Notes
- Hopkins , David . 1986 . John Dryden 94 Cambridge Hopkins, ‘Dryden and the Tenth Satire of Juvenal’, Translation and Literature, 4 (1995), 31–60 (p. 43).
- Hammond , Paul . 1983 . John Oldham and the Renewal of Classical Culture 212 – 62 . Cambridge for other statements of all or part of this view, see Dustin Griffin, ‘Dryden's “Oldham” and the Perils of Writing’, in Modern Language Quarterly, 37 (1976), 133–50, Tom Mason, ‘Dryden's Chaucer’ (unpublished Ph.D, University of Cambridge, 1977), pp. 57-, Stuart Gillespie, ‘Dryden's Sylvae: A Study of Dryden's Translations from the Latin in the Second Tonson Miscellany, 1685’ (unpublished Ph.D, University of Cambridge), pp. 84–6, and David Hopkins and Tom Mason, The Beauties of Dryden (Bristol, 1982), pp. 272–3
- Hammond . 1991 . John Dryden: A Literary Life 147 Basingstoke
- The Poems of John Dryden For a list, and discussion, see ed. Paul Hammond (4 vols, 1995-), II, 86, n.28; most pertinently, Dryden called attention to ‘my natural diffidence and scepticism’ in the Preface to Sylvae (Poems, II, 247 and n.). In what follows I quote Dryden's poems in the text of Hammond's edition—cited as Poems to which hereafter references are made by volume and page number within the text.
- Hammond . Dryden: A Literary Life 168 – 200 . for an excellent discussion of the volume along these lines, see Hopkins, John Dryden, pp. 168-
- Hopkins . “ ‘Dryden and the Tenth Satire of Juvenal’, 56, 57, with which compare Gillespie, ‘Dryden's ” . In Sylvae’ 94 Judith Sloman, Dryden: The Poetics of Translation (Toronto, 1985), p. 147
- 1998 . English Stoics and Epicures: Ancient Legacies in Early Stuart Culture 12 – 13 . Throughout the essay I treat the teachings of the Stoics and Epicureans on ‘the happy life’ as roughly equivalent; I am of course aware that they are not identical, but within the polemical ‘reception’ contexts which concern me here it is rare to find the ethical teachings of the two schools clearly distinguished one from the other: in the Jacobean period, Bacon and Burton, among others, present them as overlapping (see Reid Barbour, (Amherst, Mass.,), pp.—, 66–7), and the two writers most often cited as sources for Dryden's thinking about the consolations of classical philosophy—Walter Charleton and Montaigne—also do this: the full title of Charleton's Epicurus Morals (1656) adduces ‘Seneca’ as one of its sources; and for evidence that ‘Stoicism and Epicureanism…are by no means as sharply differentiated as might appear at first sight’ in Montaigne's Essais, see R. A. Sayce, The Essays of Montaigne: A Critical Exploration (1972), pp. 166–7; the tendency of Restoration writers to conflate Stoic and Epicurean ethics around the broad themes of retirement and self-possession is exemplified in Edward Cooke's translation of Antoine Le Grand, The Divine Epicurus (1676): ‘their aims are at one and the same end, and both are Rivals to the same Mistress, though indeed it is under different Pretexts’ (p. 8).
- Treatise of Peace & Contentment of Mind Peter du Moulin, a royal chaplain and canon of Christs Church, Canterbury in the Restoration, equates this passage of Lucretius with the unsettlement of Interregnum England at the outset of the second edition of A (1671) in a passage remembering how he found refuge as a tutor in the household of the Boyle family in Ireland: ‘Some years ago being cast by the storm upon a remote coast, and judging that it would have been to no purpose for me to quarrel with the tempest, I sate upon the shore to behold it calmly; taking no other interest in it, but that of my sympathy with those friends whom I yet saw beaten by the wind and the waves.’ (sig. A4r).
- 1671 . The Doctrine of Contentment, Briefly Explained and Practically Applied The full title of one of them—Henry Wilkinson's—indicates its relation to the tripartite scheme of ‘explication’, ‘confirmation’ and ‘application’ according to which the majority of Restoration sermons were organised: see Irene Simon, Three Restoration Divines: Barrow, South, Tillotson, 2 vols (Paris, 1967), I, 75.
- 1977 . Popular Religion in Restoration England Surprisingly, neither C. J. Sommerville, (Gainesville, Fla.,) nor the otherwise excellent John Spurr, The Restoration Church of England, 1646–1689 (New Haven, Mass., 1991) treats these ‘arts of contentment’ in any detail.
- The Art of Patience Under All Afflictions. 86 An Appendix to the Art of Contentment, p.
- Of Contentment 44 For Lucretius, see above n. 8; for Horace, see Barrow, p., where Horace is quoted asking Maecenas ‘How comes it to pass, that no body liveth content with the lot assigned by God?’, and Watson, Autarkeia, p. 190, where he quotes ‘Saepius ventis agitatur ingens/Pinus, and celsae graviora casu/Dedicunt turres, feriuntque summos/Fulmina montes’ from Odes 2. 10—‘The little pinnace rides safe by the shore, when the gallant ship advancing with its mast and top-sail, is cast away’, as he translates—an analogue for Odes 3. 29, Dryden's translation of which includes the lines ‘In my small pinnace I can sail,/Contemning all the blustering roar,/And running with a merry gale,/With friendly stars my safety seek’ (99–102; Poems, II, 376); for Juvenal, see Allestree, The Art of Contentment, p. 64: ‘we should quickly sink under the weight of our own wishes; and as Juvenal in his tenth Satyr excellently observes, perish by the success and grant of our Praiers’, and Barrow, Of Contentment, p. 28 where the tenth satire is cited alongside the advice that ‘we should curb our desires, and confine them in the narrowest bounds we can’.
- Rivers , Isabel . Reason, Grace, and Sentiment 2 vols (Cambridge, 1991–2000), I, 35.
- 1988 . Historical Journal , 31 : 282 The modern use of this term to denote a party within the Restoration Church of England which ‘relied upon the new science’ has been disputed by Spurr, ‘”Lat- itudinarianism” and the Restoration Church’, in, 61–82; I use it here in the less anachronistic and looser sense which Dr Spurr recommends, to refer to the broad swathe of Restoration churchmen who, aghast at the antinomian potential of the Calvinist doctrine of justification, ‘were about the work of rehabilitating the notion of “morality” in religion’ (p. 80): Allestree, the probable author of The Whole Duty of Man, the single most influential work of ‘practical theology’ in the Restoration, certainly fits that definition (see Spurr, The Restoration Church of England, pp. -4); Watson also fits it, albeit less easily: ‘strongly Presbyterian in his views’ (DNB), he was ejected from his living in the Restoration, but his most substantial work was a Body of Practical Divinity, 176 sermons on the Catechism of the Westminster Assembly.
- Clearly . Reason, Grace and Sentiment 6 these were not absolute divisions: as Isabel Rivers points out (p.), the majority of Restoration divines would have agreed that ‘Scripture is paramount, but Scripture must be interpreted with the aid both of the Spirit and of human reason’, and would have disagreed only on the relative emphases to be given to rational and revealed authority, though of course these ‘differences of emphasis’ frequently led to implacable contention.
- English Epicures and Stoics 195 – 239 . This had happened before: for a discussion of the embroilment of the Stoics and Epicureans in the Jacobean phase of the struggle between the Calvinist and Arminian tendencies within the Church of England, see Barbour, pp.
- 1988 . Journal of British Studies, TI 4 ‘The Art of Contentment’, p. (it should be noted that ‘too flat and low…being taken from the dignity of man’ is not without polemical bite); for a detailed account of the tenor of Sanderson's piety, see Peter Lake, ‘Serving God and the Times: The Calvinist Conformity of Robert Sanderson’, in, 81–116.
- The Restoration Church of England 261 – 17 . The description is Spurr's (p. n.149); Wilkinson was Principal of Madgalen Hall, Oxford during the Interregnum, ejected under the provisions of the Act of Uniformity, and ‘excommunicated’ in 1671, before being licensed to preach under the Indulgence of 1672 (DNB): the fact that he was excommunicated does not imply that he was startlingly heterodox or troublesome, since people were commonly excommunicated in the Restoration for trifling offences (Spurr, The Restoration Church of England, pp. 214-).
- The Doctrine of Contentment Briefly Explained and Practically Applied 75
- 1685 . An Apologetical Narration 104 – 5 . The Rare Jewel of Christian Contentment, sig. A2r.: this work was posthumously published by a consortium of Independents, four of whom—William Bridge, Thomas Goodwin, Philip Nye, Sidrach Simpson—had cooperated with Burroughes in to the Westminster Assembly in 1644, lamenting ‘authoritative presbyterial government’; see further Spurr, English Puritanism 1603–1689 (Basingstoke, 1998), pp.
- 1719 . Fifteen Sermons upon Contentment and Resignation to the Will of God Of Contentment, Patience and Resignation to the Will of God (1685).
- Three Restoration Divines 250 – 90 . For Barrow's connections with the Latitude-men, see Simon, 226–8; and for some evidence that Barrow was charier than many Latitudinarians about arguing from rationalist sources—evidence relevant to my argument—see John Gascoigne, ‘Isaac Barrow's academic milieu: Inerregnum and Restoration Cambridge’, in Before Newton: The Life and Times of Isaac Barrow, ed. Mordechai Feingold (Cambridge, 1990), pp.—, at p. 281
- Contexts of Dryden's Thought 155 – 61 . For discussion of Dryden's relations with Latitudinarianism, see Harth, pp.—, 222–3.
- Of Contentment, Patience and Resignation to the Will of God 124 – 5 .
- Before Newton: The Life and Times of Isaac Barrow 291 – 302 . Appointing Barrow Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, Charles I referred to him as the best scholar in England; for details of his classical scholarship, see Anthony Grafton, ‘Barrow as a scholar’, in pp.
- All's Well That Ends Well V ii. 4.
- Zwicker , Steven . 1998 . “ ‘Preface’ to ” . In The Cambridge Companion to English Literature 1650–1740 Cambridge xii.
- The Seventeenth Century , 8 It might fairly be said, though, that scholars have been more interested in the religious and literary manifestations of late seventeenth-century scepticism—on which see, among many examples, Gillian Manning, ‘Rochester's Satyr Against Reason and Mankind and Contemporary Religious Debate’, in (1993), 99–121, and Jeremy Treglown, ‘Scepticism and Parody in the Restoration’, in Modern Language Review, 75 (1980), 18–47—than in its application to classical ethics.
- The Art of Contentment 4 – 3 . Fifteen Sermons upon Contentment, pp. 282-; see also Rivers, Reason, Grace and Sentiment, p. 35
- 1654 . Of Liberty and Necessity Davies was responsible for the unauthorised edition of Hobbes's and for its wildly anticlerical prefatory ‘Epistle to the Reader’; for his relations with other anticlerical figures in the 1670s, see The Correspondence of Thomas Hobbes, ed. Noel Malcolm, 2 vols (Oxford, 1994), II, 899–900; for an outline of Davies's life and a bibliography of his publications, see Joseph Tucker, ‘John Davies of Kidwelly (1627P-1693), Translator from the French’, in Proceedings of the Bibliographical Society of America, 64 (1950), 119–51.
- Tucker , Joseph . 1949 . “ ‘The Earliest English Translation of La Rochefoucauld's ” . In Maximes’ in Modern Language Notes, 64, 413–15.
- Clark , Henry C. 1994 . La Rochefoucauld and the Language of Unmasking in Seventeenth-Century France 13 Geneva
- Epictetus Junior 108
- Ibid. 18 – 19 . (nos. xxvi-xxviii).
- 1983 . Poems On Dryden's relations with Charleton, see the headnote to ‘To my Honoured Friend Dr Charleton’, in I, 70; and for suggestions of a link between Dryden's translations from Lucretius and Epicurus's Morals, Paul Hammond, ‘The Integrity of Dryden's Lucretius’, in Modern Language Review, 78, 1–23, at 6–7, 23.
- Essays of John Dryden 42 W P. Ker, 2 vols (Oxford, 1900), I, 4; for the suggestion that this passage demonstrates Dryden's ‘sympathetic interest in Hobbesian determinism’, see Derek Hughes, English Drama 1660–1700 (Oxford, 1998), p.
- 1973 . Annals of Science , 30 For some indications that Charleton's temperament may have included a strand of naïve idealism—a tendency to make gigantic claims for the thinkers who were the objects of his enthusiasm, and an uninspected optimism about man's capacity to act in accordance with rational principles—see Lindsay Sharp, ‘Walter Charleton's Early Life 1620–1659, and Relationship to Natural Philosophy in Mid-Seventeenth Century England’, in, 311–40, at 314–15, 322–4.
- Epicurus's Morals (2nd edn., 1670), pp. 200, 201.
- The Works of John Dryden E. N. Hooker, H. T. Swedenberg Jr., et al., 20 vols (Berkeley and Los Angeles, Cal., 1956-), XV, 62.
- Hammond . John Dryden: A Literary Life 54 – 21 . for a sustained analysis of Dryden's heroic plays as ‘humane, inteligent, and subtle studies of the disparity between Herculean aspiration and human reality’, see Derek Hughes, Dryden's Heroic Plays (1981), in particular pp. 1- (I quote from pp. 1–2).
- 1987 . John Dryden and His World 269 – 70 . On their association, see James Anderson Winn, (New Haven, Mass.,), pp. 343, 348, 374; as Phillip Harth has lately pointed out, in Pen for a Party: Dryden's Tory Propaganda in its Contexts (Princeton, NJ, 1993), pp.—, ‘The evidence…shows Dryden to have been far more widely acquainted with contemporary Tory propaganda than has previously been realised…In his ‘Epistle to the Whigs’ prefixed to TheMedall, Dryden established his credentials as a political polemicist by assuring the writers for the opposition that ‘I have perus'd many of your Papers’. He could have made an even stronger claim of this kind to fellow Tory writers, with many of whose newspapers, pamphlets and broadsides he demonstrates the close familiarity of a colleague engaged with them in a common cause, and wishing to ensure that his goals accord with theirs.’
- Eptctetus Junior 119
- 1998 . The Seventeenth Century , 13 L'Estrange is still under-researched; but for some recent discussion of his activities, which complements my own, see Dorothy Turner, ‘Roger L'Estrange's Deferential Politics in the Public Sphere’, in, 85–101.
- 1681 . The Free-Born Subject: or, The Englishmans Birthright For L'Estrange's awareness of the difficulty, see, for instance,: ‘You shall seldom or never find this expression used, but as a kind of Popular Challenge; and still in favour of the free-born, without any regard to the Subject, whereas we should as well consider the Authority of an Imperial Prince on the one hand as the Priviledges of a Freeborn People on the other…The Englishmans Birthright sounds much to the same purpose too, with the Free-born Subject; only there lies a stronger Emphasis (in Common Speech) upon the word Englishman. As when we speak of a Brave Man, that s s up for the Honour and Defence of his Country; such a one, we cry, is a Right Englishman, a True Englishman’ (p. 1).
- Griffin , Miriam . 1976 . Seneca: A Philosopher in Politics 296 Oxford
- Seneca: A Philosopher in Politics 296 – 66 . In fact, as Griffin makes clear, the ‘sapiens’ represents only one wing of Seneca's thoughts on the advisability of political participation; he also canvassed a contrary ideal, that of the ‘imperfectus’, ‘the self-confident active man’: see p., and for an excellent discussion of Seneca's tangled and various views on public life and private life, pp. 315-. It may be that the long essay entitled ‘Of Happy Life’, which makes up the second of the three parts of Seneca's Morals Abstracted, was a devious effort to establish the ‘sapiens’ as the single ideal of Seneca's ethical thought. The essay is not, as one might expect, a translation of Seneca's ‘De Vita Beata’, but a sort of soi-disant summary of Seneca's views on happiness, which misrepresents those views by gathering its materials from the most thoroughly quietistic portions of Seneca's work, notably the ‘De Otio’, the work in which there is least to distinguish him from Epicurus, on which see Griffin, Seneca: A Philosopher in Politics, pp. 328–34
- Seneca's Morals sig. 3Llr.
- 1999 . Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome 168 – 70 . Oxford For evidence of the centrality of ‘ease’ and ‘care’ within the terminology of Dryden's translations from Lucretius, see Hammond, pp.
- 1905 . Lives of the English Poets Oxford ‘Life of Dryden’, in ed. G. B. Hill, 2 vols, I, 458.
- 1978 . Poems See II, 385 n.; also, H. A. Mason, ‘The Dream of Happiness’, in The Cambridge Quarterly, 8, 11–55, at 22–36.
- Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome 171 – 7 . For an exemplary discussion of that engagement, see Hammond, pp. and for a reading which disproportionately emphasises the ending, Winn, John Dryden and His World, p. 400
- 1988 . Sylvae For Dryden's editorial role in determining the shape of see Gillespie, ‘Dryden's Sylvae’, together with his essay on ‘The Early Years of the Dryden-Tonson Partnership: The Background to their Composite Translations and Miscellanies of the 1680s’, in Restoration, 12, 10–19.
- John Dryden: A Literary Life 151 Commentators eager to stress Dryden's attachment to the Epicurean content of the poem sometimes appear to elide its ending: see, for instance, Hammond, p. ‘Epode II celebrates the joys of a simple pastoral life, where the countryman [sic] has turned his back on the turbulent world of public life with its clamorous voices’.
- The Keats Circle 146 – 7 . See the letter which Keats's publisher John Taylor wrote to John Woodhouse, on 25 September 1819, in ed. Hyder Edward Rollins (2nd edn., 1965), I, 96; Keats to Woodhouse, 22 September 1819 (commenting on ‘Isabella, or The Pot of Basil’); and for discussion, Christopher Ricks, Keats and Embarrassment (Oxford, 1976), pp.
- Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome 175 – 50 . As Hammond acutely notes, in these lines ‘the emphasis changes from Horace's attention to the proud thresholds of powerful citizens, to Dryden's interest in the state of mind with which such people are approached…the voluntary servitude’ (p.); but it is worth adding that ‘voluntary servitude’ was said by some to be the habitual state of Dryden's mind: ‘servile’ and its cognates were terms his Whig enemies were particularly fond of attaching to him, as, for instance, Shadwell does in The Medal of John Bayes (1682), reprinted in Dryden: The Critical Heritage, ed. John and Helen Kinsley (1971), pp. 143-, at pp. 145, 150; ‘dared with awe’ too precisely describes a condition in which the Whigs often represented him.
- 1663 . Examen Poeticum For the suggestion that Dryden revised ‘To my Lady Castlemaine’ for publication in because he regarded the flattering ‘hyperbole’ of the original as ‘embarrassing’ (which is putting it mildly), see Poems, I, 80; for the possible genesis of The Medal in a ‘hint’ from Charles II, and Joseph Spence's report that Dryden, like a good Laureate dog, ‘took the hint, carried the poem as soon as it was written to the King, and had a present of hundred broadpieces for it’, see Poems, II, 7.
- 1980 . The Cambridge Quarterly , 9 This was first pointed out by H. A. Mason, in the second part of his long essay on the translation, ‘The Dream of Happiness’, in, 218–71, at 251–3.
- 1682 . The Tory-Poets: A Satyr 151 – 6 . See, for instance, Shadwell, which describes Dryden's ‘Muse’ as ‘prostitute upon the Stage’, reprinted in Dryden: The Critical Heritage, pp.—, at p. 151
- 1993 . Horace Made New 127 – 47 . Cambridge For the suggestion that ‘the Horace who attracted [Dryden] was…the philosophical poet of Odes 1. 9, 3. 29 and Epod. 2’, see Paul Hammond, ‘Figures of Horace in Dryden's literary criticism’, in ed. Charles Martindale and David Hopkins, pp.—, at p. 147
- John Dryden It is the only one of Dryden's five translations from Lucretius not discussed in Hopkins, and the same applies to Hammond, Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome-, Mason and Hopkins do, however, include it in their anthology of The Beauties of Dryden.
- The Book of Job Paraphras'd The interpolated phrase as a whole seems to recall Job 17:1- ‘My breath is corrupt, my days are extinct, the graves are ready for me.’ (AV)—which illustrates the complex interrelations of pagan and Christian sources in Dryden's thought; contemporary churchmen, even those sympathetic to pagan philosophy, had more difficulty accepting the suicidal extremity of Job's despair: Simon Patrick, for instance, sought to finesse the moment in his which appeared in the same year as Sylvae: ‘Job desires he may be tried presently before God's tribunal, his Life being just upon the point to expire’ (p. 97).
- Jonson , Ben . ‘To the Immortal Memory and Friendship of that Noble Pair, Sir Lucius Cary and Sir H. Morison’, 8.
- Dictionary Johnson's records Dryden using both forms of the adjective.
- Hopkins . John Dryden 115 – 16 . see further pp. 115-, 123–4 for a suggestive discussion of the importance of the verb ‘live’ in Epicurean contexts within his contributions to Sylvae.
- Epicurus's Morals 132 – 3 .
- Epictetus Junior 41
- 1985 . Augustan Studies: Essays in Honour of Irvin Ehrenpreis 47 – 62 . For the claim that Dryden was particularly concerned to replicate the energy of Lucretius's poetic voice, see Emrys Jones, ‘”A Perpetual Torrent”: Dryden's Lucretian Style’, in ed. D. L. Patey and T. L. Keegan (Newark, DEL.,), pp.
- De Rerum Natura 17 – 22 . For a recent account of the conflict between the subject matter of the and its style, see Philip Hardie, Virgil's Aeneid: Cosmos and Imperium (Oxford, 1986), pp.
- 1971 . The “De Rerum Natura” of Lucretius. Book Three 11 – 15 . Cambridge On Lucretius's employment of the techniques of ‘diatribe’, see E. J. Kenney, pp. and for some distinguished proofs of Dryden's responsiveness to these elements of Lucretius's verse, see Jones, ‘Dryden's Lucretian Style’, pp. 54–62
- Epicurus's Morals sig. E2v.
- 1994 . Sylvae’ 36 Gillespie comments that they deserve to be forgotten ('Dryden's p.); only one critic that I know of has pointed out anything of poetic value in any of them—Eric Griffiths, whose spirited account of ‘Daphnis. From Theocritus Idyll 27’ may be found in his Chatterton Lecture on ‘Dryden's Past’, in Proceedings of the British Academy, 84, 113–49, at 133–4.
- Sylvae 111 – 30 . Hopkins does not discuss the episodes from Virgil in his otherwise eloquent account of in John Dryden, pp. Gillespie too depreciates them by comparison with the passages from Lucretius and Horace, in ‘Dryden's Sylvae’, p. 121; the exception is Paul Hammond, who has consistently paid attention to them, in John Dryden: A Literary Life (pp. 146–7), for instance, and in Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome (pp. 150–6), laying the groundwork for an unders ing of their role in the volume as a whole—though I disagree with his conclusions, as will become clear below.
- 1755 . Dictionary of the English Language The potential for such modulation within the ambit of the senses of ‘disdain’ is clear from the citations beneath the word in Johnson's: the second of them—from Coriolanus is impassioned ('They do disdain us much beyond our thoughts,/Which makes me sweat with wrath’), the fourth—from Addison's Cato a locus classicus for the philosopher's conquest of passion: ‘Tell him, Cato/Disdains a life which he has power to offer.’
- Charleton . Epicurus's Morals 38
- Poems In Theocritus, the object of the lover's desire is male: see II, 352n.
- Ibid. 143
- 1990 . Sleepless Souls: Suicide in Early Modern England Oxford When Thomas Creech, the translator of Lucretius, committed suicide in 1700, his death was regarded by some as the inevitable conclusion of an Epicurean journey: see Michael MacDonald and Terence Murphy, pp. 152, 170; interestingly, one of the poems mourning Creech's death—which correctly attributed it to a disappointment in love—was couched in the form of a Theocritean idyll: Daphnis: Or, A Pastoral Elegy Upon the Unfortunate and. much-lamented Death of Mr Thomas Creech (1700).
- Aeneidx. 870–1.
- Aeneidx. 858.
- Sylvae’ 139 – 40 . Gillespie observes that the death of Dryden's Mezentius has a ‘Stoic’ quality: ‘Dryden's pp.
- Fables Ancient and Modem 1442 In the dedication of (1700): see The Poems of John Dryden, ed. James Kinsley, 4 vols (Oxford, 1958), p. (the volumes are continuously paginated).
- Aeneis; 238 – 9 . These lines seem to have stuck in Dryden's mind: he echoed them at the moment of Priam's death, and of Turnus's, in the for a reading of the interrelations of these moments, see Hammond, Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome, pp.
- The Poems of John Dryden 1442 Kinsley, p.
- Epictetus Junior 41, 42.
- La Rochefoucauld and the Language of Unmasking 122 I borrow this tag from La Rochefoucauld: see Clark, p., which summarises his analytical technique as ‘the exploration of the heart's “plis et replis”, of the “terra incognita” that comprises the domain of self-love’.
- Hammond . Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome 151, 152, 156.
- Farrell , Joseph . “ ‘The Virgilian Intertext’, in ” . In The Cambridge Companion to Virgil 222 – 38 . Charles Martindale (Cambridge, 1999), pp.—, at p. 235
- 1998 . Virgil's Experience 513 – 64 . Oxford See, for instance, the subtle discussion of Aeneas's arrival in Italy, in Richard Jenkyns, pp.
- Costerus , 7 11 See, for instance, Michael West, ‘Dryden and the Disintegration of Renaissance Heroic Ideals’, in (1973), 193–222, and ‘Dryden's Ambivalence as a Translator of Heroic Themes’, in Huntington Library Quarterly, 36 (1973), 347–66; and, more recently, Cedric D. Reverand II, Dryden's Final Poetic Mode (Philadelphia, PA., 1988), ch. 2: ‘The Anti-Heroic Fables’ (pp. -45).
- Poems See e.g. ‘Lucretius: The Beginning of the Second Book’, 23 (II, 313); ‘From Horace, Epod. 2d’, 4 (Poems, II, 379).
- 'sapiens’ As is suggested by ‘Horace. Ode 29. Book 3’, 10: ‘Make haste, and leave thy business and thy care’, Dryden often uses ‘business’ as a synonym for ‘care’, the enemy of the Epicurean (see further the annotation to that line, in Poems, II, 370); hence, the importance of Dryden's decision to put some grammatical space between the ‘Trojan peers’ and the ‘business’ of the state.
- Epicurus's Morals 30
- Threnodia Augustalis For ‘supine’, see 14 and n. (Poems, II, 392); for ‘Dissolv'd’, see ‘Horace Lib. 1. Ode 9’, 7 (Poems, II, 366); for ‘Ease’, see ‘From Horace, Epod 2d’, 59 (Poems, II, 383), together with Absalom and Achitophel, 168 and n. (Poems, I, 470); and for ‘securely’, see ‘Horace. Ode 29. Book 3’, 67 (Poems, II, 374).
- Hammond . Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome 156
- Poems In the 1697 text, it reads: All creatures else forgot their daily care, And sleep, the common gift of nature, share; Except the Trojan peers, who wakeful sate In nightly council for th'endangered state. They vote a message to their absent chief, Show their distress, and beg a swift relief. Amid the camp a silent seat they chose, Remote from clamour, and secure from foes. On their left arms their ample shields they bear, The right reclined upon the bending spear. (II, 269)
- Dryden and the Traces of Classical Rome 150 – 1 . See, most recently, Hammond, pp.—, 153.
- John Oldham and the Renewal of Classical Culture 212 – 16 . For a convincing discussion of the significance of the Oldham elegy to Dryden personally, see Hammond, pp.
- 1914 . The Rehearsal Montague Summers (Stratford-upon-Avon,), pp. 2, 3.
- Hopkins . John Dryden 120 Mason, ‘Dryden's Chaucer’, p. 64
- Cotton , Charles . Essays of Michael Seigneur De Montaigne (2nd edn., 1693), I, 475, 474.
- Ibid. III, 217–18.
- MacFlecknoe 213 – 14 . I quote from the translation by Charles Cotton, which provides useful indirect evidence of how Dryden might have read Montaigne, for Cotton's temperament matched Dryden's in two relevant respects—he was attracted to the ideal of contented retirement (to the extent of writing Epicurean verse on the subject), and he delighted in the literary arts of debunking (though his travesties of classical epic are, of course, rougher things than), as the vigorously satirical tone of the passage quoted suggests, translating Montaigne gave him scope to exercise the latter as well as the former of those predilections. Dryden may not have seen Cotton's Montaigne until after the publication of Sylvae, however, since it was not published until later in 1685, though it is, of course, possible that he knew it in manuscript: Stuart Gillespie discerns some echoes of its phrasing within Sylvae ('Dryden's Sylvae’, pp.—); for examples of its presence in Fables, see Mason, ‘Dryden's Chaucer’, pp. 236–7
- Cotton . Essays of Michael Seigneur De Montaigne sig. *3v.
- The Beauties of Dryden 111 See Hopkins and Mason, p…