‘To be’ or not ‘to be’: an analysis of copula production and omission in people with non-fluent aphasia

References

• Arabatzi, M., & Edwards, S. (2002). Tense and syntactic processes in agrammatic speech. Brain and Language, 80(3), 314–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avrutin, S. (2006). Weak syntax. In K. Amunts, & Y. Grodzinsky (Eds.), Broca’s region (pp. 49–62). Oxford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, M. (2013). Agreement and Case. In: Dikken, M. D. (Ed.) The Cambridge handbook of generative syntax (pp. 607–654). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bastiaanse, R. (2013). Why reference to the past is difficult for agrammatic speakers. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 27(4), 244–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, M. (2002). The development of the copula in child English: The lightness of be. Annual Review of Language Acquisition, 2(1), 37–58.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, M. (2004). Copula omission is a grammatical reflex. Language Acquisition, 12(2), 157–167.
   Google Scholar
• Binek, K., & Shelley, K. (2012). AphasiaBank ACWT Corpus. Talkbank. http://doi.org/10.21415/X4RC-R061
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, M. (2014). AphasiaBank Montclair State University Corpus. Talkbank. http://doi.org/10.21415/HNGW-AW53
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. (1973). A first language: The early stages. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brunetto, V., Kershaw, C., & Garraffa, M. (2023). When acquisition and aphasia converge: the case of copula omission. Glossa, 8(1) https://doi.org/10.16995/glossa.9326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho, J. (2012). Ser and Estar: The Individual/Stage-Level distinction and aspectual predication. In Hualde, J. I., Olarrea, A. and O’Rourke, E. (Eds.) The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics (pp.453–475). Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, G. N. (1977). References to kinds in English. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, S. B., & Ulatowska, H. K. (1989). Discourse in aphasia: Integration deficits in processing reference. Brain and Language, 36, 651–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clahsen, H., & Ali, M. (2009). Formal features in aphasia: Tense, agreement, and mood in English agrammatism. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 22(5), 436–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, S. G., & Richardson, J. D. (2015). Core-lexicon and main-concept production during picture-sequence description in adults without brain damage and adults with aphasia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(4), S923–s938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Roo, E. (2003). Null subject pronouns in Broca’s speech production. Aphasiology, 17(11), 1057–1072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diouny, S. (2007). Tense/Agreement in Moroccan Arabic: The Tree-Pruning Hypothesis. SKY Journal of Linguistics, 20, 141–169.
   Google Scholar
• Dragoy, O., & Bastiaanse, R. (2013). Aspects of time: Time reference and aspect production in Russian aphasic speakers. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 26(1), 113–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druks, J. (2017). Contemporary and emergent theories of agrammatism: A neurolinguistic approach. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Druks, J., & Carroll, E. (2005). The crucial role of tense for verb production. Brain and Language, 94(1), 1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman, R. (2009). AphasiaBank Elman corpus. Talkbank. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21415/YSBE-2R24
   Google Scholar
• Enç, M. (1987). Anchoring conditions for Tense. Linguistic Inquiry, 18(4), 633–657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faroqi-Shah, Y., & Friedman, L. (2015). Production of Verb Tense in Agrammatic Aphasia: A Meta-Analysis and Further Data. Behavioural Neurology, Article 983870, http://doi.org/10.1155/2015/983870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faroqi-Shah, Y., & Thompson, C. K. (2004). Semantic, lexical, and phonological influences on the production of verb inflections in agrammatic aphasia. Brain and Language, 89(3), 484–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridriksson, J. (2011). AphasiaBank Fridriksson corpus. Talkbank. http://doi.org/10.21415/NYCM-6Q36
   Google Scholar
• Friedmann, N., & Grodzinsky, Y. (1997). Tense and Agreement in Agrammatic Production: Pruning the Syntactic Tree. Brain and Language, 56(3), 397–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromm, D., Forbes, M., Holland, A., Dalton, S. G., Richardson, J., & MacWhinney, B. (2017). Discourse characteristics in aphasia beyond the Western Aphasia Battery cutoff. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(3), 762–768. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_AJSLP-16-0071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyndanis, V., Varlokosta, S., & Tsapkini, K. (2013). (Morpho) syntactic comprehension in agrammatic aphasia: Evidence from Greek. Aphasiology, 27(4), 398–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garraffa, M. (2009). Minimal structures in aphasia: a study on agreement and movement in a non-fluent aphasic speaker. Lingua, 119, 1444–1457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garraffa, M. (2011). Impoverishment of grammatical features in a non-fluent aphasic speaker: the grammatical nature of minimal structures. Cambridge-Scholar Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garraffa, M., & Fyndanis, V. (2020). Linguistic theory and aphasia: An overview. Aphasiology, 34 (8), 905–926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavarró, A., & Martínez-Ferreiro, S. (2007). Tense and agreement impairment in Ibero- Romance. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 36(1), 25–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodglass, H., Kaplan, E., & Barresi, B. (2001). Boston diagnostic aphasia examination (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Grodzinsky, Y. (2000). The neurology of syntax: Language use without Broca’s area. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 23(1), 1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodzinsky, Y., Deschamps, I., & Shapiro, L. P. (2018) Aphasia and acquisition. In J. van Craenenbroeck, & T. Temmerman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis (pp. 425–443). Oxford Handbooks.
   Google Scholar
• Grodzinsky, Y., Wexler, K., Chien, Y-C., Marakovitz, S., & Solomon, J. (1993) The breakdown of binding relations. Brain and Language, 45, 396–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guéron, J, and Hoekstra, T. (1995). The temporal interpretation of predication. In Cardinaletti, A., & Guasti, M. T. (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 28: Small clauses (pp. 77–107). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoover, E. (2012). AphasiaBank BU corpus. TalkBank. http://doi.org/10.21415/TSJZ-S629
   Google Scholar
• Hyams, N. and Wexler, K. (1993). On the grammatical basis of null subjects in child language. Linguistic Inquiry, 24(3), 421–459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempler, D. (2008). AphasiaBank Kempler corpus. TalkBank. http://doi.org/10.21415/S412-2T24
   Google Scholar
• Kertész, A. (2007). Western Aphasia Battery. PsychCorp.
   Google Scholar
• Kolk, H. (2001). Does agrammatic speech constitute a regression to child language? A three-way comparison between agrammatic, child, and normal ellipsis. Brain and language, 77(3), 340–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurland, J. (2012). AphasiaBank Kurland corpus. TalkBank. http://doi.org/10.21415/VNEG-8091
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., Milman, L.H., & Thompson, C.K. (2008). Functional category production in English agrammatism. Aphasiology, 22(7–8), 893–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacWhinney, B. (2000). The CHILDES Project: Tools for analyzing talk (3rd ed.) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• MacWhinney, B., Fromm, D., Forbes, M., & Holland, A. (2011). AphasiaBank: Methods for studying discourse. Aphasiology, 25(11), 1286–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini, A., Andreetta, S., Del Tin, S., & Carlomagno, S. (2011). A multi-level approach to the analysis of narrative language in aphasia. Aphasiology, 25(11), 1372–1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2011.584690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Ferreiro, S., Ishkhanyan, B., Rosell-Clarí, V., & Boye, K. (2019). Prepositions and pronouns in connected discourse of individuals with aphasia, Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 33(6), 497–517, DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2018.1551935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall, D. (2021). AphasiaBank SCALE Corpus. Talkbank. http://doi.org/10.21415/MPQN-W212
   Google Scholar
• Menn, L., Obler, L.K., & Miceli, G. (1990). Agrammatic aphasia: a cross-language narrative sourcebook. John Benjamins Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Nadeau, S. E., & Rothi, L. J.G. (1992). Morphologic agrammatism following a right hemisphere stroke in a dextral patient. Brain and Language, 43(4), 642–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanousi, V., Masterson, J., Druks, J., & Atkinson, M. (2006). Interpretable vs. uninterpretable features: Evidence from six Greek-speaking agrammatic patients. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 19, 209–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novaes, C., & Braga, M. (2005). Agrammatic aphasia and aspect. Brain and Language, 95(1), 121–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochon, E., Saffran, E. M., Berndt, R. S., & Schwartz, M. F. (2000). Quantitative analysis of aphasic sentence production: Further development and new data. Brain and Language, 72(3), 193–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RStudio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated development for R. (1.2.5042). [Software]. [Accessed 11 March]. Available from: https://rstudio.com/
   Google Scholar
• Ruigendijk, E., Baauw, S., Zuckerman, S., Vasic, N., de Lange, J., & Avrutin, S. (2011). A cross-linguistic study on the interpretation of pronouns by children and agrammatic speakers: Evidence from Dutch, Spanish and Italian. In Gibson, E., & Pearlmutter, N. J. (Eds.), The processing and acquisition of reference (pp. 133–155). The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saffran, E. M., Berndt, R. S., & Schwartz, M. F. (1989). The quantitative analysis of agrammatic production: Procedure and data. Brain and Language, 37(3), 440–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavrakaki, S., & Kouvava, S. (2003). Functional categories in agrammatism: evidence from Greek. Brain and Language, 86(1), 129–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo, G. 2008. AphasiaBank Adler corpus. TalkBank. http://doi.org/10.21415/PM0P-5E52
   Google Scholar
• Tagliamonte, S., & Hudson, R. (1999). Be like et al. beyond America: The quotative system in British and Canadian youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3(2), 147–172.
   Google Scholar
• Valinejad, V., Mehri, A., Khatoonabadi, A., & Shekari, E. (2022). Treatment of verb tense morphology in agrammatic aphasia: A systematic review. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 62, Article 101045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varlokosta, S., Valeonti, N., Kakavoulia, M., Lazaridou, M., Economou, A., & Protopapas, A. (2006). The breakdown of functional categories in Greek aphasia: Evidence from agreement, tense, and aspect. Aphasiology, 20(8), 723–743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff, M. & Clahsen, H. (2004). Tense and agreement in German agrammatism. Brain and Language, 89(1), 57–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff, M. & Clahsen, H. (2005). Finiteness and verb-second in German agrammatism. Brain and Language, 92(1), 33–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, J. (2015). AphasiaBank Whiteside corpus. TalkBank. http://doi.org/10.21415/R4EY-4J90
   Google Scholar