Solution-processed bilayer photovoltaic devices with nematic liquid crystals

References

• Halls JJM, Walsh CA, Greenham NC, Marseglla EA, Friend RH, Moratti SC, Holmes AB Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks. Nature. 1995;376(6540):498–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu G, Gao J, Hummelen JC, Wudl F, Heeger AJ. Polymer photovoltaic cells: enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions. Science. 1995;270(5243):1789–1791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang CW. Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell. Appl Phys Lett. 1986;48:183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SH, Roy A, Beaupré S, Cho S, Coates N, Moon JS. Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%. Nat Photonics. 2009;3(5):297–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HY, Hou J, Zhang S, Liang Y, Yang G, Yang Y, Yu L, Wu Y, Li G. Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency. Nat Photonics. 2009;3(11):649–653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Y, Xu Z, Xia J, Tsai ST, Wu Y, Li G, Ray C, Yu L. For the bright future-bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 7.4%. Adv Mater. 2010;22(20):E135–E8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabec CJ, Gowrisanker S, Halls JJM, Laird D, Jia S, Williams SP. Polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Adv Mater. 2010;22(34):3839–3856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Y, Yu L. A new class of semiconducting polymers for bulk heterojunction solar cells with exceptionally high performance. Acc Chem Res. 2010;43(9):1227–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peumans P, Bulović V, Forrest SR. Efficient photon harvesting at high optical intensities in ultrathin organic double-heterostructure photovoltaic diodes. Appl Phys Lett. 2000;76(19):2650–2652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peumans P, Yakimov A, Forrest SR. Small molecular weight organic thin-film photodetectors and solar cells. J Appl Phys. 2003;93(7):3693–3723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue J, Uchida S, Rand BP, Forrest SR. Asymmetric tandem organic photovoltaic cells with hybrid planar-mixed molecular heterojunctions. Appl Phys Lett. 2004;85(23):5757–5759.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droege S, Khalifah MSA, O‘Neill M, Thomas HE, Simmonds HS, Macdonald JE, Aldred MP, Vlachos P, Kitney SP, Loebbert A, Kelly SM. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction of a photoaligned nematic semiconductor. J Phys Chem B. 2009;113(1):49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldred MP, Vlachos P, Contoret AEA, Farrar SR, Chung-Tsoi W, Mansoor B, Woon KL, Hudson R, Kelly SM, O’Neill M. Linearly polarised organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs): synthesis and characterisation of a novel hole-transporting photoalignment copolymer. J Mater Chem. 2005;15(31):3208–3213. doi: 10.1039/b50603j. PubMed PMID: ISI:000231247000006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contoret AEA, Farrar SR, Jackson PO, Khan SM, May L, O‘Neill M, Nicholls JE, Kelly SM, Richards GJ. Polarized electroluminescence from an anisotropic nematic network on a non-contact photoalignment layer. Adv Mater. 2000;12(13):971–974. PubMed PMID: ISI:000088290700009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woon KL, Contoret AEA, Farrar SR, Liedtke A, O‘Neill M, Vlachos P, Aldred MP, Kelly SM. Material and device properties of highly birefringent nematic glasses and polymer networks for organic electroluminescence. J Soc Inf Disp. 2006;14(6):557–563. PubMed PMID: ISI:000244853100008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldred MP, Eastwood AJ, Kelly SM, Vlachos P, Contoret AEA, Farrar SR, Mansoor B, O’Neill M, Tsoi WC. Light-emitting fluorene photoreactive liquid crystals for organic electroluminescence. Chem Mat. 2004;16(24):4928–4936. doi: 10.1021/cm0351893. PubMed PMID: ISI:000225365800014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contoret AEA, Farrar SR, O‘Neill M, Nicholls JE. The photopolymerization and cross-linking of electroluminescent liquid crystals containing methacrylate and diene photopolymerizable end groups for multilayer organic light-emitting diodes. Chem Mat. 2002;14(4):1477–1487. doi: 10.1021/cm011111f. PubMed PMID: ISI:000175028700007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCulloch I, Zhang W, Heeney M, Bailey C, Giles M, Graham D, Shkunov M, Sparrowe D, Tierney S. Polymerisable liquid crystalline organic semiconductors and their fabrication in organic field effect transistors. J Mater Chem. 2003;13(10):2436–2444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liedtke A, O‘Neill M, Kelly SM, Kitney SP, Van Averbeke B, Boudard P, Beljonne D, Cornil J. Optical properties of light-emitting nematic liquid crystals: a joint experimental and theoretical study. J Phys Chem B. 2010;114:11975–11982.
   Google Scholar
• Woon KL, Aldred MP, Vlachos P, Mehl GH, Stirner T, Kelly SM, O’Neill M. Electronic charge transport in extended nematic liquid crystals. Chem Mat. 2006;18(9):2311–2317. doi: 10.1021/cm0601335. PubMed PMID: ISI:000237389700017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco-Orozco M, Tsoi WC, O‘Neill M, Aldred MP, Vlachos P, Kelly SM. New photovoltaic concept: liquid-crystal solar cells using a nematic gel template. Adv Mater. 2006;18(13):1754–1758. doi: 10.1002/adma.200502008. PubMed PMID: ISI:000239181300024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoi WC, O‘Neill M, Aldred MP, Kitney SP, Vlachos P, Kelly SM. Distributed bilayer photovoltaics based on nematic liquid crystal polymer networks. Chem Mat. 2007;19(23):5475–5484. doi: 10.1021/cm071727q. PubMed PMID: ISI:000250803900004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoi WC, O‘Neill M, Aldred MP, Vlachos P, Kelly SM. Triplets in extended nematic liquid crystals and polarons in their blends. J Chem Phys. 2007;127(11):114901-1–114901-6. doi:11490110.1063/1.2768346. PubMed PMID: ISI:000249667400059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bard AJ, Faulkner LR. Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijken A, Bastiaansen JJAM, Kiggen NMM, Langeveld BMW, Rothe C, Monkman A, Bach I, Stassel P, Brunner K. Carbazole compounds as host materials for triplet emitters in organic light-emitting diodes: polymer hosts for high-efficiency light-emitting diodes. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126(24):7718–7727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlKhalifah MS. Nematic liquid crystals for nano-structured organic photovoltaics. Hull: University of Hull; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Zhan X, Tan Z, Zhou E, Li Y, Misra R, Grant A. Copolymers of perylene diimide with dithienothiophene and dithienopyrrole as electron-transport materials for all-polymer solar cells and field-effect transistors. J Mater Chem. 2009;19(32):5794–5803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Mende L, Fechtenkötter A, Müllen K, Moons E, Friend RH, MacKenzie JD. Self-organized discotic liquid crystals for high-efficiency organic photovoltaics. Science. 2001;293(5532):1119–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pommerehne J, Vestweber H, Guss W, Mahrt RF, Bassler H, Porsch M, Daub J. Efficient two layer LEDs on a polymer blend basis. Adv Mater. 1995;7(6):551–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erten S, Meghdadi F, Gunes S, Koeppe R, Sariciftci NS, Icli S. Donor-acceptor heterojunction solar cells based on perylene dimide and perylene bisbenzimidazole. EPJ Appl Phys. 2006;36(3):225–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones BA, Ahrens MJ, Yoon MH, Facchetti A, Marks TJ, Wasielewski MR. High-mobility air-stable n-type semiconductors with processing versatility: dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximides). Angew Chem Int Ed. 2004;43(46):6363–6366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennler G, Scharber MC, Brabec CJ. Polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Adv Mater. 2009;21(13):1323–1338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner K, Van Dijken A, Börner H, Bastiaansen JJAM, Kiggen NMM, Langeveld BMW. Carbazole compounds as host materials for triplet emitters in organic light-emitting diodes: tuning the HOMO level without influencing the triplet energy in small molecules. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126(19):6035–6042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan O, Vial JC. Blue light electroluminescent devices based on a copolymer derived from fluorene and carbazole. Synth Met. 1999;106(2):115–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsten BP, Viani L, Gierschner J, Cornil J, Janssen RAJ. On the origin of small band gaps in alternating thiophene – thienopyrazine oligomers. J Phys Chem A. 2009;113(38):10343–10350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Xue L, Li H, Li Z, Xu B, Wen S, Tian W. Energy level and molecular structure engineering of conjugated donor-acceptor copolymers for photovoltaic applications. Macromolecules. 2009;42(13):4491–4499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyuncu S, Zafer C, Koyuncu FB, Aydin B, Can M, Sefer E, Ozdemir E, Icli S. A new donor-acceptor double-cable carbazole polymer with perylene bisimide pendant group: synthesis, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties. J Polym Sci, A Polym Chem. 2009;47(22):6280–6291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou E, Cong J, Wei Q, Tajima K, Yang C, Hashimoto K. All-polymer solar cells from perylene diimide based copolymers: material design and phase separation control. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2011;50(12):2799–2803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou E, Tajima K, Yang C, Hashimoto K. Band gap and molecular energy level control of perylene diimide-based donor-acceptor copolymers for all-polymer solar cells. J Mater Chem. 2010;20(12):2362–2368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duzhko V, Aqad E, Imam MR, Peterca M, Percec V, Singer KD. Long-range electron transport in a self-organizing n-type organic material. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;92(11):1–3. Article No. 113312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An Z, Yu J, Jones SC, Barlow S, Yoo S, Domercq B. High electron mobility in room-temperature discotic liquid-crystalline perylene diimides. Adv Mater. 2005;17(21):2580–2583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kippelen B, Brédas JL. Organic photovoltaics. Energy Environ Sci. 2009;2(3):251–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liedtke A, Chunhong L, O‘Neill M, Dyer PE, Kitney SP, Kelly SM. One-step photoembossing for submicrometer surface relief structures in liquid crystal semiconductors. ACS Nano. 2010;4(6):3248–3253. Epub May 2010. doi: 10.1021/nn100012g.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar