Empowerment: emancipation or enervation?

References

• Alexander , J. C. 1995 . Modern, anti, post and neo . New Left Review , 210 March/April : 63 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , G. L. and Dixon , A. 1993 . “ Paradigm shifts and site‐based management in the United States: towards a paradigm of social empowerment ” . In A Socially Critical View of The Self‐Managing School’ , Edited by: Smyth , J. S. 49 – 61 . London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Arendt , H. 1973 . “ On violence ” . In Crises of the Republic , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Bhavnani , K.‐K. 1988 . Empowerment and social research: some comments . Text , 8 (1/2) : 41 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhavnani , K.‐K. 1990 . “ What's power got to do with it?: empowerment and social research ” . In Deconstructing Social Psychology , Edited by: Parker , I. and Shotter , J. 141 – 52 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ball , S. J. 1993 . “ Culture, cost and control: self‐management and entrepreneurial schooling in England and Wales ” . In A Socially Critical View of The Self‐Maturing School , Edited by: Smyth , J. 63 – 82 . London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Ball , T. 1988 . Transforming Political Discourse , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Butler , J. 1987 . Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth Century France , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell , B. J. and Spinks , J. M . 1992 . Leading the Self‐Managing School , Lewes : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Cherryholmes , C. 1988 . Power and Criticism: Poststructural Investigations in Education , New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dadds , M. 1993 . The changing face of topic work in the primary curriculum . Curriculum Journal , 4 (2) : 253 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Day , C. 1993 . “ The development of teachers’ thinking and practice ” . In Reconstructing Teacher Education , Edited by: Elliott , J. 125 – 44 . London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , E. 1992 . Feminism and Critical Pedagogy , Edited by: Luke , C. and Gore , J. 297 – 324 . 90 – 137 . London : Routledge . Also in
   Google Scholar
• Fay , B. 1987 . Critical Social Science: Liberation and its Limits , Cambridge Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fielding , M. Against competition: in praise of a malleable analysis and the subversiveness of philosophy . Proceedings of the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain . (July) 10 . pp. 124 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Fielding , M. 1994 . “ Delivery, packages and the denial of learning: reversing the language and practice of contemporary INSET ” . In Developing Teachers, Developing Schools , Edited by: Bradley , H. , Conner , C. and Southworth , G. 18 – 33 . London : Fulton .
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher , C. 1989 . “ Towards empowerment in community education ” . In The Democratic School , Edited by: Harber , C. and Meighan , R. 59 – 72 . Ticknall : Education Now .
   Google Scholar
• Foster , W. 1989 . “ Toward a critical practice of leadership ” . In Critical Perspectives on Educational Leadership , Edited by: Smyth , J. 39 – 62 . London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Foucault , M. 1980 . “ Two lectures ” . In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972‐1977 , Edited by: Gordon , C. 78 – 108 . London : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Freire , P. and Shor , L . 1987 . A Pedagogy for Liberation , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1994 . What's left for Labour? . New Statesman & Society , 30 September : 37 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Giroux , H. 1989 . Schooling for Democracy: Critical Pedagogy for a Modern Age , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Giroux , H. 1993 . Border Crossings , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Giroux , H. and McLaren , P. 1986 . Teacher education and the politics of engagement: the case for democratic schooling . Harvard Educational Review , 56 (3) : 213 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitlin , A. and Price , K. 1992 . “ Teacher empowerment and the development of voice ” . In Supervision in Transition , Edited by: Glickman , C. 61 – 74 . Alexander, VA : ASCD .
   Google Scholar
• Gitlin , A. and Smyth , J. 1989 . Teacher Evaluation: Educative Alternatives , London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Gore , J. M. Agency, structure and the rhetoric of teacher empowerment . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Gore , J. M. 1992 . Feminism and Critical Pedagogy , Edited by: Luke , C. and Gore , J. 5 – 26 . 54 – 73 . London : Routledge . Also
   Google Scholar
• Gore , J. M. 1993 . The Struggle for Pedagogies , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gruber , J. and Trickett , E. J. 1987 . Can we empower others? the paradox of empowerment in the governing of an alternative public school . American Journal of Community Psychology , 15 (3) : 353 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves , A. 1994 . Changing Teachers, Changing Times , London : Cassell .
   Google Scholar
• Hargreaves , D. and Hopkins , D. 1991 . The Empowered School , London : Cassell .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , K. 1994 . Teachers: Constructing the Future , London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Howley , A. Teacher empowerment: three perspectives . Paper presented at the Southern Regional Council on Educational Administration . November , Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Humphries , B. 1994 . “ Empowerment and social research: elements for an analytic framework ” . In Rethinking Social Research: Anti‐discriminatory Approaches in Research Methodology , Edited by: Humphries , B. and Truman , C. 185 – 204 . Aldershot : Avebury .
   Google Scholar
• Ignatieff , M. 1984 . The Needs of Strangers , London : Chatto & Windus .
   Google Scholar
• Jeffrey , B. and Woods , P. 1995 . Where have all the good times gone? . Times Educational Supplement , 9 June : 6
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , H. O. 1991 . Getting It Right , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• John , G. 1990 . “ Launch Speech for London 2000 ” . In London 2000: Education Strategies for the Whole Community , Edited by: Catterall , B. London : London Research Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , A. 1987 . Leadership for Tomorrow's Schools , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Kanpol , B. 1990 . Empowerment: the institutional and cultural aspects for teachers and principals . NASSP Bulletin , 74 (October) : 104 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Kristeva , J. 1988 . “ On melancholic imagination ” . In Postmodernism and Continental Philosophy , (Selected Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy 13) Edited by: Silvennan , H. J. and Welton , D. 12 – 23 . Albany : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lather , P. 1991 . Getting Smart: Feminist Research and Pedagogy With/in the Postmodern , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• LeCompte , M. D. and deMarrais , K. B. 1992 . The disempowering of empowerment: out of the revolution and into the classroom . Educational Foundations , 6 (3) : 5 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Leicester , M. 1993 . “ Antiracism versus the new multiculturalism: moving beyond the interminable debate ” . In Cultural Diversity and the Schools , Edited by: Lynch , J. , Mogdil , C. and Mogdil , S. (Volume 3) , London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Lukes , S. 1974 . Power: A Radical View , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• McLaren , P. 1988 . Schooling the postmodern body: critical pedagogy and the politics of enfleshment . Journal of Education , 170 (3) : 53 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Maeroff , G. I. 1988a . A blueprint for empowering teachers . Phi Delta Kappan , 69 (7) : 472 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeroff , G. I. 1988b . The Empowerment of Teachers: Overcoming the Crisis of Confidence , New York : Teachers’ College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , J. and Peters , M. 1985 . Evaluation and education: the ideal learning community . Policy Sciences , 18 (3) : 263 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , J. and Peters , M. 1990 . Empowering teachers . Unicorn , 16 (3) : 163 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Dowd , M. 1993 . “ Re‐visioning empowerment with the research subject and the At Risk’ ” . In Education, Inequality and Social Identity , Edited by: Angus , L. 21 – 56 . London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Hagan , B. 1991a . “ Empowerment Fallacy: Knowledge is Power ” . In The Charnwood Papers , Edited by: O'Hagan , B. 107 – 22 . Ticknall, Education Now .
   Google Scholar
• O'Hagan , B. 1991b . Empowerment: a fallacy? . Community Education Network , 11 (4) : 18 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Opie , A . 1992 . Qualitative research, appropriation of the ‘other’ and empowerment . Feminist Review , 40 (Spring) : 52 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , M. and Marshall , J. D. 1991 . Education and empowerment: postmodernism and the critique of humanism . Education and Society , 8 (2) : 123 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Pilger , J. 1993 . When war is peace, and vice versa . New Statesman & Society , 12 November : 14
   Google Scholar
• Popkewitz , T. 1988 . Culture, pedagogy and power issues in the production of values and colonialization . Journal of Education , 170 (2) : 77 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Ramazanoglu , C. 1992 . On feminist methodology: male reason versus female empowerment . Sociology , 26 (2) : 207 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Renihan , F. and Renihan , P. 1992 . Educational leadership a renaissance metaphor . Education Canada , 32 (Spring) : 8 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , H. A. 1994 . The Ethnography of Empowerment: The Transformative Power of Classroom Interaction , London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , E. W. Teacher empowerment and the ideology of professionalism . Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the New York State Council for the Social Studies . April , Buffalo.
   Google Scholar
• Shor , I. 1992 . Empowering Education: Critical Teaching for Social Change , London : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , R. 1987 . Empowerment as a pedagogy of possibility . Language Arts , 64 (4) : 370 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Siraj‐Blatchford , I. 1994 . Praxis Makes Perfect: Critical Educational Research for Social Justice , Ticknall : Education Now .
   Google Scholar
• Smail , D. 1993 . The Origins of Unhappiness , London : Harper Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Smyth , J. 1987 . Teachers‐as‐intellectuals in a critical pedagogy of schooling . Education and Society , 5 (1&2) : 11 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Smyth , J. 1989a . “ A ‘pedagogical’ and ‘educative’ view of leadership ” . In Critical Perspectives on Educational Leadership , Edited by: Smyth , J. London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Smyth , J. 1989b . A critical pedagogy of classroom practice . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 21 (6) : 483 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth , J. 1991 . Teachers as Collaborative Learners: Challenging Dominant Forms of Supervision , Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , L. 1992 . Disavowing community . Proceedings of the Philosophy of Education Society (USA) , 48 : 93 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Troyna , B. 1994 . (a) Blind faith? empowerment and educational research . International Studies in Sociology of Education , 4 (1) : 3 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Troyna , B. 1994(b) . Critical social research and education policy . British Journal of Educational Studies , : 70 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent , C. 1993 . Education for the community? . British Journal of Educational Studies , 41 (4) : 366 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolin , S. 1988 . “ On the theory and practice of power ” . In After Foucault , Edited by: Arac , J. 179 – 201 . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yonemura , M. 1986 . Reflections on teacher empowerment and teacher education . Harvard Educational Review , 56 (4) : 473 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , I. 1990 . Feminism/Postmodernism , Edited by: Nicholson , L. J. 1 – 26 . 300 – 323 . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . Also
   Google Scholar