A combined lexical and segmental therapy approach in a participant with pure alexia

References

• Ablinger, I., & Domahs, F. (2009). Improved single-letter identification after whole-word traning in pure alexia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19, 340–363. doi:10.1080/09602010802204000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ablinger, I., Huber, W., & Radach, R. (2014). Eye movement analyses indicate the underlying reading strategy in the recovery of lexical readers. Aphasiology, 28, 640–657. doi:10.180/02687038.2014.894960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ablinger, I., Huber, W., Schattka, K., & Radach, R. (2013). Recovery in a letter-by-letter reader: More efficiency at the expense of normal reading strategy. Neurocase, 19, 236–255. doi:10.1080/13554794.2012.667119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ablinger, I., & Radach, R. (2016). Diverging receptive and expressive word processing mechanisms in a deep dyslexic reader. Neuropsychologia, 81, 12–21. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ablinger, I., von Heyden, K., Vorstius, C., Halm, K., Huber, W., & Radach, R. (2014). An eye movement based reading intervention in lexical and segmental readers with acquired dyslexia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 9, 1–35. doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.913530
   Google Scholar
• Arguin, M., & Bub, D. N. (1994). Pure alexia: Attempted rehabilitation and its implications for interpretation of the deficit. Brain and Language, 47, 233–268. doi:10.1006/brln.1994.1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arguin, M., Fiset, S., & Bub, D. (2002). Sequential and parallel letter processing in letter-by-letter dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 19, 535–555. doi:10.1080/02643290244000040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton, J. J. S., Hanif, H. M., Björnström, L. E., & Hills, C. (2014). The word-length effect in reading: A review. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 31, 378–412. doi:10.1080/02643294.2014.895314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeson, P. M. (1998). Treatment for letter-by-letter reading: A case study. In A. L. Holland (Ed.), Approaches to the treatment of aphasia (pp. 153–177). San Diego: Singular Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Beeson, P. M., Magloire, J. G., & Robey, R. R. (2005). Letter-by-letter reading: Natural recovery and response to treatment. Behavioural Neurology, 16, 191–202. doi:10.1155/2005/413962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann, M., Black, S. E., & Bub, D. (1990). The evolution of pure alexia: A longitudinal study of recovery. Brain and Language, 39, 405–427. doi:10.1016/0093-34X(90)90148-A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann, M., & McLeod, J. (1995). Rehabilitation for pure alexia: Efficacy of therapy and implications for models of normal word recognition. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 5, 149–180. doi:10.1080/09602019508520179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann, M., Nelson, J., & Sekuler, E. B. (1998). Visual complexity in letter-by-letter reading: “pure” alexia is not pure. Neuropsychologia, 36, 1115–1132. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00005-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann, M., Plaut, D. C., & Nelson, J. (1998). A literature review and new data supporting an interactive account of letter-by-letter reading. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 15, 7–51. doi:10.1080/026432998381212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrmann, M., Shomstein, S. S., Black, S. E., & Barton, J. J. (2001). The eye movements of pure alexic patients during reading and nonreading tasks. Neuropsychologia, 39, 983–1002. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00021-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn, C., & Stadie, N. (2005). Unterstützen perzeptuelle Schlüsselmerkmale die ganzheitliche Wortverarbeitung?. Die Sprachheilarbeit, 50, 212–220.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers, C. D., & Brown, M. (2003). Timing accuracy under Microsoft Windows revealed through external chronometry. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35, 96–108. doi:10.3758/BF03195501
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., McCormick, S., Durant, S., & Zanker, J. M. (2016). Brain mechanisms of recovery from pure alexia: A single case study with multiple longitudinal scans. Neuropsychologia, 91, 36–49. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., Lehéricy, S., Chochon, F., Lemer, C., Rivaud, S., & Dehaene, S. (2002). Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area. Brain, 125, 1054–1069. doi:10.1093/brain/awf094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., Martinaud, O., Lemer, C., Lehéricy, S., Samson, Y., Obadia, M., … Dehaene, S. (2003). Visual word recognition in the left and right hemispheres: Anatomical and functional correlates of peripheral alexias. Cerebral Cortex, 13, 1313–1333. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhg079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman, C. L., & Johnson, R. L. (2011). Age-of-acquisition effects in pure alexia. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 64, 1726–1742. doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.556255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bleser, R., Cholewa, J., Stadie, N., & Tabatabaie, S. (2004). LeMo - Lexikon modellorientierte Einzelfalldiagnostik bei Aphasie, Dyslexie und Dysgraphie. München: Elsevier Deutschland.
   Google Scholar
• Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2011). The unique role of the visual word form area in reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 254–262. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epelbaum, S., Pinel, P., Gaillard, R., Delmaire, C., Perrin, M., Dupont, S., … Cohen, L. (2008). Pure alexia as a disconnection syndrome: New diffusion imaging evidence for an old concept. Cortex, 44, 962–974. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah., M. J., & Wallace, M. (1991). Pure alexia as a visual impairment: A reconsideration. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 8, 313–334. doi:10.1080/02643299108253376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiset, D., Arguin, M., Bub, D., Humphreys, G. W., & Riddoch, M. J. (2005). How to make the word-length effect disappear in letter-by-letter dyslexia: Implications for an account of the disorder. Psychological Science, 16, 535–541. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01571.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiset, D., Arguin, M., & McCabe, E. (2006). The breakdown of parallel letter processing in letter-by-letter dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23, 240–260. doi:10.1080/02643290442000437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, R. B., & Alexander, M. P. (1984). Pictures, images and pure alexia: A case study. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1, 9–23. doi:10.1080/02643298408252014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, R. B., & Lott, S. N. (2000). Rapid word identification in pure alexia is lexical but not semantic. Brain and Language, 72, 219–237. doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez Rothi, L. J., & Moss, S. (1992). Alexia without agraphia: Potential for model assisted therapy. Clinical Communication Disorders, 2, 11–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanley, J. R., & Kay, J. (1996). Reading speed in pure alexia. Neuropsychologia, 34, 1165–1174. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(96)00039-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Härting, C., Markowitsch, H.-J., Neufeld, H., Calabrese, P., Deisinger, K., & Kessler, J (2000). Wechsler Memory Scale - Revised Edition. German Edition. Manual. Bern: Huber.
   Google Scholar
• Heister, J., Würzner, K. M., Bubenzer, J., Pohl, E., Hanneforth, T., Geyken, A., & Kliegl, R. (2011). dlexDB - eine lexikalische Datenbank für die psychologische und linguistische Forschung. Psychologische Rundschau, 62, 10–20. doi:10.1026/0033-3042/a000029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmstaedter, C., Lendt, M., & Lux, S. (2001). Verbaler Lern- und Merkfähigkeitstest. Göttingen: Beltz Test GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, C., Gaillard, R., Volle, E., Chiras, J., Ferrieux, S., Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2005). Brain activationsduringletter-by-letterreading: A follow-upstudy. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1983–1989. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, D., Best, W., & Nickels, L. (2014). Optimising the design of intervention studies: Critiques and ways forward. Aphasiology, 29, 526–562. doi:10.1080/02687038.2014.985884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, W., Poeck, K., Weniger, D., & Willmes, K. (1983). Der Aachener Aphasie Test (AAT). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Inhoff, A., Radach, R., Eiter, B., & Skelly, M. (2003). Exterior letters are not privileged in the early stage of visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory & Cognition, 29, 894–899. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.5.894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inhoff, A. W., & Radach, R. (1998). Definition and computation of oculomotor measures in the study of cognitive processes. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Eye guidance in reading and scene perception (pp. 29–53). Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Inhoff, A. W., Solomon, M., Radach, R., & Seymour, B. (2011). Temporal dynamics of the eye voice span and eye movement control during oral reading. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 543–558. doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.546782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. L., & Raphail, A. M. (2015). Untangling letter confusability and word length effects in pure alexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 32, 442–456. doi:10.1080/02643294.2015.1113945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. L., & Rayner, K. (2007). Top-down and bottom-up effects in pure alexia: Evidence from eye movements. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2246–2257. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhasz, B. J., & Rayner, K. (2003). Investigating the effects of a set of intercorrelated variables on eye fixation durations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 1312–1318. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, J., Lesser, R., & Coltheart, M. (1992). Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia (PALPA). Hove: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M., & Russo, S. (2010). Multiple Oral Rereading (MOR) treatment: Who is it for? Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders, 37, 58–68.
   Google Scholar
• Lacey, E. H., Lott, S. N., Snider, S. F., Sperling, A., & Friedman, R. B. (2010). Multiple oral rereading treatment for alexia: The parts may be greater than the whole. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20, 601–623. doi:10.1080/09602011003710993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambon Ralph, M., Hesketh, A., & Sage, K. (2004). Implicit recognition in pure alexia: The Saffran effect—A tale of two systems or two procedures? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21, 401–421. doi:10.1080/02643290342000384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott, S. N., Carney, A. S., Glezer, L. S., & Friedman, R. B. (2010). Overt use of a tactile/kinaesthetic strategy shifts to covert processing in rehabilitation of letter-by-letter reading. Aphasiology, 24, 1424–1442. doi:10.1080/02687030903580333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott, S. N., Friedman, R. B., & Linebaugh, C. W. (1994). Rationale and efficacy of a tactile-kinaesthetic treatment for Alexia. Aphasiology, 8, 181–195. doi:10.1080/02687039408248650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88, 375–407. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer, S. B. (1979). Rehabilitation of alexia: A case study. Cortex, 15, 139–144. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(79)80015-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mycroft, R. H., Behrman, M., & Kay, J. (2009). Visuoperceptual deficits in letter-by-letter reading? Neuropsychologia, 47, 1733–1744. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitzberg Lott, S., & Friedman, R. B. (1999). Can treatment for pure alexia improve letter-by-letter reading speed without sacrificing accuracy? Brain and Language, 67, 188–201. doi:10.1006/brln.1999.2054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Regan, J. K., Vitu, F., Radach, R., & Kerr, P. W. (1994). Effects of local processing and oculomotor factors in eye movement guidance in reading. In J. Ygge & G. Lennerstrand (Eds.), Eye movements in reading (pp. 329–348). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97–110. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, K., & Kay, J. (1982). Letter-by-letter reading: Psychological descriptions of a neurological syndrome. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, A, 34, 411–441. doi:10.1080/14640748208400852
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pflugshaupt, T., Gutbrod, K., Wurtz, P., von Wartburg, R., Nyffeler, T., de Haan, B., et al. (2009). About the role of visual field defects in pure alexia. Brain, 132, 1907–1917. doi:10.1093/brain/awp141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaut, D. C., McClelland, J. L., Seidenberg, M. S., & Patterson, K. (1996). Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review, 103, 56–115. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.1.56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, C. J., & Devlin, J. T. (2011). The interactive account of ventral occipitotemporal contributions to reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 246–253. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell, J. J., Shea, J., & Rapp, B. (2014). Beyond the visual word form area: The orthography-semantics interface in spelling and reading. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 31, 482–510. doi:10.1080/02643294.2014.909399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radach, R., & Kennedy, A. (2004). Theoretical perspectives on eye movements in reading: Past controversies, current issues, and an agenda for future research. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16, 3–26. doi:10.1080/09541440340000295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radach, R., & McConkie, G. W. (1998). Determinants of fixation positions in reading. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Eye guidance in reading and scene perception (pp. 77–100). Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner, K., & Johnson, R. L. (2005). Letter-by-letter acquired dyslexia is due to the serial encoding of letters. Psychological Science, 16, 530–534. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01570.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, D. J., Woollams, A. M., Kim, E., Beeson, P. M., Rapcsak, S. Z., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2013). Efficient visual object and word recognition relies on high spatial frequency coding in the left posterior fusiform gyrus: Evidence from a case-series of patients with ventral occipito-temporal cortex damage. Cerebral Cortex, 23, 2568–2580. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosazza, C., Appolloniom, I., Isella, V., & Shallice, T. (2007). Qualitatively different forms of pure alexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24, 393–418. doi:10.1080/02643290701377877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sage, K., Hesketh, A., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2005). Using errorless learning to treat letter-by-letter reading: Contrasting word versus letter-based therapy. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 15, 619–642. doi:10.1080/09602010443000155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schattka, K. I., Radach, R., & Huber, W. (2010). Eye movement correlates of acquired central dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 48, 2959–2973. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seghier, M. L., Neufeld, N. H., Zeidman, P., Leff, A. P., Mechelli, A., Nagendran, A., … Price, C. J. (2012). Reading without the left ventral occipito-temporal cortex. Neuropsychologia, 50, 3621–3635. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seki, K., Yajima, M., & Sugishita, M. (1995). The efficacy of kinesthetic reading treatment for pure alexia. Neuropsychologia, 33, 595–609. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)00138-F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadie, N., & Rilling, E. (2006). Evaluation of lexically and nonlexically based treatment in a deep dyslexic. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23, 643–672. doi:10.1080/02643290500538364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starrfelt, R., Habekost, T., & Leff, A. P. (2009). Too little, too late: Reduced visual span and speed characterize pure alexia. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2880–2890. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starrfelt, R., Olafsdóttir, R. R., & Arendt, I.-M. (2013). Rehabilitation of pure alexia: A review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23, 755–779. doi:10.1080/09602011.2013.809661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starrfelt, R., & Shallice, T. (2014). What’s in a name? The characterization of pure alexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 31, 367–377. doi:10.1080/02643294.2014.924226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, S., Reilly, R., & Vorstius, C. (2012). EyeMap: A software system for visualizing and analyzing eye movement data in reading. Behaviour Research Methods, 44, 420–438. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0156-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomainen, J., & Laine, M. (1991). Multiple oral rereading technique in rehabilitation of pure alexia. Aphasiology, 5, 401–409. doi:10.1080/02687039108248542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorstius, C., Radach, R., & Lonigan, C. (2014). Eye movements in developing readers: A comparison of silent and oral sentence reading. Visual Cognition, 22, 458–485. doi:10.1080/13506285.2014.881445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2012). Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV). London: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Woodhead, Z. V. J., Penny, W., Barnes, G. R., Crewes, H., Wise, R. J. S., Price, C. J., & Leff, A. P. (2013). Reading therapy strengthens top-down connectivity in patients with pure alexia. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 136, 2579–2591. doi:10.1093/brain/awt186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeatman, J. D., Rauschecker, A. M., & Wandell, B. A. (2013). Anatomy of the visual word form area: Adjacent cortical circuits and long-range white matter connections. Brain and Language, 125, 146–155. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, P., & Fimm, B. (2012). TAP Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung. Herzogenrath: Psytest.
   Google Scholar