References
- This dates back to 1890 when the German organic chemist, Ludwig Gatterman was examining a new compound he had made. This was para-azoxyanisole (PAA), destined to be the focus of investigations of the physical properties of the thermotropic nematic phase for the next half century. When viewed between crossed polars, his samples showed peculiar streaks which he called Shliere (stains). Incidentally, Gatterman appears to have been the first person to have used the term liquid crystals. See Page 25 of Dunmur D, Slukin T. Soap, Science and flat-screen TVs – a history of liquid crystals. Oxford University Press, NY; 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-954940-5.
- [Cited 2016]. Available from: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/
- Cladis P, Kleman M, Pieranski P. C.r. hebd. Sèan Acad Sci Paris. 1971;B273:275. and reproduced in de Gennes, [1] in plates on un-numbered pages between pages 132 and 133).
- Friedel J, Kleman M. Fundamental aspects of the theory of dislocations. Natn Bur Stand. 317 I:607. spec. 970, 1970.
- Kleeman M, Friedel J. J Phys (Fr). 1969;30(Suppl. C4):43.
- Chandrasekhar S. Liquid crystals. Cambridge Monographs on Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Vol. 2, 1977. ISBN 0 521 21149, ISBN 0521 29841 5.
- Dierking I, Alexander GP, Yeomans JM. Phys Rev E. 2012;85(2):Part 1 Article Number: 021703. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.85.021703.
- Nikkhou M, Škarabot M, Muševič I. Topological binding and elastic interactions of microspheres and fibres in a nematic liquid crystal. Eur Phys J E. 2015;38(3):Article Number: 23. DOI:10.1140/epje/i2015-15023-6
- Copar S, Tkalec U, Musevic I, et al. USA. Knot theory realizations in nematic colloids. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(6):1675–1680. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1417178112
- Musevic I. Light-controlled topological charge in a nematic liquid crystal. Nat Phys. 2015;11;(2):183–187. DOI:10.1038/NPHYS3194
- Elston S, Sambles R. 1998. Thermotropic liquid crystals. Taylor and Francis, London. ISBN-7484-0629-8s.
- Dierking I. Textures of liquid crystals. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; 2004. Print ISBN: 9783527307258, Online ISBN; 9783527602056. DOI:10.1002/3527602054.
- Demus D, Richter L. 1978. Textures of liquid crystals. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie. ISBN 3-527-25796-9 (Weinheim) ISBN 0-89573-015-4 (New York.
- Hartshorne NH. 1974. The microscopy of liquid crystals. London: Microscope Publications Ltd. ISBN-13: 978-0904962031, ISBN-10: 0904962032.
- An identical treatment of the above is given in Hartshorne NH, Stuart A. Crystals and the polarising microscope. 4th ed. Arnold, London; 1970. ISBN-10: 0713122560 ISBN-13: 978-0713122565.
- De Gennes PG, Prost J. The physics of liquid crystals. 2nd ed. The International series of Monographs on Physics, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford; 1993. ISBN 0-19-852024-7.