Liquid crystal assemblies in biologically inspired systems

References

• Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of neural science. 4th ed. New York (NY): McGraw Hill; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Peters A, Palay SL, Def H. The fine structure of the nervous system. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Webster; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Burgoyne RD, editor. The neuronal cytoskeleton. New York (NY): Wiley & Sons; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Hirokawa N. In: Molecular architecture and dynamics of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Burgoyne RD, editor. The neuronal cytoskeleton. New York (NY): Wiley; 1991. p. 5–74.
   Google Scholar
• Hirokawa N. Cross-linker system between neurofilaments, microtubules and membranous organelles in frog axons revealed by the quick-freeze, deep-etching method. J Cell Biol. 1982; 94:129–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann H, Kreplak L, Aebi U. Isolation, characterization, and in vitro assembly of intermediate filaments. In: Omary MB, Pierre AC, editors. Methods in cell biology. Vol. 78. Waltham (MA): Academic Press; 2004. p. 3–24.
   Google Scholar
• Hirokawa N. Organelle transport along microtubules–the role of KIFs. Trends Cell Biol. 1996;6:135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safinya CR. Biophysics and Biomaterials. In: Fraser G, editor. The new physics for the twenty first century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Wong GCL, Lin A, Tang JX, Li Y, Janmey PA, Safinya CR. Lamellar phase of stacked two-dimensional rafts of actin filaments. Phys Rev Lett. 2003;91:018103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier O, Pokidysheva E, Hirst LS, Bouxsein N, Li Y, Safinya CR. Structure of actin cross-linked with alpha-actinin: a network of bundles. Phys Rev Lett. 2003;91:148102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst LS, Safinya CR. Skin layer at the actin-gel surface: quenched protein membranes form flat, crumpled, and tubular morphologies. Phys Rev Lett. 2004;93:018101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirst LS, Pynn R, Bruinsma RF, Safinya CR. Hierarchical self-assembly of actin bundle networks: gels with surface protein skin layers. J Chem Phys. 2005;123:104902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikawa T, Hoshino F, Watanabe O, Li YL, Pincus P, Safinya CR. Molecular scale imaging of F-actin assemblies immobilized on a photopolymer surface. Phys Rev Lett. 2007;98:018101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelini TE, Liang H, Wriggers W, Wong GCL. Like-charge attraction between polyelectrolytes mediated by counterion charge density waves. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:8634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong GCL. Electrostatics of rigid polyelectrolytes. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2006;11:310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong GCL, Pollack L. Electrostatics of strongly charged biological polymers: ion-mediated interactions and self-organization in nucleic acids and proteins. Annu Rev Phys Chem. 2010;61:171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needleman DJ, Ojeda-Lopez MA, Raviv U, Miller HP, Wilson L, Safinya CR. Higher-order assembly of microtubules by counterions: from hexagonal bundles to living necklaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:16099–16103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi MC, Raviv U, Miller HP, Gaylord MR, Kiris E, Ventimiglia D, Needleman DJ, Kim MW, Wilson L, Feinstein SC, Safinya CR. Human microtubule-associated-protein tau regulates the number of protofilaments in microtubules: a synchrotron X-ray scattering study. Biophys J. 2009;97:519–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safinya CR, Raviv U, Needleman DJ, Zidovska A, Choi MC, Ojeda-Lopez MA, Ewert KK, Li Y, Miller HP, Quispe J, Carragher B, Potter CS, Kim MW, Feinstein SC, Nanoscale WL. Assembly in biological systems: from neuronal cytoskeletal proteins to curvature stabilizing lipids. Adv Mater. 2011;23:2260–2270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needleman DJ, Ojeda-Lopez MA, Raviv U, Miller HP, Li Y, Song C, Feinstein SC, Wilson L, Choi MC, Safinya CR. Faraday discussions. Forthcoming 2013. doi:10.1039/C3FD00063J.
   Google Scholar
• Ojeda-Lopez MA, Needleman DJ, Song C, Ginsburg A, Kohl PA, Li Y, Miller HP, Wilson L, Raviv U, Choi MC, Safinya CR. Molecularly-triggered conformation switch in tubulin in taxol-stabilized microtubules leads to bundles of inverted protein tubules. Nat Mater . Forthcoming 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Needleman DJ, Jones JB, Raviv U, Ojeda-Lopez MA, Miller HP, Li Y, Wilson L, Safinya CR. Supramolecular assembly of biological molecules purified from bovine nerve cells: from microtubule bundles and necklaces to neurofilament networks. J Phys: Condens Matter. 2005;17:S3225–S3230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JB, Safinya CR. Interplay between liquid crystalline and isotropic gels in self-assembled neurofilament networks. Biophys J. 2008;95:823–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse HC, Beck R, Ding C, Jones JB, Deek J, MacDonald NC, Li Y, Safinya CR. Direct imaging of aligned neurofilament networks assembled using in situ dialysis in microchannels. Langmuir. 2008;24:8397–8401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck R, Deek J, Jones JB, Safinya CR. Gel expanded–gel condensed transition in neurofilament networks revealed by direct force measurements. Nat Mater. 2010;9:40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck R, Deek J, Choi MC, Ikawa T, Watanabe O, Frey E, Pincus PA, Safinya CR. Unconventional salt-switch from soft to stiff in single neurofilament biopolymers. Langmuir. 2010;26:18595–18599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deek J, Chung PJ, Kayser J, Bausch AR, Safinya C. Neurofilament sidearms modulate parallel and crossed-filament orientations inducing nematic to isotropic and re-entrant birefringent hydrogels. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosawa F. Interaction between parallel rodlike macroions. Biopolymer. 1968;6:1633–1639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning GS. Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions I. colligative properties. J Chem Phys. 1969;51:924–933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronbech-Jensen N, Mashl RJ, Bruinsma RF, Gelbart WM. Counterion-induced attraction between rigid polyelectrolytes. Phys Rev Lett. 1997;78:2477–2480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelbart WM, Bruinsma RF, Pincus PA, Parsegian VA. DNA-inspired electrostatics. Phys Today. 2000;53:38–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Winkle DH, Clark NA. Freely suspended strands of tilted columnar liquid crystal phases: one dimensional nematics with orientational jumps. Phys Rev Lett. 1982;48:1407–1410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safinya CR, Liang KS, Varady WA, Clark NA, Andersson G. Synchroton X-ray study of the orientational ordering D2-D1 structural phase transition of freely suspended discotic strands in triphenylene-hexa-dodecanoate. Phys Rev Lett. 1984;53:1172–1175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rädler JO, Koltover I, Salditt T, Safinya CR. Structure of DNA-cationic liposome complexes: DNA intercalation in multilamellar membranes in distinct interhelical packing regimes. Science. 1997;275:810–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koltover I, Salditt T, Rädler JO, Safinya CR. An inverted hexagonal phase of cationic liposome-DNA complexes related to DNA release and delivery. Science. 1998;281:78–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewert KK, Evans HM, Zidovska A, Bouxsein NF, Ahmad A, Safinya CR. A columnar phase of dendritic lipid-based cationic liposome-DNA complexes for gene delivery: hexagonally ordered cylindrical micelles embedded in a DNA honeycomb lattice. J Am Chem Soc. 2006;128:3998–4006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal C, Bouxsein NF, Ewert KK, Safinya CR. Highly efficient gene silencing activity of siRNA embedded in a nanostructured gyroid cubic lipid matrix. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:16841–16847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Worldwide, 2013. The journal of gene medicine clinical trial site [Internet]. [cited 2013 Jun 20]. Available from: http://www.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/genmed/clinical.
   Google Scholar
• Cohlberg JA, Hajarian H, Tran T, Alipourjeddi P, Noveen A. Neurofilament protein heterotetramers as assembly intermediates. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:9334–9339.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ching G, Liem RJ. Assembly of type IV neuronal intermediate filaments in nonneuronal cells in the absence of preexisting cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. J Cell Biol. 1993;122:1323–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs E, Cleveland DW. A structural scaffolding of intermediate filaments in health and disease. Science. 1998;279:514–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirokawa N, Glicksman MA, Willard MB. Organization of mammalian neurofilament polypeptides within the neuronal cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol. 1984;98:1523–1536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman PN, Price DL. Neurofilament gene expression: a major determinant of axonal caliber. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:3472–3476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller CCJ, Ackerley S, Brownlees J, Grierson AJ, Jacobsen NJO, Thornhill P. Axonal transport of neurofilaments in normal and disease states. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002;59:323–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janmey PA, Leterrier JF, Herrmann H. Assembly and structure of neurofilaments. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2003;8:40–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson DR. Defects and geometry in condensed matter physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Selinger JV, Bruinsma RF. Hexagonal and nematic phases of chains. II. Phase transitions. Phys Rev A. 1993;43:2922–2931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selinger JV, Bruinsma RF. Hexagonal and nematic phases of chains. I. Correlation functions. Phys Rev A. 1993;43:2910–2921.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux D, Coulon C. Modelling interactions in microemulsion phases. J Phys. 1986;47:1257–1264.
   Google Scholar
• Israelachvili JN. Intermolecular and surface forces. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Bangham AD, Horne RW, Bangham AD, Horne RW. Negative staining of phospholipids and their structural modification by surface-active agents as observed in the electron microscope. J Mol Biol. 1964;8:660–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasic DD, Martin F , editors. Stealth liposomes. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Felgner PL, Gader TR, Holm M, Roman R, Chan HW, Wenz M, Northrop JP, Ringold GM, Danielsen M. Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:7413–7417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielke W, Erbacher C , editors. Topics in current chemistry, Vol. 296: Nucleic acid transfection. Heidelberg: Springer; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Huang L, Hung MC, Wagner E , editors. Advances in genetics, Vol. 53: non-viral vectors for gene therapy, Part I. 2nd ed. San Diego (CA): Elsevier; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Ewert KK, Zidovska A, Ahmad A, Bouxsein NF, Evans HM, McAllister CS, Samuel CE, Safinya CR. Cationic lipid–nucleic acid complexes for gene delivery and silencing: pathways and mechanisms for plasmid DNA and siRNA. Top Curr Chem. 2010;296:191–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabel GJ, Nabel EG, Yang ZY, Fox BA, Plautz GE, Gao X, Huang L, Shu S, Gordon D, Chang AE. Direct gene transfer with DNA-liposome complexes in melanoma: expression, biologic activity, and lack of toxicity in humans. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:11307–11311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DA, Baum C. Medicine: gene therapy – new challenges ahead. Science. 2003;302:400–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas CE, Ehrhardt A, Kay MA. Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy. Nat Rev Genet. 2003;4:346–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Garrigue A, Wang GP, Soulier J, Lim A, Morillon E, Clappier E, Caccavelli L, Delabesse E, Beldjord K, Asnafi V, MacIntyre E, Dal Cortivo L, Radford I, Brousse N, Sigaux F, Moshous D, Hauer J, Borkhardt A, Belohradsky BH, Wintergerst U, Velez MC, Leiva L, Sorensen R, Wulffraat N, Blanche S, Bushman FD, Fischer A, Cavazzana-Calvo M. Insertional oncogenesis in 4 patients after retrovirus-mediated gene therapy of SCID-X1. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:3132–3142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington JJ, Van Bokkelen G, Mays RW, Gustashaw K, Willard HF. Formation of de novo centromeres and construction of first-generation human artificial microchromosomes. Nat Genet. 1997;15:345–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roush W. Molecular biology: counterfeit chromosomes for humans. Science. 1997;276:38–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safinya CR. Structures of lipid-DNA complexes: supramolecular assembly and gene delivery. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2001;11:440–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin AJ, Slack NL, Ahmad A, George CX, Samuel CE, Safinya CR. Three-dimensional imaging of lipid gene-carriers: membrane charge density controls universal transfection; behavior in lamellar cationic liposome-DNA complexes. Biophys J. 2003;84:3307–3316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad A, Evans HM, Ewert K, George CX, Samuel CE, Safinya CR. New multivalent cationic lipids reveal bell curve for transfection efficiency versus membrane charge density: lipid-DNA complexes for gene delivery. J Gene Med. 2005;7:739–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zidovska A, Evans HM, Ewert KK, Quispe J, Carragher B, Potter CS, Safinya CR. Liquid crystalline phases of dendritic lipid–DNA self-assemblies: lamellar, hexagonal and DNA bundles. J Phys Chem B. 2009;113:3694–3703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hern C, Lubensky T. Sliding columnar phase of DNA lipid complexes. Phys Rev Lett. 1998;80:4345–4348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golubović L, Golubović M. Fluctuations of quasi-two-dimensional smectics intercalated between membranes in multi lamellar phases of DNA-cationic lipid complexes. Phys Rev Lett. 1998;80:4341–4344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golubović L, Lubensky T, O’Hern C. Structural properties of the sliding columnar phase in layered liquid crystalline systems. Phys Rev E. 2000;62:1069–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helfrich W. Elastic properties of lipid bilayers: theory and possible experiments. Z Naturforsch. 1973;C 28:693–703.
   Google Scholar
• Lipowsky R, Sackmann E. Structure and dynamics of membranes, Vol. 1A. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Safran SA. Statistical thermodynamics of surfaces, interfaces, and membranes. Reading (MA): Addison-Wesley; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Seddon JM. Structure of the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase, and non-lamellar phase transitions of lipids. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990;1031:1–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruner SM. Stability of lyotropic phases with curved interfaces. J Phys Chem. 1989;93:7562–7570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal C, Ewert KK, Shirazi RS, Bouxsein NF, Safinya CR. Nanogyroids incorporating multivalent lipids: enhanced membrane charge density and pore forming ability for gene silencing. Langmuir. 2011;27:7691–7697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May S, Ben-Shaul A. DNA-lipid complexes: stability of honeycomb-like and spaghetti-like structures. Biophys J. 1997;73:2427–2440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruinsma R. Electrostatics of dna cationic lipid complexes – isoelectric instability. Eur Phys J B. 1998;4:75–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruinsma R, Mashl J. Long-range electrostatic interaction in DNA cationic lipid complexes. Europhys Lett. 1998;41:165–170.
   Google Scholar
• Harries D, May S, Gelbart WM, Ben-Shaul A. Structure, stability, and thermodynamics of lamellar DNA-lipid complexes. Biophys J. 1998;75:159–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fire A, Xu SQ, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 1998;391:806–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature. 2001;411:494–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogoni C, Macino G. Post-transcriptional gene silencing across kingdoms. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2000;10:638–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplen NJ, Parrish S, Imani F, Fire A, Morgan RA. Specific inhibition of gene expression by small double-stranded RNAs in invertebrate and vertebrate systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:9742–9747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannon GJ, Rossi JJ. Unlocking the potential of the human genome with RNA interference. Nature. 2004;431:371–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karagiannis TC, El-Osta A. RNA interference and potential therapeutic applications of short interfering RNAs. Cancer Gene Ther. 2005;12:787–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sioud M. Therapeutic siRNAs. Trends Pharm Sci. 2004;25:22–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouxsein NF, McAllister CS, Ewert KK, Samuel CE, Safinya CR. Structure and gene silencing activities of monovalent and pentavalent cationic lipid vectors complexed with siRNA. Biochemistry. 2007;46:4785–4792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewert K, Ahmad A, Evans HM, Schmidt HW, Safinya CR. Efficient synthesis and cell-transfection properties of a new multivalent cationic lipid for nonviral gene delivery. J Med Chem. 2002;45:5023–5029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• See e.g. Cationic lipids (Transfection)/multivalent cationic lipid. [cited 2013 Jun 20]. Available from: http://www.avantilipids.com, or http://www.avantilipids.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2422&Itemid=616&catnumber=890000
   Google Scholar