References
- Alladi, S., Bak, T. H., Duggirala, V., Surampudi, B., Shailaja, M., Shukla, A. K., & Kaul, S. (2013). Bilingualism delays age at onset of dementia, independent of education and immigration status. Neurology, 81(22), 1938–1944. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000436620.33155.a4
- Alladi, S., Bak, T. H., Mekala, S., Rajan, A., Chaudhuri, J. R., Mioshi, E., & Kaul, S. (2016). Impact of bilingualism on cognitive outcome after stroke. Stroke, 47(1), 258–261. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.115.010418
- Altarriba, J., & Heredia, R. R. (Eds.). (2018). An introduction to bilingualism: Principles and processes. Routledge.
- Ardila, A. (2007). Bilingualism in the contemporary world. In A. Ardila & E. Ramos (Eds.), Speech and language disorders in bilinguals (pp. 1–20). Nova Science Publishers.
- Ardila, A., Bernal, B., & Rosselli, M. (2016). How localized are language brain areas? A review of Brodmann areas involvement in oral language. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(1), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acv081
- Ardila, A., & Lahiri, D. (2020). Aphasia in bilinguals. medRxiv, 4, 22.20075432. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.22.20075432
- Basso, A. (2003). Aphasia and its therapy. Oxford University Press.
- Basso, A., Gardelli, M., Grassi, M. P., & Mariotti, M. (1989). The role of the right hemisphere in recovery from aphasia. Two case studies. Cortex, 25(4), 555–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(89)80017-6
- Bialystok, E. (2011). Coordination of executive functions in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 110(3), 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.05.005
- Bialystok, E. (2015). Bilingualism and the development of executive function: The role of attention. Child Development Perspectives, 9(2), 117–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12116
- Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., & Freedman, M. (2007). Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Neuropsychologia, 45(2), 459–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.009
- Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19(2), 290. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290
- Calabria, M., Costa, A., Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2018). Neural basis of bilingual language control. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1426(1), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13879
- Calvo, N., García, A. M., Manoiloff, L., & Ibáñez, A. (2016). Bilingualism and cognitive reserve: A critical overview and a plea for methodological innovations. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 249. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00249
- Campbell, B. C., Purushotham, A., Christensen, S., Desmond, P. M., Nagakane, Y., Parsons, M. W., Olivot, J. M., Mlynash, M., Straka, M., De Silva, D. A., Olivot, J.-M., Bammer, R., Albers, G. W., Donnan, G. A., & Davis, S. M. (2012). The infarct core is well represented by the acute diffusion lesion: Sustained reversal is infrequent. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 32(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2011.102
- Crystal, D. (1997). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Dekhtyar, M., Kiran, S., & Gray, T. (2020). Is bilingualism protective for adults with aphasia? Neuropsychologia, 139, 107355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107355
- Dick, A. S., Garcia, N. L., Pruden, S. M., Thompson, W. K., Hawes, S. W., Sutherland, M. T., ... & Gonzalez, R. (2019). No evidence for a bilingual executive function advantage in the ABCD study. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(7), 692-701.
- Doogan, C., Dignam, J., Copland, D., & Leff, A. (2018). Aphasia recovery: When, how and who to treat? Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 18(12), 90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-018-0891-x
- El Hachioui, H., Lingsma, H. F., van de Sandt-koenderman, M. E., Dippel, D. W., Koudstaal, P. J., & Visch-Brink, E. G. (2013). Recovery of aphasia after stroke: A 1-year follow-up study. Journal of Neurology, 260(1), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6607-2
- Ethnologue. 2020. Accessed 07/07/2020. https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN.
- Fabbro, F. (2001). The bilingual brain: Bilingual aphasia. Brain and Language, 79(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2001.2480
- Faroqi-Shah, Y., Frymark, T., Mullen, R., & Wang, B. (2010). Effect of treatment for bilingual individuals with aphasia: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(4), 319–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2010.01.002
- Faroqi-Shah, Y., Sampson, M., Pranger, M., & Baughman, S. (2018). Cognitive control, word retrieval and bilingual aphasia: Is there a relationship? Journal of Neurolinguistics, 45(1), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.07.001
- Forkel, S. J., Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Dell’Acqua, F., Kalra, L., Murphy, D. G., Williams, S. C., & Catani, M (2014). Anatomical predictors of aphasia recovery: A tractography study of bilateral perisylvian language networks. Brain, 137(7), 2027-2039.
- Gaudinski, M. R., Henning, E. C., Miracle, A., Luby, M., Warach, S., & Latour, L. L. (2008). Establishing final infarct volume: Stroke lesion evolution past 30 days is insignificant. Stroke, 39(10), 2765–2768. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.512269
- Gold, B. T., Johnson, N. F., & Powell, D. K. (2013). Lifelong bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve against white matter integrity declines in aging. Neuropsychologia, 51(13), 2841–2846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.037
- Gray, T., & Kiran, S. (2013). A theoretical account of lexical and semantic naming deficits in bilingual aphasia. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56(4), 1314–1327. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0091)
- Gray, T., & Kiran, S. (2019). The effect of task complexity on linguistic and non-linguistic control mechanisms in bilingual aphasia. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(2), 266–284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000712
- Greenberg, A., Bellana, B., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Perspective-taking ability in bilingual children: Extending advantages in executive control to spatial reasoning. Cognitive Development, 28(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2012.10.002
- Hamilton, R. H., Chrysikou, E. G., & Coslett, B. (2011). Mechanisms of aphasia recovery after stroke and the role of noninvasive brain stimulation. Brain and Language, 118(1–2), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2011.02.005
- Heiss, W. D., Kessler, J., Thiel, A., Ghaemi, M., & Karbe, H. (1999). Differential capacity of left and right hemispheric areas for compensation of poststroke aphasia. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 45(4), 430–438. https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(199904)45:4<430::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-P
- Hillis, A. E., & Heidler, J. (2002). Mechanisms of early aphasia recovery. Aphasiology, 16(9), 885–895. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268703
- Hope, T. M., Parker, J., Grogan, A., Crinion, J., Rae, J., Ruffle, L., Leff, A. P., Seghier, M. L., Price, C. J., & Green, D. W. (2015). Comparing language outcomes in monolingual and bilingual stroke patients. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 138(Pt 4), 1070–1083. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv020
- Inoue, M., Mlynash, M., Christensen, S., Wheeler, H. M., Straka, M., Tipirneni, A., Lansberg, M. G., Zaharchuk, G., Olivot, J.-M., Bammer, R., Lansberg, M. G., & Albers, G. W. (2014). Early diffusion-weighted imaging reversal after endovascular reperfusion is typically transient in patients imaged 3 to 6 hours after onset. Stroke, 45(4), 1024–1028. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002135
- Keshree, N. K., Kumar S., Basu S., Chakrabarty M., & Kishore T. (2013). Adaptation of the western aphasia battery in Bangla. Psychology of Language and Communication, 17(2), 189–201.
- Kothari, R. U., Brott, T., Broderick, J. P., Barsan, W. G., Sauerbeck, L. R., Zuccarello, M., & Khoury, J. (1996). The ABCs ofmeasuring intracerebral hemorrhage volumes. Stroke, 27(8), 1304–1305. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.27.8.1304
- Lahiri, D., Dubey, S., Ardila, A., & Ray, B. K. (2020). Factors affecting vascular aphasia severity. Aphasiology, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2020.1712587
- Lahiri, D., Dubey, S., Ardila, A., Sanyal, D., & Ray, B. K. (2020). Determinants of aphasia recovery: Exploratory decision tree analysis. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 1–8. Submitted. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2020.1777314
- Lahiri, D., Dubey, S., Ardila, A., Sawale, V. M., Roy, B. K., Sen, S., & Gangopadhyay, G. (2019). Incidence and types of aphasia after first-ever acute stroke in Bengali speakers: Age, gender, and educational effect on the type of aphasia. Aphasiology, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2019.1630597
- Lazar, R. M., Minzer, B., Antoniello, D., Festa, J. R., Krakauer, J. R., & Marshall, R. S. (2010). Improvement in aphasia scores after stroke is well predicted by initial severity. Stroke, 41(7), 1485–1488. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.577338
- Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, A., de Bruin, A., & Antfolk, J. (2018). Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 144(4), 394–425. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000142
- Lorenzen, B., & Murray, L. L. (2008). Bilingual aphasia: A theoretical and clinical review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(3), 299–317. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2008/026)
- Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 605–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.795574
- Luo, L., Craik, F. I., Moreno, S., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism interacts with domain in a working memory task: Evidence from aging. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030875
- Mahoney, F. I., & Barthel, D. (1965). Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal, 14, 56–61.
- McLeay, H. (2003). The relationship between bilingualism and the performance of spatial tasks. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 6(6), 423–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050308667795
- Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2020). Accessed 05/04/2020. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bilingualism
- Mohanty, A. K. (1994). Bilingualism in multilingual society: Psychosocial and pedagogical implications. Mysore, India : Central Institute of Indian Languages
- Nouwens, F., Visch-Brink, E. G., El Hachioui, H., Lingsma, H. F., van de Sandt-koenderman, M. W., Dippel, D. W., Koudstaal, P. J., & de Lau, L. M. (2018). Validation of a prediction model for long-term outcome of aphasia after stroke. BMC Neurology, 18(1), 170. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-018-1174-5
- Paplikar, A., Mekala, S., Bak, T. H., Dharamkar, S., Alladi, S., & Kaul, S. (2019). Bilingualism and theseverity of poststroke aphasia. Aphasiology, 33(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2017.1423272
- Paradis, M. (1977). Bilingualism and aphasia. In Whitaker, H. & Whitaker, H.A. (Eds), Studies in neurolinguistics (pp. 65–121). Academic Press.
- Paradis, M., & Libben, G. (2014). The assessment of bilingual aphasia. Psychology Press.
- Penn, C., Frankel, T., Watermeyer, J., & Russell, N. (2010). Executive function and conversational strategies in bilingual aphasia. Aphasiology, 24(2), 288–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030902958399
- Pettit, J. M., & Noll, J. D. (1979). Cerebral dominance in aphasia recovery. Brain and Language, 7(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(79)90016-6
- Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., Lalwani, L. N., & Vélez-Uribe, I. (2016). The effect of language proficiency on executive functions in balanced and unbalanced Spanish–English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(3), 489–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000309
- Saha, A. (2011). Census and the aspects of growth and development of Bangla vs. Bangla-Hindi Bilingualism-With special focus on West Bengal. Language in India, 11(3), 81-119..
- Sidtis, D. V. L., & Sidtis, J. J. (2018). Cortical-subcortical production of formulaic language: A review of linguistic, brain disorder, and functional imaging studies leading to a production model. Brain and Cognition, 126(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2018.08.003
- Sims, J. R., RezaiGharai, L., Schaefer, P. W., Vangel, M., Rosenthal, E. S., Lev, M. H., & Schwamm, L. H. (2009). ABC/2 for rapid clinical estimate of infarct,perfusion, and mismatch volumes. Neurology, 72(24), 2104–2110. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181aa5329
- Suneja, A., Gonzalez-Fernandez, M., & Hillis, A. (2014). Predictors of recovery of chronic aphasia. Neurology, 82 (10), 6.228.
- Turkeltaub, P. E., Coslett, H. B., Thomas, A. L., Faseyitan, O., Benson, J., Norise, C., & Hamilton, R. H. (2012). The right hemisphere is not unitary in its role in aphasia recovery. Cortex, 48(9), 1179–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.010
- Watila, M. M., & Balarabe, S. A. (2015). Factors predicting post-stroke aphasia recovery. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 352(1–2), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.020
- Wei, L. (2000). Dimensions of bilingualism. In L. Wei (Ed.), The bilingualism reader (pp. 2–21). Routledge. http://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN