Tackling social inequality in development: beyond access to appropriation of ICTs for employability

References

• Abramsky, S. (2012, May 14). The other America 2012: Confronting the poverty epidemic. The Nation, 294, 11–14.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson-Butcher, D., Iachini, A. L., & Amorose, A. J. (2008). Initial reliability and validity of the perceived social competence scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(1), 47–54. doi: 10.1177/1049731507304364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasson, K. J. (2015). Digital divides: The new challenges and opportunities of e-inclusion. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Andreß, H. J., & Lohmann, H. (2008). The working poor in Europe: Employment, poverty and globalization. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Araque, J. C., Maiden, R. P., Bravo, N., Estrada, I., Evans, R., Hubchik, K., … Reddy, M. (2013). Computer usage and access in low-income urban communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1393–1401. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avgerou, C. (2002). Information systems and global diversity. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Awadhiya, A. K., & Gowthaman, K. (2014). ICT usage by distance learners in India. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(3), 242–253.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, K. (2011, 4 January). Technology's role in fighting poverty is still ripe for discussion. The Guardian: Global development: Poverty matters Blog. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/04/technology-poverty-development-policy-discussion
   Google Scholar
• Barry, S., Murphy, K., & Drew, S. (2015). From deconstructive misalignment to constructive alignment: Exploring student uses of mobile technologies in university classrooms. Computers & Education, 81, 202–210. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2014.10.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, R. (2013, 10 November). Welfare must not undermine value of hard work; Boost wages of poor to keep them in jobs, and to get the able-bodied to work. The Straits Times.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, E., Bound, J., & Machin, S. (1998). Implications of skill-biased technological change: International evidence. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(4), 1245–1279. doi: 10.1162/003355398555892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaskaran, M., Ho, S. C., Low, D., Tan, K. S., Vadaketh, S., & Yeoh, L. K. (2012). Inequality and the need for a new social compact. Singapore Perspectives 2012, Singapore Inclusive: Bridging Divides.
   Google Scholar
• Bivens, R. (2014). Digital currents: How technology and the public are shaping TV news. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bonvin, J.-M., & Farvaque, N. (2007). A capability approach to individualised and tailor-made activation. In R. van Berkel & B. Valkenburg (Eds.), Making it personal: Individualising activation services in the EU (pp. 45–65). Bristol: The Policy Press, University of Bristrol.
   Google Scholar
• Brotcorne, P., Damhuis, L., Laurent, V., Valenduc, G., & Vendramin, P. (2010). The second order digital divide: Synthesis of the research report. Namur, Belgium. Retrieved from www.belspo.be/ta
   Google Scholar
• Brown, P., & Hesketh, A. (2004). The mismanagement of talent: Employability and jobs in the knowledge economy. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A., Tan, J., & Ye, R. (2011). What counts as evidence in evidence-informed policy and practice in vocational education and training? Paper presented at the Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung (BIBB) Regional Workshop, Seoul, Korea. http://www.ial.edu.sg/files/documents/302/Brown_Tan_Ye_BIBB_KRIVET_Oct_2011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Burbules, N. C., Callister, T. A., & Taaffe, C. (2006). Beyond the digital divide. In S. Y. Tettegah & R. C. Hunter (Eds.), Technology and education: Issues in administration, policy, and applications in K12 schools (Vol. 8, pp. 85–99). Emerald Group. Retrieved from https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1016/S1479-3660%2805%2908007-8
   Google Scholar
• Card, D., & DiNardo, J. E. (2002). Skill-biased technological change and rising wage inequality: Some problems and puzzles. Journal of Labor Economics, 20(4), 733–783. doi: 10.1086/342055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casner-Lotto, J. (2006). Are they really ready to work?: Employers’ perspectives on the basic knowledge and applied skills of new entrants to the 21st century U.S. workforce. Retrieved from USA.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (1999). Information technology, globalization and social development. Geneva. Retrieved from http://www.unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/70870613ae33162380256b5a004d932e/f270e0c066f3de7780256b67005b728c/$FILE/dp114.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chan, R., & Basu, R. (2013, October 26). The ‘invisible poor': It is an issue many in affluent Singapore feel awkward about - poverty. The Straits Times.
   Google Scholar
• ChannelNewsAsia. (2016, February 29). 14% of Singapore workforce self-employed: Manpower Ministry. Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/14-of-singapore-workforce-self-employed-manpower-ministry-8174354
   Google Scholar
• Chen, W., Li, X., & Straubhaar, J. D. (2017, Monday May 29). Not there Yet! access, skill, and expectation digital divides in American public housing communities. Paper presented at the 67th international communication association conference, Hilton San Diego Bayfront.
   Google Scholar
• Cheneau-Loquay, A. (2008, October 27-30). The Role Played by the Informal Economy in the Appropriation of ICTs in Urban Environments in West Africa. Paper presented at the 5th Prato CIRN 2008 community informatics conference: ICTs for social inclusion: What is the reality? Prato, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, P. (2015). Introduction - Is life getting better in Singapore?: Issues on social inequality. In F. B. Yahya (Ed.), Inequality in Singapore (pp. 1–11). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Comim, F., Qizilbash, M., & Alkire, S. (2008). The capability approach: Concepts, measures and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, F. D. (1993). User acceptance of information technology: System characteristics, user perceptions and behavioral impacts. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 38(3), 475–487. doi: 10.1006/imms.1993.1022
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E. (2003, February 4-5). Findings on subjective well-being and their implications for empowerment. Paper presented at the ‘measuring empowerment: Cross-disciplinary perspectives’ workshop. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Dillman, D. A., Christian, L. M., & Smyth, J. D. (2014). Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys : The tailored design method (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P., & Hargittai, E. (2001). From the ‘digital divide’ to ‘digital inequality': Studying internet use as penetration increases. Princeton: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, 4(1), 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Dodel, M. (2014). An analytical framework to incorporate ICT as an independent variable. In A. Chib, J. May, & R. Barrantes (Eds.), Impact of information society research in the global south (pp. 125–146). Singapore: Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Donner, J. (2015). After access: Inclusion, development, and a more mobile internet. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• e2i. (2016). About e2i (Employment and Employability Institute). About Us. Retrieved from https://e2i.com.sg/what-we-do/
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich, B. (2011). Nickel and dimed: On (not) getting by in America (1st ed.). New York, NY: Picador.
   Google Scholar
• Ershova, T., Hohlov, Y., & Shaposhnik, S. (2015). Spatial and social aspects of the digital divide in Russia. In K. J. Andreasson (Ed.), Digital divides : The new challenges and opportunities of e-inclusion (pp. 80–105). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2017, May 5). New report shows digital skills are required in all types of jobs. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/new-report-shows-digital-skills-are-required-all-types-jobs
   Google Scholar
• Evangelista, R., Guerrieri, P., & Meliciani, V. (2014). The economic impact of digital technologies in Europe. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 23(8), 802–824. doi: 10.1080/10438599.2014.918438
   Google Scholar
• Forrier, A., & Sels, L. (2003). The concept employability: A complex mosaic. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 3(2), 102–124.
   Google Scholar
• Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 14–38. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrido, M., Sullivan, J., & Gordon, A. (2012). Understanding the links between ICT skills training and employability: An analytical framework. Information Technologies & International Development, 8(2), 17–32.
   Google Scholar
• Gaved, M., & Anderson, B. (2006). The impact of local ICT initiatives on social capital and quality of life. Chimera Working Paper 2006-6.
   Google Scholar
• General Assembly. (2016). About general assembly. Retrieved from https://generalassemb.ly/about
   Google Scholar
• Goldin, C. D., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The race between education and technology. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goodison, T., Green, A., Owen, D., & Rooney, S. (2004). ICT and employability: A case study of clients using UK online centres. Retrieved from https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/ier/publications/2004/goodison_et_al_2004_rr534.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gould, S. (1979). Characteristics of career planners in upwardly mobile occupations. Academy of Management Journal, 22(3), 539–550. doi: 10.2307/255743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grusky, D. B., Ku, M. C., & Szelényi, S. (2008). Social stratification: Class, race, and gender in sociological perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, c2008.
   Google Scholar
• Hampton, K., & Wellman, B. (2003). Neighboring in Netville: How the internet supports community and social capital in a wired suburb. City and Community, 2(4), 277–311. doi: 10.1046/j.1535-6841.2003.00057.x
   Google Scholar
• Hargittai, E. (2002). Second-level digital divide: Differences in people's online skills. First Monday, 7(4), 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Hargittai, E., & Hinnant, A. (2008). Digital inequality. Communication Research, 35(5), 602–621. doi: 10.1177/0093650208321782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijde, C. M. V. D., & Van Der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2006). A competence-based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45(3), 449–476. doi: 10.1002/hrm.20119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbert, M. (2011). The end justifies the definition: The manifold outlooks on the digital divide and their practical usefulness for policy-making. Telecommunications Policy, 35(8), 715–736. doi: 10.1016/j.telpol.2011.06.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, K. W., & Tan, R. (2008). Nonmonotonic relationship between human capital and unemployment: An exploratory study with empirical evidence on Singapore. Applied Economics Letters, 15(15), 1177–1185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan, R., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Kaiser, R. B. (2013). Employability and career success: Bridging the gap between theory and reality. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 6(1), 3–16. doi: 10.1111/iops.12001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyos, M. d., Green, A. E., Barnes, S.-A., Baldauf, B., Behle, H., & Owen, D. (2013). Literature review on employability, inclusion and ICT, report 2: ICT and employability. Seville, Spain: Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, L., Von Pape, T., & Karnowski, V. (2013). Evolving mobile media: Uses and conceptualizations of the mobile internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(4), 491–507. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, S., & Tiwari, M. (2014). The capability approach : From theory to practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore. (2016, September 1). Statistics on telecom services for 2016 (Jan - Jun). Statistics on Telecom Services. Retrieved from https://www.ida.gov.sg/Tech-Scene-News/Facts-and-Figures/Telecommunications/Statistics-on-Telecom-Services/Statistics-on-Telecom-Services-for-2016-Jan-Jun
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization. (1998, October). Resolution concerning the measurement of underemployment and inadequate employment situations. Paper presented at the the sixteenth international conference of labour statisticians, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization. (2015, October 09). Reduce inequality, accelerate growth, generate decent work. Paper presented at the international monetary and financial committee, Lima, Peru.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization. (2016). World employment social outlook: Trends 2016 ( 978-92-2-129632-4[ISBN]). Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/decent-work/lang--en/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Jaw, Y.-L., & Chen, C.-L. (2007). A case study of globalization, innovation and ICT application in Taiwan's cultural industry. International Journal of Business Research Publisher, 7(3), 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Jayaram, S., & Engmann, M. (2014). Developing skills for employability at the secondary level: Effective models for Asia. PROSPECTS, 44(2), 221–233. doi: 10.1007/s11125-014-9302-5
   Google Scholar
• Juhn, C., Murphy, K. M., & Topel, R. H. (1991). Why has the natural rate of unemployment increased over time? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1991(2), 75–142.
   Google Scholar
• Kamal, M., Good, T., & Qureshi, S. (2009, January 5-8). Development outcomes from IT adoption in micro-enterprises. Paper presented at the 42nd Hawaii international conference on system sciences, Waikoloa, Hawaii.
   Google Scholar
• Kirk, C. P., Swain, S. D., & Gaskin, J. E. (2015). I’m proud of it: Consumer technology appropriation and psychological ownership. Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice, 23(2), 166–184. doi: 10.1080/10696679.2015.1002335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleine, D. (2010). ICT4WHAT?—Using the choice framework to operationalise the capability approach to development. Journal of International Development, 22(5), 674–692. doi: 10.1002/jid.1719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koen, J., Klehe, U.-C., & Van Vianen, A. E. M. (2013). Employability among the long-term unemployed: A futile quest or worth the effort? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(1), 37–48. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2012.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolko, B. E., & Racadio, R. (2014). The value of Non-instrumental computer use: A study of skills acquisition and performance in Brazil. Information Technologies & International Development, 10(3), 47–65.
   Google Scholar
• Kyrylych, K. (2013). Problem of uneven economic development of the world economy: Essence and causes. Intellectual Economics, 7(3), 344–354.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, S. C., & Guo, L. (2015). Digital inclusion: The Singapore perspective. In K. J. Andreasson (Ed.), Digital divides : The new challenges and opportunities of e-inclusion (pp. 149–162). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loewe, M., Altenburg, T., & Pegels, A. (2015). Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. In M. Loewe & N. Rippin (Eds.), Translating an ambitious vision into global transformation: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development (pp. 51–57). Bonn, Germany: German Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Loh, Y. A.-C., & Chib, A. (2016). Increased wage inequality via ICTs: Making a case for human capital investment. Paper presented at the 8th international conference on information and communication technologies and development (ICTD2016), Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. doi: 10.1145/2909609.2909615
   Google Scholar
• Machin, S. (2001). The changing nature of labour demand in the New economy and skill-biased technology change. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 63(1), 753–776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McArdle, S., Waters, L., Briscoe, J. P., & Hall, D. T. (2007). Employability during unemployment: Adaptability, career identity and human and social capital. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(2), 247–264. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2007.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonça, S., Crespo, N., & Simões, N. (2015). Inequality in the network society: An integrated approach to ICT access, basic skills, and complex capabilities. Telecommunications Policy, 39(3–4), 192–207. doi: 10.1016/j.telpol.2014.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milanović, B. (2016). Global inequality: A new approach for the age of globalization. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Millard, J. (2015). The digital divide and the global post-2015 development debate. In K. J. Andreasson (Ed.), Digital divides : The new challenges and opportunities of e-inclusion (pp. 3–26). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Manpower Singapore. (2016, July 28). Summary table: Unemployment. Labour Market Statistical Information. Retrieved from http://stats.mom.gov.sg/Pages/Unemployment-Summary-Table.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Manpower Singapore. (2017, October 27). Labour market statistical information. Retrieved from http://stats.mom.gov.sg/Pages/Unemployment-Summary-Table.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Social and Family Development. (2018, February 1). Labour force and the economy: Part time workforce. Retrieved from https://www.msf.gov.sg/research-and-data/Research-and-Statistics/Pages/Labour-Force-and-the-Economy-Part-Time-Workforce.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Moreno-Galbis, E., & Sopraseuth, T. (2014). Job polarization in aging economies. Labour Economics, 27(0), 44–55. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2013.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhaya, P. (2014). Income inequality in Singapore. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nair, M. (2014, February 13). Unaffordable cities: Singapore workers tread water on millionaires’ island. The Guardian, p. 22. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/feb/13/unaffordable-cities-singapore-workers-millionaire-island
   Google Scholar
• Nicholas, S. (2015). Stratification and the digital revolution. New York: Salem Press.
   Google Scholar
• Niederman, F., & Ferratt, T. W. (2006). IT workers: Human capital issues in a knowledge-based environment. Greenwich, Conn.: IAP- Information Age Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Obi, T., Auffret, J.-P., & Iwasaki, N. (2013). Aging society and ICT: Global silver innovation. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2001). Understanding the digital divide. Paris, France. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/sti/1888451.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Olejniczak, M. (2012). Long-term unemployment and the capability approach: The case of the German labor market. Management Revue, 23(2), 140–157. doi: 10.1688/1861-9908:mrev:2012:02:Olejniczak
   Google Scholar
• Ono, H. (2005). Digital inequality in east Asia: Evidence from Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. Asian Economic Papers, 4(3), 116–139.
   Google Scholar
• Orton, M. (2011). Flourishing lives: The capabilities approach as a framework for new thinking about employment, work and welfare in the 21st century. Work, Employment and Society, 25(2), 352–360. doi: 10.1177/0950017011403848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pant, A. (2008). Digital divide in Singapore - beyond ubiquitous internet access. Retrieved from http://www.icdri.org/DD/dd_singapore.htm
   Google Scholar
• Qureshi, S. (2015). Are we making a better world with information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) research? Findings from the field and theory building. Information Technology for Development, 21(4), 511–522. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2015.1080428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seah, C. N. (2001, June 30, 2012). Digital divide: The gap widens. Retrieved from http://www.littlespeck.com/content/economy/CTrendsEconomy-010212.html
   Google Scholar
• Selwyn, N. (2004). Reconsidering political and popular understandings of the digital divide. New Media & Society, 6(3), 341–362. doi: 10.1177/1461444804042519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selwyn, N. (2010). Degrees of digital division: Reconsidering digital inequalities and contemporary higher education. RUSC, 7(1), 33–42.
   Google Scholar
• Selwyn, N., & Facer, K. (2007). Beyond the digital divide: Rethinking digital inclusion for the 21st century. Bristol, UK. Retrieved from http://www2.futurelab.org.uk/resources/documents/opening_education/Digital_Divide.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Selwyn, N., Gorard, S., & Furlong, J. (2004). Adults’ use of ICTs for learning: Reducing or increasing educational inequalities? Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 56(2), 269–290. doi: 10.1080/13636820400200257
   Google Scholar
• Sen, A. (1992). Inequality reexamined. New York, USA: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, A., & Foster, J. E. (1997). On economic inequality. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sernau, S. (2011). Social inequality in a global age (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE/Pine Forge.
   Google Scholar
• Sey, A., Bar, F., Coward, C., Koepke, L., Rothschild, C., & Sciadas, G. (2015). There when You need it: The multiple dimensions of public access ICT uses and impacts. Information Technologies & International Development, 11(1), 71–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singapore Department of Statistics. (2016a). Key household income trends, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/household_income_and_expenditure/pp-s22.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Singapore Department of Statistics. (2016b). Population trends 2016. Retrieved from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/population_and_population_structure/population2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C. J., Donaldson, J. A., Mudaliar, S., Kadir, M. M., & Yeoh, L. K. (2015). A handbook on inequality, poverty and unmet social needs in Singapore. Singapore. Retrieved from http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/lien_reports/10
   Google Scholar
• Stumpf, S. A., Colarelli, S. M., & Hartman, K. (1983). Development of the career exploration survey (CES). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22(2), 191–226. doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(83)90028-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung, J., Loke, F., Ramos, C., & Ng, M. (2011). You and your work: Skills utilisation in Singapore. Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.ial.edu.sg/files/documents/399/You20and20Your20Work20Skills20Utilisation20in%20Singapore.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Toyama, K. (2015). Geek heresy: Rescuing social change from the cult of technology. New York, NY: PublicAffairs.
   Google Scholar
• Valadez, J. R., & Durán, R. P. (2007). Redefining the digital divide: Beyond access to computers and the internet. The High School Journal 90: 31–44.
   Google Scholar
• van de Klundert, T. (2008). Looking back, looking ahead: Biased technological change, substitution and the wage gap. Journal of Macroeconomics, 30(2), 707–713. doi: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2007.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Klink, J. J. L., Bültmann, U., Burdorf, A., Schaufeli, W. B., Zijlstra, F. R. H., Abma, F. I., … van der Wilt, G. J. (2016). Sustainable employability - definition, conceptualization, and implications: A perspective based on the capability approach. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 42(1), 71–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Deursen, A. J., & van Dijk, J. A. (2015). Toward a multifaceted model of internet access for understanding digital divides: An empirical investigation. The Information Society, 31(5), 379–391. doi: 10.1080/01972243.2015.1069770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk, J. A. (2005). The deepening divide: Inequality in the information society. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, J. A., & Hacker, K. (2003). The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The Information Society, 19(4), 315–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Violante, G. L. (1990). Skill-Biased technical change. In S. Durlauf & L. Blumenfeld (Eds.), The New palgrave dictionary of economics (pp. 7680). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2388-1
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, D. A., Day, B., James, T., Kozma, R. B., Miller, J., & Unwin, T. (2005). Monitoring and evaluation of ICT in education projects: A handbook for developing countries. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.9.html
   Google Scholar
• Walsham, G. (2017). ICT4D research: Reflections on history and future agenda. Information Technology for Development, 23(1), 18–41. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2016.1246406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton, R., Cynthia, P., Erica, J., & Beth, K. (2009). Skills are not binary: Nuances in the relationship between ICT skills and employability. Information Technologies & International Development, 5(2), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Wanberg, C. R., Hough, L. M., & Song, Z. (2002). Predictive validity of a multidisciplinary model of reemployment success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 1100–1120. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.6.1100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warr, P., Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1979). Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well-being. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52(2), 129–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warschauer, M. (2003). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, F. (2007). Theories of the information society (1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Wei, K.-K., Teo, H.-H., Chan, H. C., & Tan, B. C. Y. (2011). Conceptualizing and testing a social cognitive model of the digital divide. Information Systems Research, 22(1), 170–187. doi: 10.1287/isre.1090.0273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wet, W. d., Koekemoer, E., & Nel, J. A. (2016). Exploring the impact of information and communication technology on employees’ work and personal lives. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42(1), 1–11. doi: 10.4102/sajip.v42i1.1330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S., Dodd, L. J., Steele, C., & Randall, R. (2016). A systematic review of current understandings of employability. Journal of Education and Work, 29(8), 877–901. doi: 10.1080/13639080.2015.1102210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, J. C., & Mannon, S. E. (2010). The internet and social inequalities. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, Y.-c., Chen, H., Lee, V. W. P., Fung, J. Y. C., & Law, C.-k. (2014). Empowerment of senior citizens via the learning of information and communication technology. Ageing International 39: 144–162.
   Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. (2016, July 6). The 10 countries best prepared for the new digital economy. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/07/countries-best-prepared-for-the-new-digital-economy/
   Google Scholar
• Yu, L., & Zhou, W. (2016). Information inequality in contemporary Chinese urban society: The results of a cluster analysis. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(9), 2246–2262. doi: 10.1002/asi.23531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z. (2014). How Canadian and Chinese high school students access and use ICT: An exploratory study. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange, 7(1), 19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y. (2009). Different spaces for e-development: What can we learn from the capability approach? Information Technology for Development, 15(2), 66–82. doi: 10.1002/itdj.20115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y., Hatakka, M., Sahay, S., & Andersson, A. (2017). Conceptualizing development in information and communication technology for development (ICT4D). Information Technology for Development, 1–14. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2017.1396020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar