Language impairment in motor neuron disease phenotypes different from classical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review

References

• Abrahams, S., Newton, J., Niven, E., Foley, J., & Bak, T. H. (2014). Screening for cognition and behaviour changes in ALS. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration, 15(1–2), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.3109/21678421.2013.805784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal, S., Highton-Williamson, E., Caga, J., Matamala, J. M., Dharmadasa, T., Howells, J., Zoing, M. C., Shibuya, K., Geevasinga, N., Vucic, S., Hodges, J. R., Ahmed, R. M., & Kiernan, M. C. (2018). Primary lateral sclerosis and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia spectrum. Journal of Neurology, 265(8), 1819–1828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-8917-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agosta, F., Ferraro, P. M., Riva, N., Spinelli, E. G., Chiò, A., Canu, E., Valsasina, P., Lunetta, C., Iannaccone, S., Copetti, M., Prudente, E., Comi, G., Falini, A., & Filippi, M. (2016). Structural brain correlates of cognitive and behavioral impairment in MND. Human Brain Mapping, 37(4), 1614–1626. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agosta, F., Galantucci, S., Riva, N., Chiò, A., Messina, S., Iannaccone, S., Calvo, A., Silani, V., Copetti, M., Falini, A., Comi, G., & Filippi, M. (2014). Intrahemispheric and interhemispheric structural network abnormalities in PLS and ALS. Human Brain Mapping, 35(4), 1710–1722. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agosta, F., Spinelli, E. G., Riva, N., Fontana, A., Basaia, S., Canu, E., Castelnovo, V., Falzone, Y., Carrera, P., Comi, G., & Filippi, M. (2019). Survival prediction models in motor neuron disease. European Journal of Neurology, 26(9), 1143–1152. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello, E. N., Feroldi, S., Preti, A. N., Zago, S., & Appollonio, I. M. (2021). Dysgraphic features in motor neuron disease: A review. In Aphasiology (pp. 1–26). https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2021.1942774
   Google Scholar
• Aita, S. L., Beach, J. D., Taylor, S. E., Borgogna, N. C., Harrell, M. N., & Hill, B. D. (2018). Executive, language, or both? An examination of the construct validity of verbal fluency measures. In Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 26(5), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2018.1439830
   Google Scholar
• Al-Chalabi, A., Hardiman, O., Kiernan, M. C., Chiò, A., Rix-Brooks, B., & van den Berg, L. H. (2016). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Moving towards a new classification system. The Lancet. Neurology, 15(11), 1182–1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30199-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrell, J. R., Halliday, G. M., Kril, J. J., Ittner, L. M., Götz, J., Kiernan, M. C., & Hodges, J. R. (2016). The frontotemporal dementia-motor neuron disease continuum. The Lancet, 388(10047), 919–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00737-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canu, E., Agosta, F., Battistella, G., Spinelli, E. G., DeLeon, J., Welch, A. E., Mandelli, M. L., Hubbard, H. I., Moro, A., Magnani, G., Cappa, S. F., Miller, B. L., Filippi, M., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L. (2020). Speech production differences in English and Italian speakers with nonfluent variant PPA. Neurology, 94(10), e1062–e1072. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canu, E., Agosta, F., Galantucci, S., Chiò, A., Riva, N., Silani, V., Falini, A., Comi, G., & Filippi, M. (2013). Extramotor damage is associated with cognition in primary lateral sclerosis patients. PloS One, 8(12), e82017. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caselli, R. J., Smith, B. E., & Osborne, D. (1995). Primary lateral sclerosis: A neuropsychological study. Neurology, 45(11), 2005–2009. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.45.11.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cedarbaum, J. M., Stambler, N., Malta, E., Fuller, C., Hilt, D., Thurmond, B., & Nakanishi, A. (1999). The ALSFRS-R: A revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. BDNF ALS Study Group (Phase III). Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 169(1–2), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00210-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiò, A., Calvo, A., Mazzini, L., Cantello, R., Mora, G., Moglia, C., Corrado, L., D’Alfonso, S., Majounie, E., Renton, A., & Pisano, F. (2012). Extensive genetics of ALS: A population-based study in Italy. Neurology, 79(19), 1983–1989. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182735d36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chio, A., Calvo, A., Moglia, C., Mazzini, L., & Mora, G., & Chiò, A., Calvo, A., Moglia, C., Mazzini, L., Mora, G., PARALS study group. (2011). Phenotypic heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A population-based study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 82(7), 740–746. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2010.235952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christidi, F., Karavasilis, E., Rentzos, M., Kelekis, N., Evdokimidis, I., & Bede, P. (2018). Clinical and Radiological Markers of Extra-Motor Deficits in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 1005. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.01005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobble, M. (1998). Language impairment in motor neurone disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 160, S47–S52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-510X(98)00198-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consonni, M., Iannaccone, S., Cerami, C., Frasson, P., Lacerenza, M., Lunetta, C., Corbo, M., & Cappa, S. F. (2013). The cognitive and behavioural profile of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Application of the consensus criteria. Behavioural Neurology, 27(2), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/126010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper-Knock, J., Shaw, P. J., & Kirby, J. (2014). The widening spectrum of C9ORF72-related disease; genotype/phenotype correlations and potential modifiers of clinical phenotype. Acta Neuropathologica, 127(3), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-014-1251-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortés-Vicente, E., Pradas, J., Marin-Lahoz, J., De Luna, N., Clarimón, J., Turon-Sans, J., Gelpí, E., Díaz-Manera, J., Illa, I., & Rojas-Garcia, R. (2017). Early diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mimic syndromes: Pros and cons of current clinical diagnostic criteria. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 18(5–6), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2017.1316408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, B., Cui, L., Gao, J., Liu, M., Li, X., Liu, C., Ma, J., & Fang, J. (2015). Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Patients with Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. PloS One, 10(9), e0137921. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Alcântara, C., Cruzeiro, M. M., França, M. C., Jr, Camargos, S. T., & de Souza, L. C. (2019). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 8 is not a pure motor disease: Evidence from a neuropsychological and behavioural study. Journal of Neurology, 266(8), 1980–1987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09369-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Carvalho, M., Pinto, S., & Swash, M. (2010). Association of paraspinal and diaphragm denervation in ALS. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 11(1–2), 63–66. https://doi.org/10.3109/17482960902730080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Renzi, E., & Faglioni, P. (1978). Normative data and screening power of a shortened version of the Token Test. Cortex, 14(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(78)80006-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, B. S., Rustemeijer, L., Bakker, L. A., Schröder, C. D., Veldink, J. H., van den Berg, L. H., Nijboer, T., & van Es, M. A. (2019a). Cognitive and behavioural changes in PLS and PMA: Challenging the concept of restricted phenotypes. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 90(2), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-318788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, B. S., Rustemeijer, L. M., van der Kooi, A. J., Raaphorst, J., Schröder, C. D., Nijboer, T. C., Hendrikse, J., Veldink, J. H., van den Berg, L. H., & van Es, M. A. (2017). A case series of PLS patients with frontotemporal dementia and overview of the literature. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 18(7–8), 534–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2017.1354996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, B. S., Spreij, L. A., Rustemeijer, L., Bakker, L. A., Veldink, J. H., van den Berg, L. H., Nijboer, T., & van Es, M. A. (2019b). A neuropsychological and behavioral study of PLS. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration, 20(5–6), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2019.1620284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloche, G., Hannequin, D., Dordain, M., Metz-Lutz, M. N., Kremin, H., Tessier, C., Vendrell, J., Cardebat, D., Perrier, D., Quint, S., & Pichard, B. (1997). Diversity of patterns of improvement in confrontation naming rehabilitation: Some tentative hypotheses. Journal of Communication Disorders, 30(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(95)00054-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisen, A. A., & Shaw, P. J. (2007). Motor neuron disorders and related diseases. In M. J. Aminoff, F. Boller, D. F. Swaab, & Series (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Vol. 82, pp. 1–434). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, J. H., & Boller, F. (1977). A different form of “pure agraphia”: Syntactic writing errors in a patient with motor speech and movement disorders. Brain and Language, 4(3), 382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(77)90032-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finegan, E., Shing, L. H., Chipika, S., Doherty, R. H., Hengeveld, M. A., Vajda, J. C., Donaghy, A., Pender, C., McLaughlin, N., Hardiman, R. L., & Bede, O. (2019). Widespread subcortical grey matter degeneration in primary lateral sclerosis: A multimodal imaging study with genetic profiling. NeuroImage : Clinical, 24, 102089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullam, T., & Statland, J. (2021). Upper Motor Neuron Disorders: Primary Lateral Sclerosis, Upper Motor Neuron Dominant Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Brain Sciences, 11(5), 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallassi, R., Montagna, P., Ciardulli, C., Lorusso, S., Mussuto, V., & Stracciari, A. (1985). Cognitive impairment in motor neuron disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 71(6), 480–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1985.tb03231.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, A. M., DeLeon, J., & Tee, B. L. (2020). Neurodegenerative Disorders of Speech and Language: Non-language-dominant Diseases. In Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128196410000426
   Google Scholar
• Garg, N., Park, S. B., Vucic, S., Yiannikas, C., Spies, J., Howells, J., Huynh, W., Matamala, J. M., Krishnan, A. V., Pollard, J. D., & Cornblath, D. R. (2017). Differentiating lower motor neuron syndromes. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 88(6), 474–483. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-313526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazulla, J., Ferrer, I., Izquierdo-Alvarez, S., Alvarez, S., Sánchez-Alcudia, R., Bestué-Cardiel, M., Seral, M., Benavente, I., Sierra-Martínez, E., & Berciano, J. (2019). Hereditary primary lateral sclerosis and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Journal of Neurology, 266(5), 1079–1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09235-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geser, F., Stein, B., Partain, M., Elman, L. B., McCluskey, L. F., Xie, S. X., Van Deerlin, V. M., Kwong, L. K., Lee, V. M., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2011). Motor neuron disease clinically limited to the lower motor neuron is a diffuse TDP-43 proteinopathy. Acta Neuropathologica, 121(4), 509–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-011-0797-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Tortosa, E., Van der Zee, J., Ruggiero, M., Gijselinck, I., Esteban-Pérez, J., García-Redondo, A., Borrego-Hernández, D., Navarro, E., Sainz, M. J., Pérez-Pérez, J., & Cruts, M. (2017). Familial primary lateral sclerosis or dementia associated with Arg573Gly TBK1 mutation. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 88(11), 996–997. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-315250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1972). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Lea & Feibiger.
   Google Scholar
• Gorno‐Tempini, M. L., Dronkers, N. F., Rankin, K. P., Ogar, J. M., Phengrasamy, L., Rosen, H. J., Johnson, J. K., Weiner, M. W., & Miller, B. L. (2004). Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 55(3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.10825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Hillis, A. E., Weintraub, S., Kertesz, A., Mendez, M., Cappa, S. F., Ogar, J. M., Rohrer, J. D., Black, S., Boeve, B. F., & Manes, F. (2011). Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology, 76(11), 1006–1014. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, S., Schubert, S., Hoon, C., Mioshi, E., & Hodges, J. R. (2013). Validation of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 36(3–4), 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1159/000351671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh, W., Ahmed, R., Mahoney, C. J., Nguyen, C., Tu, S., Caga, J., Loh, P., Lin, C. S., & Kiernan, M. C. (2020). The impact of cognitive and behavioral impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 20(3), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2020.1727740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamminga, J., Leslie, F., Hsieh, S., Caga, J., Mioshi, E., Hornberger, M., Ballard, K. J., Kiernan, M. C., Hodges, J. R., & Burrell, J. R. (2016). Syntactic comprehension deficits across the FTD-ALS continuum. Neurobiology of Aging, 41, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1978). The Boston Naming Test (exp. ed.). Lea & Febiger.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). The Boston Naming Test. Lea & Febiger.
   Google Scholar
• Kosaka, T., Fu, Y. J., Shiga, A., Ishidaira, H., Tan, C. F., Tani, T., Koike, R., Onodera, O., Nishizawa, M., Kakita, A., & Takahashi, H. (2012). Primary lateral sclerosis: Upper‐motor‐predominant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with frontotemporal lobar degeneration–immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses of TDP‐43. Neuropathology, 32(4), 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1789.2011.01271.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie, F. V., Hsieh, S., Caga, J., Savage, S. A., Mioshi, E., Hornberger, M., Kiernan, M. C., Hodges, J. R., & Burrell, J. R. (2015). Semantic deficits in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration, 16(1–2), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.3109/21678421.2014.987301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 339(jul21 1), b2700. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logroscino, G., Piccininni, M., Marin, B., Nichols, E., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Alahdab, F., Asgedom, S. W., Awasthi, A., Chaiah, Y., & Daryani, A. (2018). Global, regional, and national burden of motor neuron diseases 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 17(12), 1083–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30404-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, Z., Irish, M., Piguet, O., Kiernan, M. C., Hodges, J. R., & Burrell, J. R. (2019). Clinical and neuroimaging investigations of language disturbance in frontotemporal dementia–motor neuron disease patients. Journal of Neurology, 266(4), 921–933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09216-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miceli, G., Burani, C., & Laudanna, A. (1991). Batteria per l’Analisi dei Deficit Afasici, BADA (Battery for Analysis of Aphasic Deficits). In Associazione per lo Sviluppo delle Ricerche Neuropsicologiche. Berdata.
   Google Scholar
• Mioshi, E., Caga, J., Lillo, P., Hsieh, S., Ramsey, E., Devenney, E., Hornberger, M., Hodges, J. R., & Kiernan, M. C. (2014). Neuropsychiatric changes precede classic motor symptoms in ALS and do not affect survival. Neurology, 82(2), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mioshi, E., Dawson, K., Mitchell, J., Arnold, R., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R): A brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(11), 1078–1085. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Östberg, P., & Bogdanović, N. (2011). Semantic dementia with lower motor neuron disease showing FTLD-TDP type 3 pathology (sensu Mackenzie). Neuropathology: Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology, 31(3), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01154.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papeo, L., Cecchetto, C., Mazzon, G., Granello, G., Cattaruzza, T., Verriello, L., Eleopra, R., & Rumiati, R. I. (2015). The processing of actions and action-words in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Cortex, 64, 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, K. A., Patterson, K., & Rowe, J. B. (2019). Language impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome. Journal of Neurology, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09463-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto, W. B. V. R., Debona, R., Nunes, P. P., Assis, A. C. D., Lopes, C. G., Bortholin, T., Dias, R. B., Naylor, F. G. M., Chieia, M. A. T., Souza, P. V. S., & Oliveira, A. S. B. (2019). Atypical Motor Neuron Disease variants: Still a diagnostic challenge in neurology. Revue Neurologique, 175(4), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2018.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto-Grau, M., Hardiman, O., & Pender, N. (2018). The Study of Language in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Frontotemporal Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Findings and New Perspectives. Neuropsychology Review, 28(2), 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-018-9375-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquard, A., Le Forestier, N., Baudoin-Madec, V., Delgadillo, D., Salachas, F., Pradat, P. F., Derouesné, C., Meininger, V., & Lacomblez, L. (2006). Neuropsychological changes in patients with primary lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 7(3), 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482960600680371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prudlo, J., Bißbort, C., Glass, A., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Benecke, R., & Teipel, S. J. (2012). White matter pathology in ALS and lower motor neuron ALS variants: A diffusion tensor imaging study using tract-based spatial statistics. Journal of Neurology, 259(9), 1848–1859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6420-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaphorst, J., de Visser, M., van Tol, M. J., Linssen, W. H., van der Kooi, A. J., de Haan, R. J., van den Berg, L. H., & Schmand, B. (2011). Cognitive dysfunction in lower motor neuron disease: Executive and memory deficits in progressive muscular atrophy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 82(2), 170–175. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.204446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaphorst, J., van Tol, M. J., Groot, P. F., Altena, E., van der Werf, Y. D., Majoie, C. B., van der Kooi, A. J., van den Berg, L. H., Schmand, B., de Visser, M., & Veltman, D. J. (2014). Prefrontal involvement related to cognitive impairment in progressive muscular atrophy. Neurology, 83(9), 818–825. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saberi, S., Stauffer, J. E., Schulte, D. J., & Ravits, J. (2015). Neuropathology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Its Variants. Neurologic Clinics, 33(4), 855–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2015.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schito, P., Ceccardi, G., Calvo, A., Falzone, Y. M., Moglia, C., Lunetta, C., Marinou, K., Ticozzi, N., Scialo, C., Sorarù, G., & Trojsi, F. (2020). Clinical features and outcomes of the flail arm and flail leg and pure lower motor neuron MND variants: A multicentre Italian study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 91(9), 1001–1003. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli, E. G., Agosta, F., Ferraro, P. M., Querin, G., Riva, N., Bertolin, C., Martinelli, I., Lunetta, C., Fontana, A., Sorarù, G., & Filippi, M. (2019). Brain MRI shows white matter sparing in Kennedy’s disease and slow-progressing lower motor neuron disease. Human Brain Mapping, 40, 3102–3112. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli, E. G., Agosta, F., Ferraro, P. M., Riva, N., Lunetta, C., Falzone, Y. M., Comi, G., Falini, A., & Filippi, M. (2016). Brain MR Imaging in Patients with Lower Motor Neuron-Predominant Disease. Radiology, 280(2), 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016151846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong, M. J., Abrahams, S., Goldstein, L. H., Woolley, S., McLaughlin, P., Snowden, J., Mioshi, E., Roberts-South, A., Benatar, M., Hortobagyi, T., Rosenfeld, J., Silani, V., Ince, P. G., & Turner, M. R. (2017). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTSD): Revised diagnostic criteria. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 18(3–4), 153–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2016.1267768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong, M. J., & Gordon, P. H. (2005). Primary lateral sclerosis, hereditary spastic paraplegia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Discrete entities or spectrum? Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 6(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660820410021267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong, M. J., Grace, G. M., Freedman, M., Lomen-Hoerth, C., Woolley, S., Goldstein, L. H., Murphy, J., Shoesmith, C., Rosenfeld, J., Leigh, P. N., & Bruijn, L. (2009). Consensus criteria for the diagnosis of frontotemporal cognitive and behavioural syndromes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 10(3), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482960802654364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift, I. J., Bocchetta, M., Benotmane, H., Woollacott, I. O., Shafei, R., & Rohrer, J. D. (2021). Variable clinical phenotype in TBK1 mutations: Case report of a novel mutation causing primary progressive aphasia and review of the literature. Neurobiology of Aging, 99, 100–e9.
   Google Scholar
• Swinnen, B., & Robberecht, W. (2014). The phenotypic variability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 10(11), 661. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, R. H., Guennewig, B., Dobson-Stone, C., Kwok, J., Kril, J. J., Kiernan, M. C., Hodges, J. R., Piguet, O., & Halliday, G. M. (2019). The underacknowledged PPA-ALS: A unique clinicopathologic subtype with strong heritability. Neurology, 92(12), e1354–e1366. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartaglia, M. C., Laluz, V., Rowe, A., Findlater, K., Lee, D. H., Kennedy, K., Kramer, J. H., & Strong, M. J. (2009). Brain atrophy in primary lateral sclerosis. Neurology, 72(14), 1236–1241. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000345665.75512.f9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, L. J., Brown, R. G., Tsermentseli, S., Al-Chalabi, A., Shaw, C. E., Ellis, C. M., Leigh, P. N., & Goldstein, L. H. (2013). Is language impairment more common than executive dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 84(5), 494–498. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-303526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The University of Sydney (n.d.). Diagnostic dementia tests. https://www.sydney.edu.au/brain-mind/resources-for-clinicians/dementia-test.html
   Google Scholar
• Tsermentseli, S., Leigh, P. N., Taylor, L. J., Radunovic, A., Catani, M., & Goldstein, L. H. (2016). Syntactic processing as a marker for cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 17(1–2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.3109/21678421.2015
   Google Scholar
• Turner, M. R. (2019). The reunification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 90(2), 122–123. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-319470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinceti, G., Olney, N., Mandelli, M. L., Spina, S., Hubbard, H. I., Santos-Santos, M. A., Watson, C., Miller, Z. A., Lomen-Hoerth, C., Nichelli, P., & Miller, B. L. (2019). Primary progressive aphasia and the FTD-MND spectrum disorders: Clinical, pathological, and neuroimaging correlates. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 20(3–4), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2018.1556695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicks, P., Abrahams, S., Leigh, P. N., Williams, T., & Goldstein, L. H. (2006). Absence of cognitive, behavioral, or emotional dysfunction in progressive muscular atrophy. Neurology, 67(9), 1718–1719. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000242726.36625.f3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolley, S. C., & Rush, B. K. (2017). Considerations for clinical neuropsychological evaluation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(7), 906–916. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• York, C., Olm, C., Boller, A., McCluskey, L., Elman, L., Haley, J., Seltzer, E., Chahine, L., Woo, J., Rascovsky, K., McMillan, C., & Grossman, M. (2014). Action verb comprehension in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, 261(6), 1073–1079. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-014-7314-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zago, S., Poletti, B., Corbo, M., Adobbati, L., & Silani, V. (2008). Dysgraphia in patients with primary lateral sclerosis: A speech-based rehearsal deficit? Behavioural Neurology, 19(4), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/825042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zago, S., Poletti, B., Morelli, C., Doretti, A., & Silani, V. (2011). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD). Archives Italiennes De Biologie, 149, 39–56. https://doi.org/10.4449/aib.v149i1.1263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar