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Original Articles

Lyotropic liquid-crystalline mesophases and a novel, solid physical form of some water-soluble, reactive dyes

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Pages 509-520 | Received 25 Nov 1985, Accepted 10 Jun 1986, Published online: 17 Sep 2007

References

  • Venkataraman , K. 1972 . The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes , Vol. 6 , Academic Press .
  • Hartshorne , N. H. and Woodard , G. D. 1973 . Molec. Crystals liq. Crystals , 23 : 343
  • Lydon , J. E. 1980 . Molec. Crystals liq. Crystals , 64 : 19
  • Hartshorne , N. H. and Woodard , G. D. 1981 . Molec. Crystals liq. Crystals , 64 : 153
  • Goldfarb , D. , Luz , Z. , Spielberg , N. and Zimmermann , H. 1985 . Molec. Crystals liq. Crystals , 126 : 225
  • Goldfarb , D. , Labes , M. M. , Luz , Z. and Poupko , R. 1982 . Molec. Crystals liq. Crystals , 87 : 259
  • Perahia , D. , Goldfarb , D. and Luz , Z. 1984 . Molec. Crystals liq. Crystals , 108 : 107
  • Attwood , T. K. and Lydon , J. E. 1984 . Molec. Crystals liq. Crystals , 108 : 349
  • Attwood , T. K. 1984 . Ph.D. Thesis University of Leeds .
  • Attwood , T. K. , Lydon , J. E. and Jones , F. 1986 . Liq. Crystals , 1 : 499 have carried out a detailed investigation of several dye mesophases in aqueous solution by X-ray diffraction and have shown them to have structures similar to those seen for the disodium chromogylcate/water system. We thank the authors for a copy of the manuscript prior to publication
  • Bayer Patent . EP0029958A3 . 1980 . 1981, DE3149129A1
  • All the dyes studied were unpurified samples obtained from the routine manufacturing process
  • A vacuum-dried sample of the quasi-crystalline form of 1 contained 4 + 2 molecules of water of hydration per molecule of 1.
  • All the sodium salts of the highly sulphonated water-soluble, fibre-reactive dyes which we have studied undergo decomposition before they can melt, whether X-ray diffraction shows them to be truly crystalline, quasi-crystalline or amorphous
  • Tiddy , G. J. T. and Walsh , M. F. 1983 . Aggregation Processes in Solution , Edited by: Wyn-Jones , E. and Gormally , J. 151 Elsevier .
  • Sandquist , H. 1915 . Berichte , 48 : 2054
  • Balaban , I. E. and King , H. 1927 . J. chem. Soc , : 3068
  • Kelker , H. and Hatz , R. , eds. 1980 . “ Chap. 11 ” . In Handbook of Liquid Crystals , Verlag-Chemie . We thank a referee for drawing ‘16,17’ to our attention. For further examples see
  • Dyes 1 and 2 form mesophases in aqueous solution, at room temperature, in the approximate concentration range 30 to 50wt% dye (<2wt% NaCl)
  • Berg , R. A. and Haxby , B. A. 1970 . Molec. Crystals liq. Crystals , 12 : 93
  • The dyes were isolated under the normal manufacturing conditions: addition of 5 to 25wt% NaCl to dye solutions containing 5 to 10wt% dye
  • Burdett , B. C. 1983 . Aggregation Processes in Solution , Edited by: Wyn-Jones , E. and Gormally , J. 241 – 70 . Elsevier . Dye aggregation in aqueous solution is a common phenomenon and aggregates consisting of stacks of planar dye molecules have frequently been proposed; Duff, D. G., and Giles, C. H., 1973, Water, A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 4, edited by F. Franks, (Plenum), pp. 169–207
  • Moore , W. J. 1983 . Basic Physical Chemistry , 415 Prentice-Hall .
  • Champion , J. V. and Meeten , G. H. 1973 . J. pharm. Sci , 62 : 1589
  • Mullin , J. W. 1972 . Crystallisation , second edition , Butterworths .
  • Langridge , R. , Wilson , H. R. , Hooper , C. W. , Wilkins , M. H. F. and Hamilton , L. D. 1960 . J. molec. Biol , 2 : 19

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