458
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Improved comprehension of irony and indirect requests following a severe traumatic brain injury: two case studies

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1244-1270 | Received 21 Feb 2023, Accepted 13 Oct 2023, Published online: 16 Nov 2023

References

  • Achim, A. M., Ouellet, R., Roy, M. A., & Jackson, P. L. (2012). Mentalizing in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Research, 196(2–3), 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.011
  • Arcara, G., Tonini, E., Muriago, G., Mondin, E., Sgarabottolo, E., Bertagnoni, G., Semenza, C., & Bambini, V. (2020). Pragmatics and figurative language in individuals with traumatic brain injury: fine-grained assessment and relevance-theoretic considerations. Aphasiology, 34(8), 1070–1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2019.1615033
  • Beeman, M. (1998). Course semantic coding and discourse comprehension. In M. Beeman & C. Chiarell (Eds.), Right Hemisphere Language Comprehension: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience (pp. 255–284). Erlbaum.
  • Beeson, P. M. (2015). Primary and secondary analyses of single-subject data have complementary value—commentary in response to “Optimising the design of intervention studies: critiques and ways forward.” Aphasiology, 29(5), 598–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2014.987042
  • Bertoux, M. L. (2014). Mini SEA: Évaluation de la démence fronto-temporale. De Boeck Superieur.
  • Bézy, C., Renard, A., & Pariente, J. (2016). GRÉMOTS: évaluation du langage dans les pathologies neurodégénératives. De Boeck Superieur.
  • Blake, M. L. (2007). Perspectives on treatment for communication deficits associated with right hemisphere brain damage. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(4), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2007/037)
  • Blake, M. L., Tompkins, C. A., Scharp, V. L., Meigh, K. M., & Wambaugh, J. (2015). Contextual Constraint Treatment for coarse coding deficit in adults with right hemisphere brain damage: Generalisation to narrative discourse comprehension. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 25(1), 15–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2014.932290.Contextual
  • Bosco, F. M., Angeleri, R., Zuffranieri, M., Bara, B. G., & Sacco, K. (2012). Assessment Battery for Communication: Development of two equivalent forms. Journal of Communication Disorders, 45(4), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.03.002
  • Bosco, F. M., Gabbatore, I., Angeleri, R., Zettin, M., & Parola, A. (2018). Do executive function and theory of mind predict pragmatic abilities following traumatic brain injury? An analysis of sincere, deceitful and ironic communicative acts. Journal of Communication Disorders, 75, 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2018.05.002
  • Bosco, F. M., Parola, A., Angeleri, R., Galetto, V., Zettin, M., & Gabbatore, I. (2018). Improvement of communication skills after traumatic brain injury: The efficacy of the Cognitive Pragmatic Treatment Program using the Communicative Activities of Daily Living. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 33(7), 875–888. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy041
  • Bossut, H. (2011). Évaluation de la cognition sociale : Normalisation d’un test de compréhension des sarcasmes auprès d’une population de 50 à 65 ans. Université Lille 2.
  • Bout-Forestier, N., Depoorter, H., Pavy, M. L., San Filippo, V., Lefeuvre, M., & Rousseaux, M. (2008). Test Lillois de Calcul 2. Orthoedition.
  • Bouton, L. (1999). Developing nonnative speaker skills in interpreting conversational implicatures in English: Explicit teaching can ease the process. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning (pp. 47–70). Cambridge University Press.
  • Brownell, H., Lundgren, K., Cayer-Meade, C., Milione, J., Katz, D. I., & Kearns, K. (2013). Treatment of metaphor interpretation deficits subsequent to traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28(6), 446–452.
  • Caffarra, S., Haeri, A. M., Michell, E., & Martin, C. D. (2019). When is irony influenced by communicative constraints? ERP evidence supporting interactive models. European Journal of Neuroscience, 50(10), 3566–3577. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14503
  • Cardebat, D., Doyon, B., Puel, M., Goulet, P., & Joanette, Y. (1990). Evocation lexicale formelle et semantique chez des sujets normaux. Performances et dynamiques de production en fonction du sexe, de l’age et du niveau d’etud. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 90(4), 207–217.
  • Cassel, A., McDonald, S., & Kelly, M. (2020). Establishing ‘proof of concept’ for a social cognition group treatment program (SIFT IT) after traumatic brain injury: Two case studies. Brain Injury, 34(13–14), 1781–1793. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2020.1831072
  • Channon, S., Pellijeff, A., & Rule, A. (2005). Social cognition after head injury: Sarcasm and theory of mind. Brain and Language, 93(2), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2004.09.002
  • Cicerone, K. D., Goldin, Y., Ganci, K., Rosenbaum, A., Wethe, J. V., Langenbahn, D. M., Malec, J. F., Bergquist, T. F., Kingsley, K., Nagele, D., Trexler, L., Fraas, M., Bogdanova, Y., & Harley, J. P. (2019). Evidence-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation: Systematic Review of the Literature From 2009 Through 2014. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 100(8), 1515–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.02.011
  • Coppens, P., & Patterson, J. (2017). Generalization in aphasiology: What are the best strategies? In P. Coppens & J. Patterson (Eds.), Aphasia Rehabilitation: Clinical Challenges (pp. 205–248). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  • Corcoran, R., Mercer, G., & Frith, C. D. (1995). Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: Investigating “theory of mind” in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 17(1), 5–13.
  • Cordonier, N. (2017). Prise en charge des troubles de la communication consécutifs à un traumatisme crânio-cérébral: Une revue systématique. Aphasie et Domaines Associés, 1, 46–59.
  • Cordonier, N., Champagne-Lavau, M., & Fossard, M. (2022). A New Test of Irony and Indirect Requests Comprehension—The IRRI Test: Validation and Normative Data in French-Speaking Adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 37(1), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab043
  • Cordonier, N., Fossard, M., & Champagne-Lavau, M. (2020). Differential impairments in irony comprehension in brain-damaged individuals: Insight from contextual processing, theory of mind, and executive functions. Neuropsychology, 34(7), 750–763. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000682
  • Corsi, P. M. (1972). Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34(2), 891B.
  • Creet, E., Morris, J., Howard, D., & Nickels, L. (2019). Name it again! investigating the effects of repeated naming attempts in aphasia. Aphasiology, 33(10), 1202–1226. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2019.1622352
  • Croot, K., Raiser, T., Taylor-Rubin, C., Ruggero, L., Ackl, N., Wlasich, E., Danek, A., Scharfenberg, A., Foxe, D., Hodges, J. R., Piguet, O., Kochan, N. A., & Nickels, L. (2019). Lexical retrieval treatment in primary progressive aphasia: An investigation of treatment duration in a heterogeneous case series. Cortex, 115, 133–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.01.009
  • Cummings, L. (2009). Clinical Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cummings, L. (2011). Pragmatic disorders and their social impact. Pragmatics and Society, 2(1), 17–36.
  • Cummings, L. (2017). Research in Clinical Pragmatics. Springer.
  • Dardier, V., Bernicot, J., Delanoë, A., Vanberten, M., Fayada, C., Chevignard, M., Delaye, C., Laurent-Vannier, A., & Dubois, B. (2011). Severe traumatic brain injury, frontal lesions, and social aspects of language use: A study of French-speaking adults. Journal of Communication Disorders, 44(3), 359–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2011.02.001
  • Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Psychological Corporation.
  • Desgranges, B., Laisney, M., Bon, L., Duval, C., Mondou, A., Bejanin, A., Fliss, R., Beaunieux, H., & Eustache, F. (2012). TOM-15: Une épreuve de fausses croyances pour évaluer la théorie de l’esprit cognitive. Revue de Neuropsychologie, Neurosciences Cognitives et Cliniques, 4(3), 216–220. https://doi.org/10.1684/nrp.2012.0232
  • Dews, S., & Winner, E. (1997). Attributing meaning to deliberately false utterances: The case of irony. In C. Mandell & A. McCabe (Eds.), The Problem of Meaning: Behavioral and Cognitive Perspectives (pp. 377–414). Elsevier Science.
  • Dignam, J. K., Rodriguez, A. D., & Copland, D. A. (2016). Evidence for intensive aphasia therapy: Consideration of theories from neuroscience and cognitive psychology. PM&R, 8(3), 254–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.06.010
  • Dijkers, M. P., Hart, T., Tsaousides, T., Whyte, J., & Zanca, J. M. (2014). Treatment taxonomy for rehabilitation: Past, present, and prospects. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(1 SUPPL.), S6–S16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.03.032
  • Finch, E., Copley, A., Cornwell, P., & Kelly, C. (2016). Systematic review of behavioral interventions targeting social communication difficulties after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 97(8), 1352–1365.
  • Gabbatore, I., Sacco, K., Angeleri, R., Zettin, M., Bara, B. G., & Bosco, F. M. (2015). Cognitive Pragmatic Treatment: A rehabilitative program for traumatic brain injury individuals. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(5), E14–E28. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000087
  • Gaudreau, G., Monetta, L., Macoir, J., Laforce, R., Poulin, S., & Hudon, C. (2013). Verbal irony comprehension in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 27(6), 702–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034655
  • Gibbs, R. W. (1981). Your wish is my command: Convention and context in interpreting indirect requests. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 431–444.
  • Gibbs, R. W. (2000). Irony in talk among friends. Metaphor and Symbol, 15(1–2), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2000.9678862
  • Hammond, F. M., Hart, T., Bushnik, T., Corrigan, J. D., & Sasser, H. (2004). Change and predictors of change in communication, cognition, and social function between 1 and 5 years after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 19(4), 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200407000-00006
  • Howard, D., Best, W., & Nickels, L. (2015). Optimising the design of intervention studies: Critiques and ways forward. Aphasiology, 29(5), 526–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2014.985884
  • Howard, D., & Hatfield, F. M. (2018). Aphasia Therapy: Historical and contemporary issues. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Howard, D., & Patterson, K. (1992). Pyramids and Palm Trees: A test of semantic access from pictures and words. Thames Valley Test Company.
  • Hsieh, M. Y., Ponsford, J., Wong, D., Schönberger, M., McKay, A., & Haines, K. (2012). A cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) programme for anxiety following moderate severe traumatic brain injury (TBI): Two case studies. Brain Injury, 26(2), 126–138. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2011.635365
  • Joanette, Y., Ska, B., & Côté, H. (2004). Protocole Montréal d’Evaluation de la Communication (MEC). Ortho Edition.
  • Johnson, J. P., & Kiran, S. (2015). Preserving the flexibility of single-subject experimental design—a commentary on “Optimising the design of intervention studies: Critiques and ways forward.” Aphasiology, 29(5), 567–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2014.987047
  • Kempler, D., & Van Lancker-Sidtis, D. (1996). The Formulaic and Novel Language Comprehension Test. Unpublished materials.
  • Kim, J., & Lantolf, J. P. (2018). Developing conceptual understanding of sarcasm in L2 English through explicit instruction. Language Teaching Research, 22(2), 208–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168816675521
  • Lundgren, K., Brownell, H., Cayer-Meade, C., Milione, J., & Kearns, K. (2011). Treating metaphor interpretation deficits subsequent to right hemisphere brain damage: Preliminary results. Aphasiology, 25(4), 456–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2010.500809
  • Macoir, J., Fossard, M., Lefebvre, L., Monetta, L., Renard, A., Tran, T. M., & Wilson, M. A. (2017). Detection Test for Language Impairments in Adults and the Aged—a new screening test for language impairment associated with neurodegenerative diseases: Validation and normative data. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 32(7), 382–392.
  • Marangolo, P., Fiori, V., Calpagnano, M. A., Campana, S., Razzano, C., Caltagirone, C., & Marini, A. (2013). tDCS over the left inferior frontal cortex improves speech production in aphasia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(SEP), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00539
  • Martin, I., & McDonald, S. (2003). Weak coherence, no theory of mind, or executive dysfunction? Solving the puzzle of pragmatic language disorders. Brain and Language, 85(3), 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00070-1
  • Martory, M. D., Pegna, A. J., Sheybani, L., Métral, M., Bernasconi Pertusio, F., & Annoni, J. M. (2015). Assessment of social cognition and theory of mind: Initial validation of the Geneva social cognition scale. European Neurology, 74(5–6), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442412
  • McDonald, S., Fisher, A., Flanagan, S., & Honan, C. A. (2017). Impaired perception of sincerity after severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychology, 11(2), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12086
  • Meyers, J. E., & Meyers, K. R. (1995). Rey Complex Figure Test and Recognition Trial Professional Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Michael, G. A. (2007). A significance test of interaction in 2 x K designs with proportions. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 3(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.03.1.p001
  • Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.
  • Naegele, B., Mazza, S., & Grenoble, C. (2004). Test d’Attention Soutenue: PASAT Modifié (adaptation française). Solal Editeurs.
  • Nickels, L., Fischer-baum, S., & Best, W. (2022). Single case studies are a powerful tool for developing, testing and extending theories. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00127-y
  • Parola, A., Bosco, F. M., Gabbatore, I., Galetto, V., Zettin, M., & Marini, A. (2019). The impact of the Cognitive Pragmatic Treatment on the pragmatic and informative skills of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Journal of Neurolinguistics, 51(May 2018), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.12.003
  • Persicke, A., Tarbox, J., Ranick, J., & St. Clair, M. (2013). Teaching children with autism to detect and respond to sarcasm. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(1), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2012.08.005
  • Pexman, P., Reggin, L., & Lee, K. (2019). Addressing the challenge of verbal irony: Getting serious about sarcasm training. Languages, 4(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4020023
  • Peyroux, E., & Franck, N. (2014). RC2S: a cognitive remediation program to improve social cognition in schizophrenia and related disorders. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 400–411.
  • Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515–526.
  • Python, G., Bischof, S., Probst, M., & Laganaro, M. (2013). TICSf-12 : Une épreuve de dépistage des troubles de la compréhension. Forum, 70–77.
  • Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Neuropsychology Press.
  • Rouleau, N. (1998). Etude des Processus Inhibiteurs de la Mémoire de Travail dans le Vieillissement Normal et la Démence de Type Alzheimer. University of Montréal.
  • Rowley, D. A., Rogish, M., Alexander, T., & Riggs, K. J. (2017). Cognitive correlates of pragmatic language comprehension in adult traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Brain Injury, 31(12), 1564–1574. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1341645
  • Saban-Bezalel, R., & Mashal, N. (2015). The effects of intervention on the comprehension of irony and on hemispheric processing of irony in adults with ASD. Neuropsychologia, 77, 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.004
  • Sacco, K., Angeleri, R., Bosco, F. M., Colle, L., Mate, D., & Bara, B. G. (2008). Assessment Battery for Communication-ABaCo: A new instrument for the evaluation of pragmatic abilities. Journal of Cognitive Science, 9(2), 111–157.
  • Sacco, K., Gabbatore, I., Geda, E., Duca, S., Cauda, F., Bara, B. G., & Bosco, F. M. (2016). Rehabilitation of communicative abilities in patients with a history of TBI: Behavioral improvements and cerebral changes in resting-state activity. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(MAR), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00048
  • Sage, K., Snell, C., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2011). How intensive does anomia therapy for people with aphasia need to be? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 21(1), 26–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2010.528966
  • Schmidt, M. (1996). Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: A handbook. Western Psychological Services.
  • Seron, X. (2014). L’évaluation de l’efficacité des traitements et de la prise en charge des patients. In X. Seron & M. Van der Linden (Eds.), Traité de Neuropsychologie Clinique de l’Adulte, Tome 1 - Évaluation, 2ème édition (pp. 51–76). De Boeck.
  • Snow, P., Douglas, J., & Ponsford, J. (1998). Conversational discourse abilities following severe traumatic brain injury: A follow-up study. Brain Injury, 12(11), 911–935. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990598121981
  • Sonrier, D., & Vanberten, M. (2015). Prise en Charge des Troubles des Émotions et de la Cognition Sociale chez l’Adolescent et l’Adulte. De Boeck Superieur.
  • Spotorno, N., Koun, E., Prado, J., Van Der Henst, J. B., & Noveck, I. A. (2012). Neural evidence that utterance-processing entails mentalizing: The case of irony. NeuroImage, 63(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.046
  • Steward, K. A., & Kretzmer, T. (2021). Anosognosia in moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury: A review of prevalence, clinical correlates, and diversity considerations. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(8), 2021–2040. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1967452
  • Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662.
  • Szücs, M., & Babarczy, A. (2017). The role of Theory of Mind, grammatical competence and metapragmatic awareness in irony comprehension. In S. Assimakopoulous (Ed.), Pragmatics at its Interfaces (Vol. 17, Issue January, pp. 129–147). Walter de Gruyter Inc. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501505089-008
  • Taché, E. (2014). Elaboration d’un Outil Permettant d’Evaluer les Conséquences d’un Défic it de Théorie de l’Esprit au Niveau des Interactions Sociales dans la Maladie d’Alzheimer. Aix-Marseille Université.
  • Tate, R. L., McDonald, S., Perdices, M., Togher, L., Schultz, R., & Savage, S. (2008). Rating the methodological quality of single-subject designs and n-of-1 trials: Introducing the single-case experimental design (SCED) scale. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18(4), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010802009201
  • Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D. H., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., Sampson, M., Shamseer, L., Togher, L., Albin, R., Backman, C., Douglas, J., Evans, J. J., Gast, D., Manolov, R., … Wilson, B. (2016). The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement. Aphasiology, 30(7), 862–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2016.1178022
  • Ting-Jia, L., Mau-Sun, H., Meng-Ying, L., Yu-Chi, L., & Hsin-Te, C. (2022). Extending normative data of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test to account for preliminary psychometric properties among elderly individuals in Taiwan. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology.
  • Togher, L., Douglas, J., Turkstra, L. S., Welch-West, P., Janzen, S., Harnett, A., Kennedy, M., Kua, A., Patsakos, E., Ponsford, J., Teasell, R., Bayley, M. T., & Wiseman-Hakes, C. (2023). INCOG 2.0 Guidelines for Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Part IV: Cognitive-Communication and Social Cognition Disorders. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 38(1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000835
  • Tompkins, C. A. (2012). Rehabilitation for cognitive-communication disorders in right hemisphere brain damage. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(1 SUPPL.), S61–S69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2011.10.015
  • Tompkins, C. A., Scharp, V. L., Meigh, K. M., Blake, M. L., & Wambaugh, J. (2012). Generalisation of a novel implicit treatment for coarse coding deficit in right hemisphere brain damage: A single-participant experiment. Aphasiology, 26(5), 689–708. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2012.676869.Generalization
  • Tompkins, C. A., & Scott, A. G. (2013). Treatment of Right Hemisphere Disorders. In Papathanasiou, I., Coppens, P., & Potagas, C. (Eds.), Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Communication Disorders (pp. 345–364). Jones and Bartlett.
  • Turkstra, L. S. (2008). Conversation-based assessment of social cognition in adults with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 22(5), 397–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050802027059
  • Verdon, V., & Hauert, C.-A. (2005). Epreuve de Rotation Mentale. Travaux pratiques d’évaluation des fonctions cognitives [Mental Rotation Test. Practicals in the evaluation of cognitive functions]. University of Geneva, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences.
  • Vitali, P., Tettamanti, M., Abutalebi, J., Ansaldo, A. I., Perani, D., Cappa, S. F., & Joanette, Y. (2010). Generalization of the effects of phonological training for anomia using structural equation modelling: A multiple single-case study. Neurocase, 16(2), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554790903329117
  • Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised. The Psychological Corporation.
  • Whalen, J. M., Pexman, P. M., & Gill, A. J. (2009). “Should be fun—not!” Incidence and marking of nonliteral language in e-mail. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 28(3), 263–280.
  • Whalen, J. M., Pexman, P. M., Gill, A. J., & Nowson, S. (2013). Verbal irony use in personal blogs. Behaviour and Information Technology, 32(6), 560–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2011.630418
  • Ylvisaker, M., Hanks, R., & Johnson-Greene, D. (2002). Perspectives on rehabilitation of individuals with cognitive impairment after brain injury: Rationale for reconsideration of theoretical paradigms. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 17(3), 191–209.
  • Zimmermann, N., Gindri, G., Oliveira, C. R. de, & Fonseca, R. P. (2011). Pragmatic and executive functions in traumatic brain injury and right brain damage. Dementia Neuropsychologia, 5(4), 337–345.