Effect of chain length and fluorination on the dielectric and electro-optic properties of three partially fluorinated biphenylyl benzoate rigid core based ferroelectric liquid crystals

References

• Meyer RB, Liebert L, Strzelecki L, et al. Ferroelectric liquid crystals. J Phys Lett. 1975;36:69–71. doi:10.1051/jphyslet:0197500360306900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sage IC, Demus D, Goodby J, et al. Handbook of liquid crystals: applications: vol. I, fundamentals. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Jones JC. On the biaxiality of smectic C and ferroelectric liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 2015;42:732–759. doi:10.1080/02678292.2015.1028492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goswami D, Sinha D, Debnath A, et al. Molecular and dynamical properties of a perfluorinated liquid crystal with direct transition from ferroelectric SmC* phase to isotropic phase. J Mol Liq. 2013;182:95–101. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2013.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demus D, Goodby J, Gray GW, et al. Handbook of liquid crystals: low molecular weight liquid crystals 1. Vol. 2A. New York (NY): WILEY-VCH; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Ziobro D, Dąbrowski R, Tykarska M, et al. Synthesis and properties of new ferroelectric and antiferroelectric liquid crystals with a biphenylyl benzoate rigid core. Liq Cryst. 2012;39:1011–1032. doi:10.1080/02678292.2012.691560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haldar S, Dey KC, Sinha D, et al. X-ray diffraction and dielectric spectroscopy studies on a partially fluorinated ferroelectric liquid crystal from the family of terphenyl esters. Liq Cryst. 2012;39:1196–1203. doi:10.1080/02678292.2012.706322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botcher CJF, Bordewijk P. Theory of electric polarization. Vol. I. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Miyasato K, Abe S, Takezoe H, et al. Direct method with triangular waves for measuring spontaneous polarization in ferroelectric liquid crystals. Jpn J App Phys. 1983;22:L661–L663. doi:10.1143/JJAP.22.L661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal PK, Jaishi BR, Haase W, et al. Optical microscopy, DSC and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy studies on a partially fluorinated ferroelectric liquid crystalline compound MHPO(13F)BC. Phase Trans. 2006;79:223–235. doi:10.1080/01411590500500724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kašpar M, Hamplová V, Novotná V, et al. The effect of the alkyl chain length on the mesomorphic properties of new lactic acid derivatives. Liq Cryst. 2014;41:1179–1187. doi:10.1080/02678292.2014.910315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyperchem 6.03. Gainesville (FL): Hypercube.
   Google Scholar
• Megnassan E, Proutiere A. Dipole moments and Kerr constants of 4-n-alkyl-4’-cyanobiphenyl molecules (from 1CB to 12CB) measured in cyclohexane solutions. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 1984;108:245–254. doi:10.1080/00268948408078677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar P, Mandal P, Paul S, et al. X-ray diffraction, optical birefringence, dielectric and phase transition properties of the long homologous series of nematogens 4-(trans −4′- n-alkylcyclohexyl) isothiocyanatobenzenes. Liq Cryst. 2003;30:507–527. doi:10.1080/0267829031000091156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haldar S, Barman S, Mandal PK, et al. Influence of molecular core structure and chain length on the physical properties of nematogenic fluorobenzene derivatives. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 2010;528:81–95. doi:10.1080/15421406.2010.504617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase W, Wrobel S, editors. Relaxation phenomena: liquid crystals, magnetic systems, polymers, high-TC superconductors, metallic glasses. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Biradar AM, Wróbel S, Haase W. Dielectric relaxation in the smectic-A * and smectic-C* phases of a ferroelectric liquid crystal. Phys Rev A. 1989;39:2693–2702. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.39.2693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiller S, Biradar AM, Wrobel S, et al. Dielectric behavior at the smectic-C*–chiral-nematic phase transition of a ferroelectric liquid crystal. Phys Rev E. 1996;53:641–649. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.53.641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panarin YP, Kalinovskaya O, Vij JK, et al. Observation and investigation of the ferrielectric subphase with high qT parameter. Phys Rev E. 1997;55:4345–4353. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.55.4345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey MB, Pandey SK, Sing UB, et al. Dielectric characterisation of a ferroelectric liquid crystalline material having SmA*–SmC*–SmBh* phase sequence. Liq Cryst. 2014;41:1879–1888. doi:10.1080/02678292.2014.956351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson T, Žekš B, Filipič C, et al. Theoretical model of the frequency and temperature dependence of the complex dielectric constant of ferroelectric liquid crystals near the smectic-C*–smectic-A phase transition. Phys Rev A. 1990;42:877–889. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.42.877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerwall JPF, Rudquist P, Lagerwall ST, et al. On the phase sequence of antiferroelectric liquid crystals and its relation to orientational and translational order. Liq Cryst. 2003;30:399–414. doi:10.1080/0267829031000069683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorecka E, Pociecha D, Čepič M, et al. Enantiomeric excess dependence of the phase diagram of antiferroelectric liquid crystals. Phy Rev E. 2002;65:061703-1–061703-4. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.65.061703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey MB, Dhar R, Agrawal VK, et al. Dielectric relaxation studies in ferro-, ferri and antiferro-electric phases of (S)-4′-octyloxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 3-chloro-4-(1-methylheptyloxycarbonyl)phenyl ester. Phase Transit. 2005;78:457–470. doi:10.1080/01411590500185906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgueb R, Dhaouadi H, Othman T. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and electro-optical studies of phase behaviour of a chiral smectic liquid crystal. Liq Cryst. 2014;41:1394–1401. doi:10.1080/02678292.2014.923534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Nayek P, Roy SK, et al. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and electrooptical studies of a new, partially fluorinated orthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystal material exhibiting V-shaped switching. Liq Cryst. 2010;37:369–375. doi:10.1080/02678291003611367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uehara H, Hanakai Y, Hatano J, et al. Dielectric relaxation modes in the phases of antiferroelectric liquid crystals. Jpn J Appl Phys. 1995;34:5424–5428. doi:10.1143/JJAP.34.5424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerwal JPF, Dabrowski R, Scalia GJ. Antiferroelectric liquid crystals with induced intermediate polar phases and the effects of doping with carbon nanotubes. Non Cryst Solids. 2007;353:4411–4417. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.01.094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Čepič M, Heppke G, Hollidt J-M, et al. Low frequency dielectric dispersion in the SmCγ* phase of an antiferroelectric liquid crystal. Ferroelectrics. 1993;147:159–170. doi:10.1080/00150199308217190.
   Google Scholar
• Dolganov PV, Kats EI. Landau theory description of polar smectic structures. Liq Cryst Rev. 2013;1:127–149. doi:10.1080/21680396.2013.869667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltani T, Chmingui M, Marcerou JP, et al. Dielectric and thermodynamic studies of smectic-A–smectic-C* phase transition in antiferroelectric liquid crystal: thermal hysteresis. Liq Cryst. 2014;41:222–227. doi:10.1080/02678292.2013.851286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podgornov FD. Threshold less electrooptical mode in ferroelectric liquid crystals [Ph.D. dissertation]. Darmstadt: Darmstadt Technischen Universität; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Goswami D, Mandal PK, Debnath A, et al. Maxwell Wagner and Goldstone mode relaxations in a oligomethylene spacer based ferroelectric liquid crystal. Poster session presented at: DAE SSPS 2015 conference; 2015 Dec 23; Amity University; Noida, India.
   Google Scholar
• Debnath A, Sinha D, Mandal PK. Wide range room temperature electroclinic liquid crystal mixture with large induced tilt and very small layer contraction. J Appl Phys. 2016;119:124103-1–124103-14. doi:10.1063/1.4944607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra A, Weglowska D, Dabrowski R, et al. Relaxation phenomena of a highly tilted ferroelectric liquid crystalline material (S)-(+)-4′-(3-pentanoyloxyprop-1-oxy) biphenyl-4-yl-4-(1-methylheptyloxy) benzoates. Liq Cryst. 2015;42:1543–1549. doi:10.1080/02678292.2015.1050853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkowski P, Mrukiewicz M, Herman J, et al. Dielectric investigation of the liquid crystal compound with the direct SmA*–SmCA* phase transition. Liq Cryst. 2016;43:654–663. doi:10.1080/02678292.2015.1133849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerwiec JM, Dąbrowski R, Garbat K, et al. Dielectric and electro-optic behaviour of two chiral compounds and their antiferroelectric mixtures. Liq Cryst. 2012;39:1503–1511. doi:10.1080/02678292.2012.725868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manna U, Song J-K, Power G, et al. Effect of cell surfaces on the stability of chiral smectic-C phases. Phys Rev E. 2008;78:021711–021800. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.78.021711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buivydas MF, Gouda F, Andersson G, et al. Collective and non-collective excitations in antiferroelectric and ferrielectric liquid crystals studied by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and electro-optic measurements. Liq Cryst. 1997;23:723–739. doi:10.1080/026782997208000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzec M, MikuŁko A, WrÓbel S, et al. Alpha sub-phase in a new ferroelectric fluorinated compound. Liq Cryst. 2004;31:153–159. doi:10.1080/02678290310001639599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayek P, Ghosh S, Roy S, et al. Electro-optic and dielectric investigations of a perfluorinated compound showing orthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystal. J Mol Liqs. 2012;175:91–96. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2012.08.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora P, Mikulko A, Podgornov F, et al. Dielectric and electro-optic properties of new ferroelectric liquid crystalline mixture doped with carbon nanotubes. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst. 2009;502:1–8. doi:10.1080/15421400902813592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulko A, Arora P, Glushchenko A, et al. Complementary studies of BaTiO3 nanoparticles suspended in a ferroelectric liquid-crystalline mixture. Euro Phys Let. 2009;87:27009p1–27009p4. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/87/27009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal PK, Haldar S, Lapanik A, et al. Induction and enhancement of ferroelectric smectic C* phase in multi-component room temperature mixtures. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2009;48:011501-01–011501-06. doi:10.1143/JJAP.48.011501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurmes WN, Wand MD, Vohra RT, et al. FLC materials for microdisplay applications. In: Shashidhar R, editor. Liquid crystal materials, devices, and applications V. Proceedings; 1997 April 11; 3015: SPIE conference proceedings. Bellingham (WA): SPIE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Žekš B, Čepič M. A phenomenological model of antiferroelectric liquid crystals. Liq Cryst. 1993;14:445–451. doi:10.1080/02678299308027659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirkl S, Glogarová M. Ferroelectric liquid crystals with high spontaneous polarization. In: Lallart M, editor. Ferroelectrics - physical effects. Chapter 17. Croatia: InTech; 2011. p. 407–428.
   Google Scholar
• Škarabot M, Čepič M, Žekš B, et al. Birefringence and tilt angle in the antiferroelectric, ferroelectric, and intermediate phases of chiral smectic liquid crystals. Phy Rev E. 1998;58:575–584. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.58.575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar