Micro-neoliberalism in China: public-private interactions at the confluence of mainstream and shadow education

References

• Apple, Michael W. 2006. Educating the “Right” Way: Markets, Standards, God, and Inequality. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Aurini, Janice, Scott Davies, and Julian Dierkes, eds. 2013. Out of the Shadows: The Global Intensification of Supplementary Education. Bingley: Emerald.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, David P. 2014. The Schooled Society: The Educational Transformation of Global Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, Stephen J. 2006. Education Policy and Social Class: The Selected Works of Stephen J. Ball. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, Stephen J. 2015. “Subjectivity as a Site of Struggle: Refusing Neoliberalism?” British Journal of Sociology of Education: 1–18. doi:10.1080/01425692.2015.1044072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, Stephen J., Meg Maguire, and Annette Braun. 2012. How Schools Do Policy: Policy Enactments in Secondary Schools. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bárcena Gómez, Javier Francisco. 2015. “Desarrollo de una metodología para delimitar zonas de mezcla de vertidos industriales en estuarios” [Development of a Methodology to Allocate Mixing Zones of Industrial Discharges in Estuaries]. Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Catabria.
   Google Scholar
• Bernard, H. Russell, and Gery W. Ryan. 2010. Analyzing Qualitative Data: Systematic Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bray, Mark. 1999. The Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and its Implications for Planners. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP).
   Google Scholar
• Bray, Mark. 2009. Confronting the Shadow Education System: What Government Policies for What Private Tutoring? Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP).
   Google Scholar
• Bray, Mark. 2013. “Benefits and Tensions of Shadow Education: Comparative Perspectives on the Roles and Impact of Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Lives of Hong Kong Students.” Journal of International and Comparative Education 2 (1): 18–30.10.14425/00.78.88
   Google Scholar
• Bray, Mark, and Chad Lykins. 2012. Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring and Its Implications for Policy Makers in Asia. Mandaluyong: Asian Development Bank, and Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong.
   Google Scholar
• Bray, Mark, Magda Nutsa Kobakhidze, Junyan Liu, and Wei Zhang. 2016. “The Internal Dynamics of Privatised Public Education: Fee-charging Supplementary Tutoring Provided by Teachers in Cambodia.” International Journal of Educational Development 49: 291–299.10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Kai-Ming. 2010. “Shanghai and Hong Kong: Two Distinct Examples of Education Reform in China.” In Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for the United States, edited by OECD, 83–115. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
   Google Scholar
• China Daily 2015. “Wechat Becomes Major Platform for Chinese People.” 29 June. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-06/29/content_21129418.htm
   Google Scholar
• Choi, Jaesung, and Rosa Minhyo Cho, 2015. “Evaluating the Effects of Governmental Regulations on South Korean Private Cram Schools.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education: 1–23. doi 10.1080/02188791.2015.1064356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coase, Ronald H., and Ning Wang. 2012. How China Became Capitalist. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137019370
   Google Scholar
• Collins, Randall. 2011. “Credential Inflation and the Future of Universities.” Italian Journal of Sociology of Education 3 (2): 228–251.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, John W. 2012. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Ding, Xiaojiong. 2011. Policy Metamorphosis in China: A Case Study of Minban Education in Shanghai. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Dore, Ronald. 1976. The Diploma Disease: Education, Qualification and Development. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fergany, Nader. 1994. Survey of Access to Primary Education and Acquisition of Basic Literacy Skills in Three Governorates in Egypt. Cairo: UNICEF and Almishkat Centre for Research and Training.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, Graham R. 2007. Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Sage.10.4135/9781849208574
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Shibao, and Yan Guo, eds. 2016. Spotlight on China: Changes in Education under China’s Market Economy. Rotterdam: Sense.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Shibao, Yan Guo, Gulbahar Beckett, Qing Li and Linyuan Guo. 2013. “Changes in Chinese Education under Globalisation and Market Economy: Emerging Issues and Debates.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 43 (2): 244–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann, Sarah. 2013. “Education ‘Home Delivery’ in Egypt: Private Tutoring and Social Stratification.” In Private Tutoring across the Mediterranean: Power Dynamics and Implications for Learning and Equity, edited by Mark Bray, André E. Mazawi and Ronald G. Sultana, 57–75. Rotterdam: Sense.
   Google Scholar
• Japan, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology. 2015. Survey on Expenditure on Children’s Learning. Tokyo: Monbukagakusho Hokokusho. http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/toukei/chousa03/gakushuuhi/1268091.htm ( in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Jo, Seong Hun. 2013. “The Track of Policies for Educational Equality and its Implications in Korea.” Journal of Educational Change 14 (1): 73–94.10.1007/s10833-012-9190-5
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Burke, and Larry Christensen. 2012. Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jokić, Boris, ed. 2013. Emerging from the Shadow: A Comparative Qualitative Exploration of Private Tutoring in Eurasia. Zagreb: Network of Education Policy Centers.
