Incident pregnancy and mental health among adolescent girls and young women in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: an observational cohort study

References

• Akullian, A., Vandormael, A., Miller, J. C., Bershteyn, A., Wenger, E., Cuadros, D., Gareta, D., Bärnighausen, T., Herbst, K., & Tanser, F. (2021). Large age shifts in HIV-1 incidence patterns in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(28), e2013164118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013164118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo Pedrosa, A., Pires, R., Carvalho, P., Canavarro, M. C., & Dattilio, F. (2011). Ecological contexts in adolescent pregnancy: The role of individual, sociodemographic, familial and relational variables in understanding risk of occurrence and adjustment patterns. Contemporary Family Therapy, 33(2), 107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-011-9148-4
   Google Scholar
• Bankole, A., & Malarcher, S. (2010). Removing barriers to adolescents’ access to contraceptive information and services. Studies in Family Planning, 41(2), 117–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2010.00232.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barhafumwa, B., Dietrich, J., Closson, K., Samji, H., Cescon, A., Nkala, B., Davis, J., Hogg, R. S., Kaida, A., Gray, G., & Miller, C. L. (2016). High prevalence of depression symptomology among adolescents in Soweto, South Africa associated with being female and cofactors relating to HIV transmission. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 11(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2016.1198854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros, A. J., & Hirakata, V. N. (2003). Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: An empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 3(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-3-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernays, S., Lanyon, C., Dlamini, V., Ngwenya, N., & Seeley, J. (2020). Being young and on the move in South Africa: How ‘waithood’exacerbates HIV risks and disrupts the success of current HIV prevention interventions. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 15(4), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2020.1739359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birdthistle, I., Schaffnit, S. B., Kwaro, D., Shahmanesh, M., Ziraba, A., Kabiru, C. W., Phillips-Howard, P., Chimbindi, N., Ondeng’e, K., Gourlay, A., Cowan, F. M., Hargreaves, J. R., Hensen, B., Chiyaka, T., Glynn, J. R., & Floyd, S. (2018). Evaluating the impact of the DREAMS partnership to reduce HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women in four settings: A study protocol. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 912. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5789-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyes, M. E., Cluver, L. D., Meinck, F., Casale, M., & Newnham, E. (2019). Mental health in South African adolescents living with HIV: Correlates of internalising and externalising symptoms. Aids Care-Psychological & Socio-Medical Aspects of Aids/hiv, 31(1), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1524121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne, C. A., & D’Onofrio, B. M. (2012). Some (but not much) progress toward understanding teenage childbearing: A review of research from the past decade. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 42, 113–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-394388-0.00004-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duby, Z., McClinton Appollis, T., Jonas, K., Maruping, K., Dietrich, J., LoVette, A., Kuo, C., Vanleeuw, L., & Mathews, C. (2020). “As a young pregnant girl… the challenges you face”: Exploring the intersection between mental health and sexual and reproductive health amongst adolescent girls and young women in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 25(2), 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02974-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falster, K., Hanly, M., Banks, E., Lynch, J., Chambers, G., Brownell, M., Eades, S., Jorm, L., & Myers, J. E. (2018). Maternal age and offspring developmental vulnerability at age five: A population-based cohort study of Australian children. PlOS Medicine, 15(4), e1002558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, S., Abrahams, Z., & Honikman, S. (2020). Adolescent mothers: A qualitative study on barriers and facilitators to mental health in a low-resource setting in Cape Town, South Africa. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 12(1), e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v12i1.2279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garenne, M., Tollman, S., Kahn, K., Collins, T., & Ngwenya, S. (2001). Understanding marital and premarital fertility in rural South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 27(2), 277–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070125205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gareta, D., Baisley, K., Mngomezulu, T., Smit, T., Khoza, T., Nxumalo, S., Dreyer, J., Dube, S., Majozi, N., Ording-Jesperson, G., Ehlers, E., Harling, G., Shahmanesh, M., Siedner, M., Hanekom, W., & Herbst, K. (2021). Cohort profile update: Africa centre demographic information system (ACDIS) and population-based HIV survey. International Journal of Epidemiology, 50(1), 33–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GBD Mental Disorders Collaborators. (2022). Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. The Lancet Psychiatry, 9(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourlay, A., Floyd, S., Magut, F., Mulwa, S., Mthiyane, N., Wambiya, E., Otieno, M., Kamire, V., Osindo, J., Chimbindi, N., Ziraba, A., Kwaro, D., Shahmanesh, M., & Birdthistle, I. (2022). Impact of the DREAMS partnership on social support and general self-efficacy among adolescent girls and young women: Causal analysis of population-based cohorts in Kenya and South Africa. BMJ Global Health, 7(3), e006965. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grose, R. G., Chen, J. S., Roof, K. A., Rachel, S., & Yount, K. M. (2021). Sexual and reproductive health outcomes of violence against women and girls in lower-income countries: A review of reviews. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1707466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves, A. K., Maman, S., Msomi, S., Makhanya, N., & Moodley, D. (2010). The complexity of consent: Women’s experiences testing for HIV at an antenatal clinic in Durban, South Africa. Aids Care-Psychological & Socio-Medical Aspects of Aids/hiv, 22(5), 538–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120903311508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney, E., Singh, K., Nyamukapa, C., Gregson, S., Robertson, L., Sherr, L., & Halpern, C. (2014). One size does not fit all: Psychometric properties of the Shona Symptom Questionnaire (SSQ) among adolescents and young adults in Zimbabwe. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167, 358–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, A. A., Stein, D. J., Seedat, S., Heeringa, S. G., Moomal, H., & Williams, D. R. (2009). The South African Stress and Health (SASH) study: 12-month and lifetime prevalence of common mental disorders. South African Medical Journal, 99(5 Pt 2), 339–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, L. M., Maman, S., Groves, A. K., & Moodley, D. (2015). Social support among HIV-positive and HIV-negative adolescents in Umlazi, South Africa: Changes in family and partner relationships during pregnancy and the postpartum period. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0542-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hlongwa, M., Peltzer, K., & Hlongwana, K. (2020). Risky sexual behaviours among women of reproductive age in a high HIV burdened township in KwaZulu-natal, South Africa. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05302-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hymas, R., & Girard, L. C. (2019). Predicting postpartum depression among adolescent mothers: A systematic review of risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, 873–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuringe, E., Materu, J., Nyato, D., Majani, E., Ngeni, F., Shao, A., Mjungu, D., Mtenga, B., Nnko, S., Kipingili, T., Mongi, A., Nyanda, P., Changalucha, J., Wambura, M., & Francis, J. M. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety symptoms among out-of-school adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. Public Library of Science One, 14(8), e0221053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221053
   Google Scholar
• le Roux, K., Christodoulou, J., Stansert-Katzen, L., Dippenaar, E., Laurenzi, C., le Roux, I. M., Tomlinson, M., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2019). A longitudinal cohort study of rural adolescent vs adult South African mothers and their children from birth to 24 months. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2164-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lockwood Estrin, G., Ryan, E. G., Trevillion, K., Demilew, J., Bick, D., Pickles, A., & Howard, L. M. (2019). Young pregnant women and risk for mental disorders: Findings from an early pregnancy cohort. British Journal of Psychiatry Open, 5(2), e21–e21. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.6
   Google Scholar
• Maness, S. B., & Buhi, E. R. (2016). Associations between social determinants of health and pregnancy among young people: A systematic review of research published during the past 25 years. Public Health Reports, 131(1), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491613100115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHunu, G., Peltzer, K., Tutshana, B., & Seutlwadi, L. (2012). Adolescent pregnancy and associated factors in South African youth. African Health Sciences, 12(4), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v12i4.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosha, N., Mshana, G., Toska, E., Hertzog, L., Desmond, C., Cluver, L., Kapiga, S., & Stöckl, H. (2022). Intergenerational education and violence effects on adolescent education, early employment and adolescent parenting. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 27(sup1), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2108083
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mthiyane, N., Harling, G., Chimbindi, N., Baisley, K., Seeley, J., Dreyer, J., Zuma, T., Birdthistle, I., Floyd, S., McGrath, N., Tanser, F., Shahmanesh, M., & Sherr, L. (2021). Common mental disorders and HIV status in the context of DREAMS among adolescent girls and young women in rural KwaZulu-natal, South Africa. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 478. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10527-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council. (1993). Social dynamics of adolescent fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Osok, J., Kigamwa, P., Stoep, A. V., Huang, K.-Y., & Kumar, M. (2018). Depression and its psychosocial risk factors in pregnant Kenyan adolescents: A cross-sectional study in a community health Centre of Nairobi. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 136–136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1706-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel, V., Simunyu, E., Gwanzura, F., Lewis, G., & Mann, A. (1997). The Shona Symptom Questionnaire: The development of an indigenous measure of common mental disorders in Harare. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 95(6), 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10134.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penman-Aguilar, A., Carter, M., Snead, M. C., & Kourtis, A. P. (2013). Socioeconomic disadvantage as a social determinant of teen childbearing in the US. Public Health Reports, 128(2_suppl1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549131282S102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts, K. J., Smith, C., Cluver, L., Toska, E., & Sherr, L. (2021). Understanding mental health in the context of adolescent pregnancy and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review identifying a critical evidence gap. AIDS and Behavior, 25(7), 2094–2107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03138-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, K. J., Smith, C., Cluver, L., Toska, E., Zhou, S., Boyes, M., & Sherr, L. (2021). Adolescent motherhood and HIV in South Africa: Examining prevalence of common mental disorder. AIDS and Behavior, 26(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03474-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochat, T. J., Tomlinson, M., Bärnighausen, T., Newell, M.-L., & Stein, A. (2011). The prevalence and clinical presentation of antenatal depression in rural South Africa. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135(1–3), 362–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sennott, C., Reniers, G., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., & Menken, J. (2016). Premarital births and union formation in rural South Africa. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 42(4), 187. https://doi.org/10.1363/42e2716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, R. S., & Brandon, A. R. (2014). Adolescents, pregnancy, and mental health. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 27(3), 138–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2013.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, S. A., Silva, S. U., Ronca, D. B., Gonçalves, V. S. S., Dutra, E. S., Carvalho, K. M. B., & Francis, J. M. (2020). Common mental disorders prevalence in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Public Library of Science One, 15(4), e0232007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232007
   Google Scholar
• SmithBattle, L., & Freed, P. (2016). Teen mothers’ mental health. MCN; American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 41(1), 31–36. quiz E33-34 https://doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toska, E., Laurenzi, C. A., Roberts, K. J., Cluver, L., & Sherr, L. (2020). Adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children: A scoping review of evidence and experiences from sub-Saharan Africa. Global Public Health, 15(11), 1655–1673. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1775867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2022). World population prospects, 2022 revision: Age-specific fertility rates by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100 (Births per 1,000 women) estimates. Retrieved 8 March from https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Fertility/
   Google Scholar
• van Heyningen, T., Honikman, S., Myer, L., Onah, M. N., Field, S., & Tomlinson, M. (2017). Prevalence and predictors of anxiety disorders amongst low-income pregnant women in urban South Africa: A cross-sectional study. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 20(6), 765–775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0768-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt, M. H., Eaton, L. A., Choi, K. W., Velloza, J., Kalichman, S. C., Skinner, D., & Sikkema, K. J. (2014). “It’s better for me to drink, at least the stress is going away”: Perspectives on alcohol use during pregnancy among South African women attending drinking establishments. Social Science & Medicine, 116(116), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.048
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witt, W. P., DeLeire, T., Hagen, E. W., Wichmann, M. A., Wisk, L. E., Spear, H. A., Cheng, E. R., Maddox, T., & Hampton, J. (2010). The prevalence and determinants of antepartum mental health problems among women in the USA: A nationally representative population-based study. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 13, 425–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-010-0176-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakubu, I., & Salisu, W. J. (2018). Determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Reproductive Health, 15, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0460-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, M.-E. D., Deardorff, J., Ozer, E., & Lahiff, M. (2011). Sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence and the risk of early pregnancy among women ages 18–22. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(3), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.12.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuma, T., Seeley, J., Mdluli, S., Chimbindi, N., Mcgrath, N., Floyd, S., Birdthistle, I., Harling, G., Sherr, L., & Shahmanesh, M. (2020). Young people’s experiences of sexual and reproductive health interventions in rural KwaZulu-natal, South Africa. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 1058–1075. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2020.1831558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar