Language cortex

References

• Aram , D. M. and Whitaker , H. A. 1988 . “ Cognitive sequelae of unilateral lesions acquired in early childhood. ” . In Lateralization in Children , Edited by: Molfese , D. L. and Segalowitz , S. J. New York : Guildford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arseni , C. and Botez , M. I. 1961 . Speech disturbances caused by tumors of the supplementary motor area. . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 36 : 279 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , P. and von Bonin , G. V. 1951 . The Isocortex of Man , Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barat , M. , Mazaux , J. M. , Bioulax , B. , Giroire , J. M. , Vital , C. and Arne , L. 1981 . Troubles du langage de type aphasique et lesions putamino–caudees: observation anatome-clinique. . Revue Neurologique , 137 : 343 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker , A. T. , Jalinous , R. and Freeston , I. L. 1985 . Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. . Lancet , 2 : 1106 – 1107 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barlow , H. B. 1972 . Single units and sensation: a neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology? . Perception , 1 : 371 – 394 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baron , J. C. , D'Antona , R. , Serdaru , M. , Pantano , P. , Bousser , M. G. and Samson , Y. 1986 . Hypometabolisme cortical apres lesion thalamique chez l'homme: etude par la tomographie a postons. . Revue Neurologique , 142 : 465 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basser , L. S. 1962 . Hemiplegia of early onset and the faculty of speech with special reference to the effects of hemispherectomy. . Brain , 85 : 427 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , D. S. 1968 . Speech functions of the thalamus inferred from the effects of thalamotomy. . Brain , 91 : 619 – 638 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson , D. F. 1979 . Aphasia, Alexia and Agraphia , Edinburgh and London : Churchill-Livingstone .
   Google Scholar
• Braak , H. 1978 . On magnopyramidal temporal fields in the human brain—probable morphological counterparts of Wernicke's sensory speech region. . Anatomy and Embryology , 152 : 141 – 169 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradshaw , J. L. and Nettleton , N. C. 1981 . The nature of hemispheric specialization. . Behavioural and Brain Sciences , 4 : 51 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broca , P. 1861 . Remarques sur le siege de la faculte du langage articule suivies d'une observation d'amphemie (perte de la parole). . Bulletin et Memoires de la Societe Anatomique de Paris , 36 : 330 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Brodmann , K. 1909 . Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde , Leipzig : Barth .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. W. 1979 . Language representation in the brain. . Neurobiology of Social Communication in Primates , 6 : 133 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. and Jaffe , J. 1975 . Hypothesis on cerebral dominance. . Neuropsychologia , 13 : 107 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , W. S. , Marsh , J. T. and Smith , J. C. 1973 . Contextual meaning effects on speech-evoked potentials. . Behavioral Biology , 9 : 755 – 761 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruner , R. J. , Kornhuber , H. H. , Seemuller , E. , Suger , G. and Wallesch , C. W. 1982 . Basal ganglia participation in language pathology. . Brain and Language , 16 : 281 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Bub , D. and Kertesz , A. 1982 . Deep agraphia. . Brain and Language , 17 : 146 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchsbaum , M. and Fedio , P. 1970 . Hemispheric differences in evoked potentials to verbal and nonverbal stimuli in the left and right visual fields. . Physiology and Behaviour , 5 : 207 – 210 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burdach , K. F. 1819–1825 . Vom Baure und Leben des Gehirns , Leipzig : Dyk'schen Buchhandlung .
   Google Scholar
• Callaway , E. and Harris , P. R. 1974 . Coupling between cortical potentials from different areas. . Science , 183 : 873 – 875 .
   Google Scholar
• Cappa , S. F. , Cavallotti , G. and Vignolo , L. A. 1981 . Phonemic and lexical errors in fluent aphasia; correlation with lesion site. . Neuropsychologia , 19 : 171 – 179 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cappa , S. F. and Vignolo , L. A. 1979 . ‘Transcortical’ features of aphasia following left thalamic hemorrhage. . Cortex , 15 : 121 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chusid , J. , de Gutierrez-Mahoney , C. and Margules-Lavergne , M. 1954 . Speech disturbances in association with parasagittal frontal lesions. . Journal of Neurosurgery , 11 : 193 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Code , C. 1987 . Language, Aphasia, and the Right Hemisphere , New York : Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Code , C. and Rowley , D. 1987 . Age and aphasia type: the interaction of sex, time since onset and handedness. . Aphasiology , 1 : 339 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Creutzfeldt , O. , Ojemann , G. and Lettich , E. 1989 . Neuronal activity in the human lateral temporal lobe. I. Responses to speech. . Experimental Brain Research , 77 : 451 – 475 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunningham , D. J. 1892 . Contribution to the Surface Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres , Dublin : Royal Irish Academy .