   Google Scholar
• Kassotakis, Michael and Athanasios Verdis. 2013. “Shadow Education in Greece: Characteristics, Consequences and Eradication Efforts.” In Private Tutoring across the Mediterranean: Power Dynamics and Implications for Learning and Equity, edited by Mark Bray, André E. Mazawi, and Ronald G. Sultana, 93–113, Rotterdam: Sense.10.1007/978-94-6209-237-2
   Google Scholar
• Kobakhidze, Magda Nutsa. 2014. “Corruption Risks of Private Tutoring: Case of Georgia.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 34 (4): 455–475.10.1080/02188791.2014.963506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodakos, Anastassios, and Fragiskos Kalavasis, eds. 2015. Shadow Education System: Border Management Models of the School with the Structures of the Education Market. Rhodes: University of the Aegean.
   Google Scholar
• Koo, Anita. 2016. “Expansion of Vocational Education in Neoliberal China: Hope and Despair among Rural Youth.” Journal of Education Policy 31 (1): 46–59.10.1080/02680939.2015.1073791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korean Statistical Information Service. 2015. “Private Education Participation Rate by School Level.” http://kosis.kr/eng/statisticsList/statisticsList_01List.jsp?vwcd=MT_ETITLE&parentId=C#SubCont
   Google Scholar
• Li, Jun. 2007. “Analysis on the Nearby Enrollment Policy of the Compulsory Education in China.” Doctoral Thesis, East China Normal University, Shanghai.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Jing. 1999. Social Transformation and Private Education in China. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Lipman, Pauline. 2011. The New Political Economy of Urban Education: Neoliberalism, Race, and the Right to the City. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Junyan. 2015. “How a Research Instrument Changed in Different Settings: Methodological Lessons from Adaptation and Adjustment.” In Researching Private Supplementary Tutoring: Methodological Lessons from Diverse Cultures, edited by Mark Bray, Ora Kwo, and Boris Jokić, 247–259. Dordrecht: Springer and Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong.
   Google Scholar
• Manzon, Maria, and Shaljan Areepattamannil. 2014. “Shadow Education: Mapping the Global Discourse.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 34 (4): 389–402.10.1080/02188791.2014.969194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoE (Ministry of Education) 2004a. Basic Facts about the Development of Chinese Education. Beijing. http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_163/200408/2692.html ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• MoE (Ministry of Education) 2004b. Basic Facts about Chinese Higher Education. Beijing. http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_163/200408/2909.html ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• MoE (Ministry of Education) 2014. Educational Statistics in 2013. Beijing. http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s8493/index.html ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• MoE (Ministry of Education) 2015a. Minban Education. Beijing. http://www.moe.edu.cn/jyb_sjzl/moe_364/moe_902/moe_985/tnull_10056.html ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• MoE (Ministry of Education) 2015b. Policy Analysis by the Counsel of Shanghai Education Commission, Yin Houqing. Beijing. http://old.moe.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s8659/201504/185491.html ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2014. China Statistical Yearbook – 2014. Beijing: China Statistics Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neely, W. Brock. 1982. “The Definition and Use of Mixing Zones.” Environmental Science and. Technology 16 (9): 518A–521A.10.1021/es00103a725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olssen, Mark, and Michael Peters. 2005. “Neoliberalism, Higher Education and the Knowledge Economy: From the Free Market to Knowledge Capitalism.” Journal of Education Policy 20 (3): 313–345.10.1080/02680930500108718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, Michael Q. 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Peck, Jamie, and Adam Tickell. 2002. “Neoliberalizing Space.” Antipode 34 (3): 380–404.10.1111/anti.2002.34.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, Jamie, Nik Theodore, and Neil Brenner. 2009. “Neoliberal Urbanism: Models, Moments, Mutations.” SAIS Review 29 (1): 49–66.10.1353/sais.0.0028
   Google Scholar
• People’s Republic of China. 2010. Outline of China’s National Plan for Medium and Long-Term Education Reform and Development (2010–2020). Beijing: People’s Publishing House ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Sato, Yuji, ed. 2012. 100 Years of Juku and 50 Years of Juku Associations. Tokyo: Private Tutoring Federation (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• SEC (Shanghai Education Commission) 2011. Opinions about Further Improving the Principal Responsibility System in Primary and Secondary Schools. http://wenku.baidu.com/view/90fc221ba76e58fafab0030c.html?from=search ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• SEC (Shanghai Education Commission) 2012. Basic Facts of Education in Shanghai. http://www.shmec.gov.cn/web/concept/show_article.php?article_id=363 ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• SEC (Shanghai Education Commission) 2013a. List of Demonstration High Schools in Shanghai. http://www.shmec.gov.cn/web/glxx/listInfo.php?id=24819 ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• SEC (Shanghai Education Commission) 2013b. Guidelines for Monitoring Minban (Private) Tutoring Institutions. http://www.shmec.gov.cn/html/xxgk/201306/423042013001.php ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• SEC (Shanghai Education Commission) 2015a. Regulations on Admission at the Level of Compulsory Education. http://www.shmec.gov.cn/html/xxgk/201502/420022015001.php ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• SEC (Shanghai Education Commission) 2015b. Guidelines on Balanced Development of Education and Promotion of Educational Groups. http://www.shmec.gov.cn/html/xxgk/201511/402152015023.php ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• SEC (Shanghai Education Commission) 2015c. Rules Prohibiting Primary and Secondary Schools and In-service Teachers from Providing Tutoring. http://www.shmec.gov.cn/web/xwzx/show_article.php?article_id=85374 ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Sellar, Sam, and Bob Lingard. 2013. “Looking East: Shanghai, PISA 2009 and the Reconstitution of Reference Societies in the Global Education Policy Field.” Comparative Education 49 (4): 464–485.10.1080/03050068.2013.770943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth, Michael J. 2002. Education Fever: Society, Politics, and the Pursuit of Schooling in South Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shanghai Municipal People’s Government. 2015. The History of Shanghai. http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3767/nw3771/u1aw4.html ( in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Shen, Hua. 2008. “An Investigation on Factors Influencing Private Supplementary Tutoring at the Level of Basic Education.” Economics of Education Research 6 (3): 1–10. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• SMBS (Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics). 2014. Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2014. Shanghai: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Spradley, James P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton Trust. 2015. “London Pupils are Twice as Likely to Receive Private Tuition as Those Outside the Capital.” The Sutton Trust. Accessed September 4. http://www.suttontrust.com/newsarchive/london-pupils-are-twice-as-likely-to-receive-private-tuition-as-those-outside-the-capital/
   Google Scholar
• Tan, Charlene. 2013. Learning from Shanghai: Lessons on Achieving Educational Success. Dordrecht: Springer.10.1007/978-981-4021-87-6
   Google Scholar
• Tan, Jason. 2009. “Private Tutoring in Singapore: Bursting Out of the Shadows.” Journal of Youth Studies (Hong Kong) 12 (1): 93–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang, Mun C. 1996. “Financial Reform of Basic Education in China.” Economics of Education Review 15 (4): 423–444.10.1016/S0272-7757(96)00016-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang, Mun C. 2003. “School Choice in the People’s Republic of China.” In Choosing Choice: School Choice in International Perspective, edited by David N. Plank, and Gary Sykes, 164–195. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. Basic Information about Mixing Zones. http://www.epa.gov/wqs-tech/basic-information-about-mixing-zones
   Google Scholar
• Ward, Stephen. 2013. “Education Policy and the Marketization of Education.” In A Student’s Guide to Education Studies, edited by Stephen Ward, 3–11. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Jinglian. 1999. Economic Reform in Contemporary China: Strategies and Practices. Shanghai: Shanghai Far-East Press (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Xiaoxin. 2014. School Choice in China: A Different Tale?. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Anbang, and Songhua Tan. 1997. National Report on the Quality of Compulsory Education. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Hongxia, and Xiaohao Ding. 2011. “How to Get out of the Prisoner’s Dilemma: Educational Resource Allocation and Private Tutoring.” Frontiers of Education in China 6 (2): 279–292.10.1007/s11516-011-0132-4
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, Kangmin. 1999. Dragon Gate: Competitive Examinations and their Consequences. London: Cassell.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Minxuan, and Lingshuai Kong. 2012. “An Exploration of Reasons for Shanghai’s Success in the OECD Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009.” Frontiers of Education in China 7 (1): 124–162.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Minxuan, Lu Jin, Shengli Zhan, Xiaohu Zhu, and Tingting Wang. 2011. “PISA in a Professional Perspective.” Educational Research 6: 3–10 (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Wei. 2014. “The Demand for Shadow Education in China: Mainstream Teachers and Power Relations.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 34 (4): 436–454.10.1080/02188791.2014.960798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Wei, and Mark Bray. 2015. “Shadow Education in Chongqing, China: Determinants of Demand and Policy Implications.” KEDI Journal of Educational Policy 12 (1): 83–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Wei, and Mark Bray. 2016. “Shadow Education: The Rise and Implications of Private Supplementary Tutoring.” In Spotlight on China: Changes in Education Under China’s Market Economy, edited by Shibao Guo and Yan Guo, 85–99. Rotterdam: Sense.10.1007/978-94-6209-881-7
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Yu. 2011. “The Determinants of National College Entrance Exam Performance in China – With an Analysis of Private Tutoring.” Doctoral diss., Columbia University, New York.
   Google Scholar