residential environmental education program. Children’s Geographies, 14(3), 263–281.
  • Barnett, M., Vaughn, M., Strauss, E., & Cotter, L. (2011). Urban environmental education: Leveraging technology and ecology to engage students in studying the environment. International Research in Geographical & Environmental Education, 20(3), 199–214.
  • Birdsall, S. (2013). Reconstructing the relationship between science and education for sustainability: A proposed framework of learning. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 8(3), 451–478.
  • Blanchet-Cohen, N., & Di Mambro, G. (2015). Environmental education action research with immigrant children in schools: Space, audience and influence. Action Research, 13(2), 123–140.
  • Blanchet-Cohen, N., & Reilly, R. C. (2017). Immigrant children promoting environmental care: Enhancing learning, agency and integration through culturally-responsive environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 23(4), 553–572.
  • Blythe, C., & Harré, N. (2020). Encouraging transformation and action competence: A theory of change evaluation of a sustainability leadership program for high school students. Journal of Environmental Education, 51(1), 83–96.
  • Breunig, M., Murtell, J., & Russell, C. (2015). Students’ experiences with/in integrated environmental studies programs in Ontario. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 15(4), 267–283.
  • Briggs, L., Krasny, M., & Stedman, R. C. (2019). Exploring youth development through an environmental education program for rural Indigenous women. Journal of Environmental Education, 50(1), 37–51.
  • Caiman, C., & Lundegård, I. (2014). Pre-school children’s agency in learning for sustainable development. Environmental Education Research, 20(4), 437–459.
  • Ceaser, D. (2012). Our school at Blair Grocery: A case study in promoting environmental action through critical environmental education. Journal of Environmental Education, 43(4), 226.
  • Cincera, J., & Krajhanzl, J. (2013). Eco-Schools: What factors influence pupils’ action competence for pro-environmental behaviour? Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 117–121.
  • Cincera, J., & Simonova, P. (2017). “I am not a big man”: Evaluation of the issue investigation program. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 16(2), 84–92.
  • Dale, R. G., Powell, R. B., Stern, M. J., & Garst, B. A. (2020). Influence of the natural setting on environmental education outcomes. Environmental Education Research, 26(5), 613–631.
  • Davis, N. R., & Schaeffer, J. (2019). Troubling troubled waters in elementary science education: Politics, ethics & Black children’s conceptions of water [justice] in the era of Flint. Cognition and Instruction, 37(3), 367–389.
  • de Vreede, C., Warner, A., & Pitter, R. (2014). Facilitating youth to take sustainability actions: The potential of peer education. Journal of Environmental Education, 45(1), 37–56.
  • Dimick, A. S. (2012). Student empowerment in an environmental science classroom: Toward a framework for social justice science education. Science Education, 96(6), 990–1012.
  • Dittmer, L., Mugagga, F., Metternich, A., Schweizer-Ries, P., Asiimwe, G., & Riemer, M. (2018). “We can keep the fire burning”: Building action competence through environmental justice education in Uganda and Germany. Local Environment, 23(2), 144–157.
  • DuBois, B., Krasny, M. E., & Smith, J. G. (2018). Connecting brawn, brains, and people: An exploration of non-traditional outcomes of youth stewardship programs. Environmental Education Research, 24(7), 937–954.
  • Fröhlich, G., Sellmann, D., & Bogner, F. X. (2013). The influence of situational emotions on the intention for sustainable consumer behaviour in a student-centred intervention. Environmental Education Research, 19(6), 747–764.
  • Gallay, E., Marckini-Polk, L., Schroeder, B., & Flanagan, C. (2016). Place-based stewardship education: Nurturing aspirations to protect the rural commons. Peabody Journal of Education, 91(2), 155–175.
  • Garip, G., Richardson, M., Tinkler, A., Glover, S., & Rees, A. (2021). Development and implementation of evaluation resources for a green outdoor educational program. Journal of Environmental Education, 52(1), 25–39.
  • Gibbs, L., Block, K., Ireton, G., & Taunt, E. (2018). Children as bushfire educators—“just be calm, and stuff like that”. Journal of International Social Studies, 8(1), 86–112.
  • Goldman, D., Assaraf, O. B. Z., & Shaharabani, D. (2013). Influence of a non-formal environmental education programme on junior high-school students’ environmental literacy. International Journal of Science Education, 35(3), 515–545.
  • Hadjichambis, A. Ch., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D., Ioannou, H., Georgiou, Y., & Manoli, C. C. (2015). Integrating sustainable consumption into environmental education: A case study on environmental representations, decision making and intention to act. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 10(1), 67–86.
  • Heras, M., & Tàbara, J. D. (2016). Conservation theatre: Mirroring experiences and performing stories in community management of natural resources. Society & Natural Resources, 29(8), 948–964.
  • Heras, R., Medir, R. M., & Salazar, O. (2020). Children’s perceptions on the benefits of school nature field trips. Education 3-13, 48(4), 379–391.
  • Hinds, J. (2011). Woodland adventure for marginalized adolescents: Environmental attitudes, identity and competence. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 10(4), 228–237.
  • Holley, D., & Park, S. (2020). Integration of science disciplinary core ideas and environmental themes through constructivist teaching practices. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(5).
  • IDRISSI, H. (2020). Exploring global citizenship learning and ecological behaviour change through extracurricular activities. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 39(3), 272–290.
  • Johnson-Pynn, J. S., Johnson, L. R., Kityo, R., & Lugumya, D. (2014). Students and scientists connect with nature in Uganda, East Africa. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 9(3), 311–327.
  • Karahan, E., & Roehrig, G. (2016). Use of web 2.0 technologies to enhance learning experiences in alternative school settings. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 4(4), 272–283.
  • Kim, M., & Tan, H. T. (2013). A collaborative problem-solving process through environmental field studies. International Journal of Science Education, 35(3), 357–387.
  • Ladawan, C., Singseewo, A., & Suksringarm, P. (2015). Development of environmental knowledge, team working skills and desirable behaviors on environmental conservation of Matthayomsuksa 6 students using good science thinking moves method with metacognition techniques. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(13), 1846–1850.
  • Lee, E. U. (2017). The eco-club: A place for the becoming active citizen? Environmental Education Research, 23(4), 515–532.
  • Liddicoat, K. R., & Krasny, M. E. (2014). Memories as useful outcomes of residential outdoor environmental education. Journal of Environmental Education, 45(3), 178–193.
  • Lithoxoidou, L. S., Georgopoulos, A. D., Dimitriou, A. Th., & Xenitidou, S. Ch. (2017). “Trees have a soul too!” Developing empathy and environmental values in early childhood. International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 5(1), 68–88.
  • Littrell, M. K., Tayne, K., Okochi, C., Leckey, E., Gold, A. U., & Lynds, S. (2020). Student perspectives on climate change through place-based filmmaking. Environmental Education Research, 26(4), 594–610.
  • Marques, R. R., Malafaia, C., Faria, J. L., & Menezes, I. (2020). Using online tools in participatory research with adolescents to promote civic engagement and environmental mobilization: The WaterCircle (WC) project. Environmental Education Research, 26(7), 1043–1059.
  • Meza Rios, M. M., Herremans, I. M., Wallace, J. E., Althouse, N., Lansdale, D., & Preusser, M. (2018). Strengthening sustainability leadership competencies through university internships. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 19(4), 739–755.
  • Papastergiou, M., Antoniou, P., & Apostolou, M. (2011). Effects of student participation in an online learning community on environmental education: A Greek case study. Technology, Pedagogy & Education, 20(2), 127–142.
  • Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D., Hadjichambis, A. Ch., & Korfiatis, K. (2015). How students’ values are intertwined with decisions in a socio-scientific issue. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 10(3), 493–513.
  • Schindel, A., & Tolbert, S. (2017). Critical caring for people and place. Journal of Environmental Education, 48(1), 26–34.
  • Selby, S. T., Cruz, A. R., Ardoin, N. M., & Durham, W. H. (2020). Community-as-pedagogy: Environmental leadership for youth in rural Costa Rica. Environmental Education Research, 26(11), 1594–1620.
  • Skinner, Ellen A, Chi, U., & The Learning-Gardens Educational Assessment Group1. (2012). Intrinsic motivation and engagement as “active ingredients” in garden-based education: Examining models and measures derived from self-determination theory. Journal of Environmental Education, 43(1), 16–36.
  • Smith, J., DuBois, B., & Krasny, M. (2016). Framing for resilience through social learning: Impacts of environmental stewardship on youth in post-disturbance communities. Sustainability Science, 11(3), 441–453.
  • Sperling, E., & Bencze, J. L. (2015). Reimagining non-formal science education: A case of ecojustice-oriented citizenship education. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics & Technology Education, 15(3), 261–275.
  • Stapleton, S. R. (2019). A case for climate justice education: American youth connecting to intragenerational climate injustice in Bangladesh. Environmental Education Research, 25(5), 732–750.
  • Stern, M. J., Frensley, B. T., Powell, R. B., & Ardoin, N. M. (2018). What difference do role models make? Investigating outcomes at a residential environmental education center. Environmental Education Research, 24(6), 818–830. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2017.1313391
  • Stern, M. J., Powell, R. B., & Ardoin, N. M. (2010). Evaluating a constructivist and culturally responsive approach to environmental education for diverse audiences. The Journal of Environmental Education.
  • Tanu, D., & Parker, L. (2018). Fun, ‘family,’ and friends. Indonesia & the Malay World, 46(136), 303–324.
  • Thomas, R. E. W., Teel, T. L., & Bruyere, B. L. (2014). Seeking excellence for the land of paradise: Integrating cultural information into an environmental education program in a rural Hawaiian community. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 41, 58–67.
  • Tierney, G., Goodell, A., Nolen, S. B., Lee, N., Whitfield, L., & Abbott, R. D. (2020). (Re)designing for engagement in a project-based AP environmental science course. Journal of Experimental Education, 88(1), 72–102.
  • Tsevreni, I. (2011). Towards an environmental education without scientific knowledge: An attempt to create an action model based on children’s experiences, emotions and perceptions about their environment. Environmental Education Research, 17(1), 53–67.
  • Tuntivivat, S., Jafar, S., Seelhammer, C., & Carlson, J. (2018). Indigenous youth engagement in environmental sustainability: Native Americans in Coconino County. International Journal of Behavioral Science, 13(2), 82–93.
  • Williams, C. C., & Chawla, L. (2016). Environmental identity formation in nonformal environmental education programs. Environmental Education Research, 22(7), 978–1001.
  • Zhan, Y., He, R., & So, W. W. M. (2019). Developing elementary school children’s water conversation action competence: A case study in China. International Journal of Early Years Education, 27(3), 287–305