   Google Scholar
• Damasio , A. R. and Damasio , H. 1983 . “ Localization of lesions in achromatopsia and prosopagnosia. ” . In Localization in Neuropsychology , Edited by: Kertesz , A. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Damasio , A. R. and Damasio , H. 1989 . Lesion Analysis in Neuropsychology , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Damasio , A. R. , Damasio , H. , Rizzo , M. , Varney , N. and Gersh , F. 1982 . Aphasia with nonhemorrhagic lesions in the basal ganglia and internal capsule. . Archives of Neurology , 39 : 15 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dejerine , J. 1892 . Contribution à l'étude anatomo-pathologique et clinique des différentes variétes de cécité verbale. . Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de Ses Filiales , 4 : 61 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Dejerine , J. and Dejerine-Klumpke , A. 1895 . Anatomie des Centres Nerveux , Paris : Ruef et Cie .
   Google Scholar
• Desmedt , J. E. 1977 . “ Some observations on the methodology of cerebral evoked potentials in man. ” . In Attention, Voluntary Contraction and Event-related Cerebral Potentials, Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology , Edited by: Desmedt , J. E. Vol. 1 , Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Desmedt , J. E. and Debecker , J. 1979 . Waveform and neural mechanism of the decision P350 elicited without pre-stimulus CNV or readiness potential in random sequences of near-threshold auditory clicks and finger stimuli. . Electroencephalogram and Clinical Neurophysiology , 47 : 648 – 670 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dreyfus , H. L. 1979 . What Computers can't do: the limits of artificial intelligence, , 2nd edition , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Dusser de Barenne , J. G. and McCulloch , W. S. 1938 . The direct functional interrelation of sensory cortex and optic thalamus. . Journal of Neurophysiology , 1 : 176 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Edelman , G. M. 1981 . “ Group selection as the basis for higher brain function. ” . In The Organization of the Cerebral Cortex: Proceedings of a Neurosciences Research Program Colloquium , Edited by: Schmitt , F. O. , Worden , F. G. , Adelman , G. and Dennis , S. G. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. W. and Young , A. W. 1988 . Human Cognitive Neuropsychology , Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Ferro , J. M. 1983 . Global aphasia without hemiparesis. . Neurology , 33 : 1106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flechsig , P. 1901 . Developmental (Myelongenetic) Localisation of the cerebral cortex in the human subject. . Lancet , ii : 1027 – 1029 .
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1891 . Zur Auffassung der Aphasien, eine Kritische Studie , Leipzig : Deuticke . (translated by E. Stengel, Imago, London, 953).
   Google Scholar
• Fritsch , G. T. and Hitzig , E. 1870 . Uber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns. . Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie, Leipzig , : 300 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Fuster , J. M. 1980 . The Prefrontal Cortex , New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Galaburda , A. M. and Sanides , F. 1980 . Cytoarchitectonic organization of the human auditory cortex. . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 190 : 597 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galin , D. and Ornstein , R. 1972 . Lateral specialization of cognitive mode: an EEF study. . Psychophysiology , 9 : 412 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gall , F. J. and Spurzheim , J. C. 1810 . Anatomie et Physiologie due Systeme Nerveux en General, et du Cerveau en Particulier , Paris : Schoell and Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Geschwind , N. 1965 . Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. . Brain , 88 : 237 – 204 . 585–644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschwind , N. and Levitsky , W. 1968 . Human brain: left-right asymmetries in temporal speech regions. . Science , 161 : 186 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman , R. B. 1978 . “ The logic of the lesion experiment and its role in the neural sciences. ” . In Recovery from Brain Damage , Edited by: Finger , S. New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gloning , I. , Gloning , K. , Haub , G. and Quatember , R. 1969 . Comparison of verbal behaviour in right-handed and non-right-handed patients with anatomically verified lesions of one hemisphere. . Cortex , 5 : 43 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldman-Rakic , P. S. 1987 . Circuitry of the prefrontal cortex and the regulation of behavior by representational memory. . Handbook of Physiology , 5 : 373 – 417 . (Part 1, Ch. 9)
   Google Scholar
• Goldman-Rakic , P. S. 1988 . Topography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 11 : 137 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , K. 1948 . Language and Language Disturbances , New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Golgi , C. 1886 . Sulla fine anatomia degli organi centrali del sistema nervoso , Milano : U. Hoepli .
   Google Scholar
• Goltz , F. 1881 . Transactions of the 7th International Medical Congress , Edited by: MacCormac , W. Vol. 1 , London : J. W. Kolkmann .
   Google Scholar
• Damasio , A. R. and Damasio , H. 1983 . “ Localization of lesions in achromatopsia and prosopagnosia. ” . In Localization in Neuropsychology , Edited by: Kertesz , A. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Damasio , A. R. and Damasio , H. 1989 . Lesion Analysis in Neuropsychology , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Damasio , A. R. , Damasio , H. , Rizzo , M. , Varney , N. and Gersh , F. 1982 . Aphasia with nonhemorrhagic lesions in the basal ganglia and internal capsule. . Archives of Neurology , 39 : 15 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dejerine , J. 1892 . Contribution à l'étude anatomo-pathologique et clinique des différentes variétés de cécité verbale. . Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de Ses Filiales , 4 : 61 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Dejerine , J. and Dejerine-Klumpke , A. 1895 . Anatomie des Centres Nerveux , Paris : Ruef et Cie .
   Google Scholar
• Desmedt , J. E. 1977 . “ Some observations on the methodology of cerebral evoked potentials in man. ” . In Attention, Voluntary Contraction and Event-related Cerebral Potentials, Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology , Edited by: Desmedt , J. E. Vol. 1 , Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Desmedt , J. E. and Debecker , J. 1979 . Waveform and neural mechanism of the decision P350 elicited without pre-stimulus CNV or readiness potential in random sequences of near-threshold auditory clicks and finger stimuli. . Electroencephalogram and Clinical Neurophysiology , 47 : 648 – 670 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dreyfus , H. L. 1979 . What Computers can't do: the limits of artificial intelligence, , 2nd edition , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Dusser de Barenne , J. G. and McCulloch , W. S. 1938 . The direct functional interrelation of sensory cortex and optic thalamus. . Journal of Neurophysiology , 1 : 176 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Edelman , G. M. 1981 . “ Group selection as the basis for higher brain function. ” . In The Organization of the Cerebral Cortex: Proceedings of a Neurosciences Research Program Colloquium , Edited by: Schmitt , F. O. , Worden , F. G. , Adelman , G. and Dennis , S. G. Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. W. and Young , A. W. 1988 . Human Cognitive Neuropsychology , Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Ferro , J. M. 1983 . Global aphasia without hemiparesis. . Neurology , 33 : 1106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flechsig , P. 1901 . Developmental (Myelongenetic) Localisation of the cerebral cortex in the human subject. . Lancet , ii : 1027 – 1029 .
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1891 . Zur Auffasung der Aphasien, eine Kritische Studie , Leipzig : Deuticke . (translated by E. Stengel, Imago, London, 1953).
   Google Scholar
• Fritsch , G. T. and Hitzig , E. 1870 . Uber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshims. . Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie, Leipzig , : 300 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Fuster , J. M. 1980 . The Prefrontal Cortex , New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Galaburda , A. M. and Sanides , F. 1980 . Cytoarchitectonic organization of the human auditory cortex. . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 190 : 597 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galin , D. and Ornstein , R. 1972 . Lateral specialization of cognitive mode: an EEF study. . Psychophysiology , 9 : 412 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gall , F. J. and Spurzheim , J. C. 1810 . Anatomie et Physiologie due Systeme Nerveux en General, et du Cerveau en Particulier , Paris : Schoell and Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Geschwind , N. 1965 . Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. . Brain , 88 : 237 – 204 . 585–644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschwind , N. and Levitsky , W. 1968 . Human brain: left–right asymmetries in temporal speech regions. . Science , 161 : 186 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman , R. B. 1978 . “ The logic of the lesion experiment and its role in the neural sciences. ” . In Recovery from Brain Damage , Edited by: Finger , S. New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gloning , I. , Gloning , K. , Haub , G. and Quatember , R. 1969 . Comparison of verbal behaviour in right-handed and non-right-handed patients with anatomically verified lesions of one hemisphere. . Cortex , 5 : 43 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldman-Rakic , P. S. 1987 . Circuitry of the prefrontal cortex and the regulation of behavior by representational memory. . Handbook of Physiology , 5 : 373 – 417 . (Part 1, Ch. 9)
   Google Scholar
• Goldman-Rakic , P. S. 1988 . Topography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 11 : 137 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , K. 1948 . Language and Language Disturbances , New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Golgi , C. 1886 . Sulla fine anatomia degli organi centrali del sistema nervoso , Milano : U. Hoepli .
   Google Scholar
• Goltz , F. 1881 . Transactions of the 7th International Medical Congress , Edited by: MacCormac , W. Vol. 1 , London : J. W. Kolkmann .
   Google Scholar
• Greenblatt , S. H. 1983 . “ Localization of lesions in alexia. ” . In Localization in Neuropsychology , Edited by: Kertesz , A. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Halgren , E. , Squires , N. K. , Rohrbaugh , J. W. , Babb , T. L. and Crandall , P. H. 1980 . Endogenous potentials generated in the human hippocampal formation and amygdala by infrequent events. . Science , 210 : 803 – 805 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head , H. 1926 . Aphasia and Kindred Disorders of Speech , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heit , G. , Smith , M. E. and Halgren , E. 1988 . Neural encoding of individual words and faces by the human hippocampus and amygdala. . Nature , 333 : 773 – 775 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henschen , S. E. 1920–22 . Klinische und Anatomische Beitrage zur Pathologie des Gehirns , Vol. 5–7 , Stockholm : Nordiska Bokhandel n. .
   Google Scholar
• Hinton , G. E. and Anderson , J. A. 1981 . Parallel Models of Associative Memory , Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hubel , D. and Wiesel , T. 1968 . Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. . Journal of Physiology , 195 : 215 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingvar , D. H. and Schwartz , M. S. 1974 . Blood flow patterns induced in the dominant hemisphere by speech and reading. . Brain , 97 : 273 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irle , E. 1987 . Lesion size and recovery of function: some new perspectives. . Brain Research Reviews , 12 : 307 – 320 .
   Google Scholar
• Iwata , M. 1984 . Kanji versus Kana: neuropsychological correlations of the Japanese writing system. . Trends in Neuroscience , 7 : 290 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , H. J. 1878 . On affections of speech from disease of the brain. . Brain , 1 : 304 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , C. C. 1936 . Studies of cerebral function in primates. . Comparative Psychology and Monographs , 13 : 1 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , E. G. and Powell , T. P. 1970 . An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey. . Brain , 93 : 793 – 820 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawahata , N. , Nagata , K. and Shishido , F. 1988 . Alexia with agraphia due to the left posterior inferior temporal lobe lesions—neuropsychological analysis and its pathogenic mechanisms. . Brain and Language , 33 : 296 – 310 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawamura , M. , Hirayama , K. , Hasegawa , K. , Takahashi , N. and Yamaura , A. 1987 . Alexia with agraphia of kanji (Japanese morphograms). . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 5 : 1125 – 1129 .
   Google Scholar
• Kertesz , A. 1979 . Aphasia and Associated Disorders: taxonomy, localization and recovery , New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Kertesz , A. 1983 . “ Localization of lesions in Wernicke's aphasia. ” . In Localization in Neuropsychology , Edited by: Kertesz , A. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kertesz , A. 1984 . “ Apraxia of speech. ” . In Apraxia of Speech: Physiology. Acoustics. Linguistics. Management , Edited by: Rosenbek , J. C. , McNeil , M. R. and Aronson , A. E. San Diego, CA. : College-Hill Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kertesz , A. 1988 . “ What do we learn from recovery from aphasia? ” . In Advances of Neurology, Vol. 47: Functional recovery in neurological disease , Edited by: Waxman , S. G. New York : Rowen Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kertesz , A. and Benke , T. 1989 . Sex equality in intrahemispheric language organization. . Brain and Language , 37 : 401 – 408 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kertesz , A. and Benson , D. F. 1970 . Neologistic jargon—a clinicopathological study. . Cortex , 6 : 362 – 386 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kertesz , A. , Black , S. E. , Polk , M. and Howell , J. 1986 . Cerebral asymmetries on magnetic resonance imaging. . Cortex , 22 : 117 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertesz , A. , Polk , M. , Black , S. E. and Howell , J. 1990 . Sex, handedness, and the morphometry of cerebral asymmetries on magnetic resonance imaging. . Brain Research , 530 : 40 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertesz , A. , Harlock , W. and Coates , R. 1979 . Computer tomographic localization, lesion size and prognosis in aphasia. . Brain and Language , 8 : 34 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertesz , A. , Lesk , D. and McCabe , P. 1977 . Isotope localization of infarcts in aphasia. . Archives of Neurology , 34 : 590 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertesz , A. and Sheppard , A. 1981 . The epidemiology of aphasic and cognitive impairment in stroke—age, sex, aphasia type and laterality differences. . Brain , 104 : 117 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertesz , A. , Sheppard , A. and MacKenzie , R. A. 1982 . Localization in transcortical sensory aphasia. . Archives of Neurology , 39 : 475 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura , D. 1983 . Sex differences in cerebral organization for speech and praxic functions. . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 37 : 19 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopman , D. S. , Selens , O. A. , Niccum , N. , Rubens , A. B. , Yock , D. and Larson , D. 1983 . A longitudinal study of speech fluency in aphasia: CT correlates of recovery and persistent nonfluency. . Neurology , 33 : 1170 – 1178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornyey , E. 1975 . Aphasie transcorticale et echolalie: le problème de l'initiative de la parole. . Revue Neurologique , 131 : 347 – 363 .
   Google Scholar
• Krieg , W. J. S. 1963 . Connections of the Cerebral Cortex , Evanston, IL. : Brain Books .
   Google Scholar
• Kutas , M. and Hillyard , S. A. 1980 . Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. . Science , 207 : 203 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lashley , K. S. 1933 . Integrative functions of the cerebral cortex. . Physiological Review , 13 : 1 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Lecours , A. R. and Caplan , D. 1984 . Augusta Dejerine-Klumpke or ‘the lesion in anatomy’. . Brain and Cognition , 3 : 166 – 197 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lecours , A. R. and Lhermitte , F. 1976 . The ‘pure form’ of the phonetic disintegration syndrome (pure anarthria): anatomo-clinical report of a historical case. . Brain and Language , 3 : 88 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeMay , M. 1977 . Asymmetries of the skull and handedness: phrenology revisited. . Journal of the Neurological Sciences , 32 : 243 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , D. N. and Sweet , E. 1983 . “ Localization of lesions in Broca's motor aphasia. ” . In Localization in Neuropsychology , Edited by: Kertesz , A. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liebermann , A. M. , Cooper , F. S. , Shankweiler , D. R. and Staddert-Kennedy , M. 1967 . Perception of the speech code. . Psychological Review , 74 : 431 – 461 .
   Google Scholar
• Lichtheim , L. 1885 . On aphasia. . Brain , 7 : 443
   Google Scholar
• Low , W. , Wada , J. A. and Fox , M. 1973 . Electroencephalographic localization of the conative aspects of language production in the human brain. . Transactions of the American Neurological Association , 98 : 129 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Luders , H. , Lesser , R. P. , Dinner , D. S. , Morris , H. H. , Wyllie , E. and Godoy , J. 1988 . Localization of cortical function: new information from extraoperative monitoring of patients with epilepsy. . Epilepsia , 29 : S56 – S65 .
   Google Scholar
• Ludlow , C. L. , Rosenberg , J. , Fair , C. , Buck , D. , Schesselman , S. and Salazar , A. 1986 . Brain lesions associated with nonfluent aphasia fifteen years following penetrating head injury. . Brain , 109 : 55 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luria , A. 1966 . Higher Cortical Functions in Man , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Luria , A. 1970 . Traumatic Aphasia , The Hague : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Luria , A. and Hutton , J. T. 1977 . The modern assessment of the basic forms of aphasia. . Brain and Language , 4 : 129 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay , D. M. 1978 . “ The dynamics of perception. ” . In Cerebral Correlates of Conscious Experience , Edited by: Buser , P. A. and Rougeul-Buser , A. Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Mateer , C. and Kimura , D. 1977 . Impairment of nonverbal oral movements in aphasia. . Brain and Language , 4 : 262 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayendorf , Niessl von E. 1926 . Uber die sog. Brocaische Windung und ihre angebliche Bedeutung fur den motorischen Sprachakt. . Monatsschrift fuer Psychiatrie und Neurologie , 61 : 129 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayendorf , Niessl von E. 1930 . Vom Lokalisationsproblem der Artikulierten Sprache , Leipzig : Barth .
   Google Scholar
• Mazzocchi , F. and Vignolo , L. A. 1979 . Localisation of lesions in aphasia: clinical CT scan correlation in stroke patients. . Cortex , 15 : 627 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlone , J. 1977 . Sex differences in the cerebral organization of verbal functions in patients with unilateral brain lesions. . Brain , 100 : 775 – 793 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLelland , J. L. and Rumelhart , D. E. 1986 . Parallel Distributed Processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, Vol. 2: Psychological and biological models , London : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Merzenich , M. M. , Kaas , J. H. , Wall , J. , Nelson , R. J. , Sur , M. and Felleman , D. 1983 . Topographic reorganisation of somatosensory cortical areas 3b and 1 in adult monkeys following restricted deafferentation. . Neuroscience , 8 : 33 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesulam , M. M. 1985 . Principles of behavioural neurology , Philadelphia : FA Davis .
   Google Scholar
• Metter , E. J. , Wasterlain , C. G. , Kuhl , D. E. , Hanson , W. R. and Phelps , M. E. 1981 . 18FDG positron emission computed tomography in a study of aphasia . Annals of Neurology , 10 : 173 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meynert , T. 1866 . Ein Fall von Sprachstörung anatomisch begrundet. . Med Jahrb Zschr Ges Arzte , 12 : 152 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , K. R. , Murray , N. M. and Hess , C. W. 1987 . Magnetic and electrical transcranial brain stimulation: physiological mechanisms and clinical applications. . Neurosurgery , 20 : 164 – 168 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mishkin , M. 1964 . “ Perseveration of central sets after frontal lesions in monkeys. ” . In The Frontal Granular Cortex and Behavior , Edited by: Warren , J. M. and Akert , K. New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Mishkin , M. 1978 . Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus. . Nature , 272 : 297 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Mochizuki , H. and Ohtomo , R. 1988 . Pure alexia in Japanese and agraphia without alexia in kanji. . Archives of Neurology , 45 : 1157 – 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr , J. P. 1976 . “ Broca's area and Broca's aphasia. ” . In Studies in neurolinguistics , Edited by: Whitaker , H. and Whitaker , H. A. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mohr , J. P. , Walters , W. C. and Duncan , G. W. 1975 . Thalamic hemorrhage and aphasia. . Brain and Language , 2 : 3 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran , M. A. , Mufson , E. J. and Musulam , M. M. 1987 . Neural inputs into the temporopolar cortex of the rhesus monkey. . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 256 : 88 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountcastle , V. B. 1957 . Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex. . Journal of Neurophysiology , 20 : 408 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munk , H. 1881 . Ueber die Funktionen der Grosshimrunde. Gesammelte Mitteilungen aus den Jahren 1877–1880 , Berlin : Hirschwald .
   Google Scholar
• Muratoff , W. 1893 . Secundare degenerationen nach Durchschneidung des Balkens. . Neurologisches Centralblatt , 12 : 714 – 729 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadeau , S. E. 1988 . Impaired grammar with normal fluency and phonology. Implications for Broca's aphasia. . Brain , 111 : 1111 – 1137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauta , W. J. H. 1971 . The problem of the frontal lobe: A reinterpretation. . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 8 : 167 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeser , M. A. , Alexander , M. P. , Helm-Estabrooks , N. , Levine , H. L. , Laughlin , S. A. and Geschwind , N. 1982 . Aphasia with predominantly subcortical lesion sites: description of three capsular/putaminal aphasia syndromes. . Archives of Neurology , 39 : 2 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeser , M. A. , Helm-Estabrooks , N. , Haas , G. , Auerbach , S. and Scrinivasan , M. 1987 . Relationship between lesion extent in Wernicke's area on computed tomographic scan and predicting recovery of comprehension in Wernicke's aphasia. . Archives of Neurology , 44 : 73 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeser , M. A. , Palumbo , C. L. , Helm-Estabrooks , N. , Stiassny-Eder , D. and Albert , M. L. 1989 . Severe nonfluency in aphasia. Role of the medial subcallosal fasiculus and other white matter pathways in recovery of spontaneous speech. . Brain , 112 : 1 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville , H. J. , Kutas , M. and Schmidt , A. 1982 . Event-related potential studies of cerebral specialization during reading. I. Studies of normal adults. . Brain and Language , 16 : 300 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojemann , G. A. and Mateer , C. 1979 . Human language cortex: localization of memory, syntax and sequential motor-phoneme identification systems. . Science , 250 : 1401 – 1403 .
   Google Scholar
• Ojemann , G. A. and Whitaker , H. A. 1978 . Language localization and variability. . Brain and Language , 6 : 239 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandya , D. N. and Kuypers , H. G. J. M. 1979 . Cortico-cortical connections in the rhesus monkey. . Brain Research , 13 : 13 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Penfield , W. and Roberts , L. 1959 . Speech and Brain Mechanisms , Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Petersen , S. E. , Fox , P. T. , Posner , M. I. , Mintun , M. and Raichle , M. E. 1988 . Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. . Nature , 331 : 585 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer , R. A. 1936 . “ Pathologie der Hörstrahlung und der corticaler Hörspäre. ” . In Handbuch der Neurologie , Edited by: Bumke , O. and Foerster , O. Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , C. G. , Zeki , S. and Barlow , H. B. 1984 . Localization of function in the cerebral cortex. . Brain , 107 : 327 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poizner , H. , Klima , E. S. and Bellugi , U. 1987 . What the hands reveal about the brain , Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Polyak , S. 1927 . An experimental study of the association callosal and projection fibers of the cerebral cortex of the cat. . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 44 : 197 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. , Petersen , S. E. , Fox , P. T. and Raichle , M. E. 1988 . Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. . Science , 240 : 1627 – 1631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raichle , M. E. , Herscovitch , P. , Mintun , A. M. , Martin , W. R. W. and Power , W. 1984 . Dynamic measurements of local blood flow and metabolism in the study of higher cortical function in humans with Positron Emission Tomography. . Neurology , 14 : 48 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Rakic , P. 1988 . Specification of cerebral cortical areas. . Science , 241 : 170 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramon y. Cajal , S. 1902 . Studien ueber die Himrinde des Menschen , Leipzig : Barth .
   Google Scholar
• Rubens , A. B. 1975 . Aphasia with infarction in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery. . Cortex , 11 : 239 – 250 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubens , A. B. , Mahowald , M. W. and Hutton , J. T. 1976 . Asymmetry of the lateral (Sylvian) fissures in man. . Neurology , 26 : 620 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , W. R. and Espir , M. L. E. 1961 . Traumatic Aphasia , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sanides , F. 1970 . “ Functional architecture of motor and sensory cortices in primates in the light of a new concept of neocortex evolution. ” . In The Primate Brain , Edited by: Noback , C. R. and Montagna , W. New York : Appleton .
   Google Scholar
• Selby , G. 1967 . Stereotaxic surgery for the relief of Parkinson's disease. II. An analysis of the results of a series of 303 patients (413 operations). . Journal of the Neurological Sciences , 5 : 343 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Seldon , H. L. 1985 . “ The anatomy of speech perception—human auditory cortex. ” . In Cerebral Cortex , Edited by: Peters , A. and Jones , E. G. Vol. 4 , New York and London : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Selemon , L. D. and Goldman-Rakic , P. S. 1988 . Common cortical and subcortical targets of the dorsolateral, prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in the rhesus monkey: evidence for a distributed neural network subserving spatially guided behaviour. . Journal of Neuroscience , 8 : 4049 – 4068 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selnes , O. A. , Knopman , D. S. , Niccum , N. , Rubens , A. B. and Larson , D. 1983 . Computed tomographic scan correlates of auditory comprehension deficits in aphasia: a prospective recovery study. . Annals of Neurology , 13 : 558 – 566 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelburne , S. A. 1972 . Visual evoked responses to word and nonsense syllable stimuli. . Cortex , 12 : 325 – 336 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 1966 . Speech and other functions after left (dominant) hemispherectomy. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 29 : 467 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , D. G. , Rosen , J. J. and Butters , N. 1974 . Plasticity and Recovery of Function in the Central Nervous System , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. and Benson , D. F. 1984 . Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. . Psychological Bulletin , 95 : 3 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugishita , M. , Konno , K. , Kabe , S. , Yunoki , K. , Togashi , O. and Kawamura , M. 1987 . Electropalatographic analysis of apraxia of speech in a left hander and in a right hander. . Brain , 110 : 1393 – 1417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sussman , H. M. and MacNeilage , P. F. 1975 . Studies of hemispheric specialization for speech production. . Brain and Language , 2 : 131 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szentagothai , J. 1978 . The neuron network of the cerebral cortex: a functional interpretation. . Proceedings of the Royal Society, B , 201 : 219 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonkonogy , J. and Goodglass , H. 1981 . Language function, foot of the third frontal gyrus, and rolandic operculum. . Archives of Neurology , 38 : 486 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , B. H. , Mishkin , M. and Knapp , M. 1980 . Organization of the amygdalopetal projections from modality-specific cortical association areas in the monkey. . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 191 : 515 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Buren , J. , Fedio , P. and Frederick , G. 1978 . Mechanism and localization of speech in the parietotemporal cortex. . Neurosurgery , 2 : 233 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Essen , D. C. 1985 . “ Functional organization of primate visual cortex. ” . In Cerebral Cortex , Edited by: Peters , A. and Jones , F. G. Vol. 3 , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• van Horn , G. and Hawes , A. 1982 . Global aphasia without hemiparesis: a sign of embolic encephalopathy. . Neurology , 32 : 403 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan , H. G. Jr. and Ritter , W. 1980 . The sources of auditory evoked responses recorded from human scalp. . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 28 : 360 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• von Economo , C. and Koskinas , G. N. 1925 . Die Cytoarchitektonik der Himrinde des erwachsenen Menschen , Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Vignolo , L. A. , Boccardi , E. and Caverni , L. 1986 . Unexpected CT-scan findings in global aphasia. . Cortex , 22 : 55 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Monakow , C. 1914 . Die Lokalisation in Grosshirn und der Abbau der Funktionen durch cortikale, Herde , Wiesbadon : Bergmann .
   Google Scholar
• Wada , J. A. , Clarke , R. and Hamm , A. 1975 . Cerebral hemispheric asymmetry in humans. Cortical speech zones in 100 adult and 100 infant brains. . Archives of Neurology , 32 : 239 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wernicke , C. 1874 . Der aphasische symptomenkomplex , Breslau : Cohn & Weigart . In Boston Studies on the Philosophy of Science Vol. IV (Reidel, Dordrecht)
   Google Scholar
• Witelson , S. F. 1973 . Left hemisphere specialization for language in the newborn. Neuroanatomical evidence of asymmetry. . Brain , 96 : 641 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolsey , T. and van DerLooS , H. 1970 . The structural organization of layer IV in the somatosensory region (S1) of mouse cerebral cortex. . Brain Research, Amsterdam , 17 : 205 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakovlev , P. I. and Locke , S. 1961 . Limbic nuclei of thalamus and connections of limbic cortex. III. Corticocortical connections of the anterior cingulate gyrus, the cingulum, and the subcallosal bundle in monkeys. . Archives of Neurology , 5 : 364 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Zaidel , E. 1976 . Auditory vocabulary of the right hemisphere following brain bisection or hemidecortication. . Cortex , 12 : 187 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Zeki , S. M. 1983 . The distribution of wavelength and orientation selective cells in different areas of monkey visual cortex. . Proceedings of the Royal Society, B , 217 : 449 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar