Components in the breakdown of verbal communication in Alzheimer's disease

References

• Ajuriaguerra , J. and Tissot , R. 1975 . “ Some aspects of language in various forms of senile dementia (comparison with language in childhood). ” . In Foundation of language Development , Edited by: Lenneberg , E. H. and Lenneberg , E. 323 – 339 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Alberoni , M. , Baddeley , A. , Della Sala , S. , Logie , R. H. and Spinnler , H. 1992 . Keeping track of a conversation: impairments in Alzheimer's disease. . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 7 : 639 – 646 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzheimer , A. 1907 . Ueber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hinrinde. . Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtliche Medizin , 64 : 146 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1987 . Diagnostic and Statisical Manual of Mental Disorders , 103 – 123 . Washington, DC : Third Edition—Revised) (American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Appel , J. , Kertesz , A. and Fisman , M. 1982 . A study of language functioning in Alzheimer patients. . Brain and Language , 17 : 73 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au , R. , Albert , M. L. and Obler , L. K. 1988 . The relation of aphasia to dementia. . Aphasiology , 2 : 161 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1982 . Domains of recollection. . Psychological Review , 89 : 708 – 729 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1986 . Working Memory , Oxford Psychology series Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1990 . Human Memory. Theory and Practice , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , Della Sala , S. and Spinnler , H. 1991 . The ‘two component hypothesis’ of memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 13 : 341 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Ecob , J. R. 1973 . Reaction time and short-term memory: a trace strength alternative to the high-speed exhaustive scanning hypothesis. . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 33 : 433 – 454 .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , Eldrige , M. , Lewis , V. and Thomson , N. 1984 . Attention and retrieval from long-term memory. . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 113 : 518 – 540 .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Hitch , C. J. 1974 . “ Working memory. ” . In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 8 , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bandera , L. , Della Sala , S. , Laiacona , M. , Luzzatti , C. and Spinnler , H. 1991 . Generative associative naming in dementia of Alzheimer's type. . Neuropsychologia , 29 : 291 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayles , K. A. 1982 . Language function in senile dementia. . Brain and Language , 16 : 265 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayles , K. A. and Kaszniak , A. W. 1987 . Communication and Cognition in Normal Aging and Dementia , Brown and Company, Boston : Little .
   Google Scholar
• Bayles , K. A. , Tomoeda , C. K. , Kaszniak , A. W. , Stern , L. Z. and Eagans , K. K. 1985 . Verbal perseveration of dementia patients. . Brain and Language , 25 : 102 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , J. T. 1988 . Working memory and secondary memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 10 : 739 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , J. T. , Huff , F. J. , Nebes , R. D. , Holland , A. and Boller , F. 1988 . Neuropsychological function in Alzheimer's disease: patterns of impairment and rates of progression. . Archives of Neurology , 45 : 263 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boller , F. and Dennis , M. , eds. 1979 . Auditory Comprehension: Clinical and Experimental Studies with the Token Test , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boller , F. and Vignolo , L. A. 1966 . Latent sensory aphasia in hemispheric-damaged patients: an experimental study with the Token Test. . Brain , 89 : 815 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capitani , E. , Della Sala , S. and Spinnler , H. 1986 . “ Neuropsychological approach to dementia. ” . In Neurology. , Edited by: Poeck , K. , Freund , H. J. and Gaenshirt , H. 61 – 69 . Berlin : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Capitani , E. , Della Sala , S. and Spinnler , H. 1990 . Controversial neuropsychological issues in Alzheimer's disease: influence of onset-age and hemispheric asymmetry of impairment. . Cortex , 26 : 133 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capitani , E. and Laiacona , M. 1988 . Aging and psychometric diagnosis of intellective impairment: some considerations on test scores and their use. . Developmental Neuropsychology , 4 : 325 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chui , H. C. , Teng , E. L. , Henderson , V. W. and Moy , A. C. 1985 . Clinical subtypes of dementia of the Alzheimer type. . Neurology , 35 : 1544 – 1550 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , G. and Faulkner , D. 1983 . Word recognition: age difference in contextual facilitation effects. . British Journal of Psychology , 74 : 239 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , R. , Kelter , S. , Engel , D. , List , G. and Strohner , H. 1976 . Zur Validitaet des Token Tests. . Der Nervenarzt , 47 : 357 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley , M. 1970 . Aphasiology and Other Aspects of Language , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. L. , Benson , D. F. , Hill , M. A. and Read , S. 1985 . Aphasia in dementia of Alzheimer type. . Neurology , 35 : 394 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Renzi , E. and Faglioni , P. 1978 . Normative data and screening power of a shortened version of the Token Test. . Cortex , 14 : 41 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Renzi , E. and Vignolo , L. A. 1962 . The Token Test: a sensitive test to detect receptive disturbances in aphasics. . Brain , 85 : 665 – 678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Renzi , E. and Vignolo , L. A. 1966 . I disturbi del linguaggio nei dementi. . II Lavoro Neuropsichiatrico , 12 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Della Sala , S. , Laiacona , M. , Spinnler , H. and Trivelli , C. 1992 . “ Is autobiographical impairment due to a deficit of recollection? An overview of studies on Alzheimer dements, frontal and global amnesic patients. ” . In Theoretical Perspectives in Autobiographical Memory , Edited by: Conway , M. A. , Rubin , D. , Spinnler , H. and Wagenaar , W. 451 – 472 . The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Della Sala , S. and Logie , R. H. “ When working memory does not work: implications for neuropsychology ” . In Handbook of Neuropsychology, vol. IIII , Edited by: Boller , F. and Spinnler , H. Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Della Sala , S. , Lucchelli , F. , Nichelli , P. and Spinnler , H. 1985 . “ Token Test and demential aphasia ” . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 Zurich .
   Google Scholar
• Della Sala , S. , Nichelli , P. and Spinnler , H. 1986 . An Italian series of patients with organic dementia. . Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences , 7 : 27 – 41 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emery , O. B. 1985 . Language and aging. . Experimental Aging Research , 11 : 3 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavazzi , P. , Luzzatti , C. , Spinnler , H. and Willmes , K. 1990 . “ Disturbi di linguaggio e loro evoluzione nella demenza di Alzheimer. ” . In Normalità e patologia delle funzioni cognitive nell'invecchiamento , Edited by: Salmaso , D. and Caffarra , P. 148 – 156 . Milano : F. Angeli .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , G. J. and Fleer , R. E. 1974 . High speed memory scanning: evidence for a central processing deficit. . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 17 : 452 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , S. 1985 . Explorations of Cognitive Dysfunction in Dementia of Alzheimer Type Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of London.
   Google Scholar
• Hart , S. 1988 . Aphasia and dementia: steps towards a new era in neuropsychology. . Aphasiology , 2 : 195 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , S. and Semple , J. T. 1990 . Neuropsychology and the Dementias , London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Hartje , W. , Kerschensteiner , M. , Poeck , K. and Orgass , B. 1973 . A cross-validation study on the Token Test. . Neuropsychologia , 11 : 119 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hécaen , H. and Ruel , J. 1981 . Sièges lésionnels intrafrontaux et déficit au test de ‘fluence verbale’. . Revue Neurologique , 137 : 277 – 284 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heilman , K. M. , Tucker , D. M. and Valenstein , E. 1976 . A case of mixed transcortical aphasia with intact naming. . Brain , 99 : 415 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoer , D. B. , Hagenlocker , K. and Shindler , A. G. 1985 . Language disintegration in dementia: effects of etiology and severity. . Brain and Language , 25 : 117 – 133 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holland , A. L. , Boller , F. and Bourgeois , M. 1986 . Reptition in Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study. . Journal of Neurolinguistics , 2 : 163 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Horner , J. , Dawson , D. V. , Heyman , A. and McGorman Fish , A. 1992 . The usefulness of the Western Aphasia Battery for differential diagnosis of Alzheimer dementia and focal stroke syndromes: preliminary evidence. . Brain and Language , 42 : 77 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff , F. J. 1990 . “ Language in normal aging and age-related neurological diseases. ” . In Handbook of Neuropsychology , Edited by: Boller , F. and Grafman , J. Vol. IV , 251 – 264 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . Aging and Dementia S. Corkin
   Google Scholar
• Huff , F. J. , Becker , J. T. , Belle , S. H. , Nebes , R. D. , Holland , A. L. and Boller , F. 1987 . Cognitive deficits and clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. . Neurology , 37 : 1119 – 1124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff , F. J. , Corkin , S. and Growdon , J. H. 1986 . Semantic impairment and anomia in Alzheimer's disease. . Brain and Language , 28 : 235 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. P. , Berg , L. , Danzinger , W. L. , Coben , L. A. and Martin , R. L. 1982 . A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 140 : 566 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irigaray , L. 1973 . Le langage des déments , The Hague : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Jorm , A. F. 1986 . Controlled and automatic information processing in senile dementia: a review. . Psychological Medicine , 16 : 77 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempler , D. , Curtiss , S. and Jackson , C. 1987 . Syntactic preservation in Alzheimer's disease. . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 30 : 343 – 350 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreindler , A. , Gheorghita , N. and Voinescu , I. 1971 . Analysis of verbal reception of a complex order with three elements aphasics. . Brain , 94 : 375 – 386 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kremin , H. 1984 . Spared naming without comprehension Paper presented at the International Neuropsychological Society — European Conference, Aachen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Leischner , A. 1974 . Die neuropsychologisch- hirnpathologische Untersuchung [A neuropsychological examination scheme]. . Archiv fuer Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankeiten , 219 : 53 – 77 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lesser , R. 1976 . Verbal and non-verbal memory components in the Token Test. . Neuropsychologia , 14 : 79 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luria , A. R. 1966 . Higher Cortical Functions in Man , New York : Basic Book .
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy , R. A. and Warrington , E. K. 1990 . Cognitive Neuropsychology. A Clinical Introduction , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCrae , R. R. , Arenberg , D. and Costa , P. T. 1987 . Decline in divergent thinking with age: cross-sectional, longitudinal and cross-sequential analyses. . Psychology and Aging , 2 : 130 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann , G. , Drachman , D. , Folstein , M. , Katzman , R. , Price , D. and Stadlan , E. M. 1984 . Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. . Neurology , 37 : 939 – 944 .
   Google Scholar
• Mack , J. L. and Boller , F. 1979 . “ Components of auditory comprehension: analysis of errors in a revised Token Test. ” . In Auditory Comprehension: Clinical and Experimental Studies with the Token Test , Edited by: Boller , F. and Dennis , M. 45 – 69 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , A. , Brouwers , P. , Lalonde , F. , Cox , C. , Teleska , P. , Fedio , P. , Foster , N. L. and Chase , T. N. 1986 . Towards a behavioral typology of Alzheimer's patients. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 594 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , A. and Fedio , P. 1983 . Word production and comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: the breakdown of semantic knowledge. . Brain and Language , 19 : 124 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , E. and Hague , F. 1975 . Some characteristics of verbal behaviour in presenile dementia. . Psychological Medicine , 5 : 255 – 259 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murdoch , B. E. , Chenery , H. J. , Wilks , V. and Boyle , R. S. 1987 . Language disorders in dementia of the Alzheimer type. . Brain and Language , 31 : 122 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naugle , R. I. , Cullum , O. M. , Bigler , E. D. and Hassman , P. J. 1985 . Neuropsychological and CT volume characteristics of empirically-derived subgroups of demented patients. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases , 10 : 594 – 604 .
   Google Scholar
• Neary , D. , Snowden , J. S. , Mann , D. M. A. , Bowen , D. M. , Sims , N. R. , Northen , B. , Yates , P. O. and Davison , A. N. 1986 . Alzheimer's disease: a correlative study. . Journal of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 49 : 229 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebes , R. , Boller , F. and Holland , A. 1986 . Use of semantic context by patients with Alzheimer's disease. . Psychology and Aging , 1 : 261 – 269 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nickerson , R. S. 1980 . “ Motivated retrieval from archival memory. ” . In Proceedings of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation Vol. 28 , 73 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Ober , B. A. , Dronkers , N. F. , Koss , E. , Delis , D. C. and Friedland , R. 1986 . Retrieval from semantic memory in Alzheimer-type dementia. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 75 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orgass , B. and Poeck , K. 1966 . Clinical validation of a new test of aphasia: an experimental study on the Token Test. . Cortex , 2 : 222 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Perret , E. 1974 . The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behavior. . Neuropsychologia , 12 : 323 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poeck , K. and Hartje , W. 1979 . “ Performance of aphasic patients in visual versus auditory presentation of the Token Test: demonstration of a supramodal deficit. ” . In Auditory Comprehension: Clinical and Experimental Studies with the Token Test , Edited by: Boller , F. and Dennis , M. 107 – 113 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pogacar , S. and Williams , R. S. 1984 . Alzheimer's disease presenting as slowly progressive aphasia. . Rhode Island Medical Journal , 67 : 181 – 185 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramier , A. M. and Hécaen , H. 1970 . Role respectif des atteintes frontales et de la latéralisation lésionelle dans le déficit de la ‘fluence verbale’. . Revue Neurologique , 123 : 17 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen , W. G. 1980 . Verbal fluency in aging and dementia. . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 2 : 135 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , W. G. , Cummings , J. L. and Benson , D. F. 1990 . Speech and language alterations in dementia syndromes: characteristics and treatment. . Aphasiology , 4 : 339 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaie , K. W. and Parhman , I. A. 1977 . Cohort-sequential analyses of adult intellectual development. . Developmental Psychology , 13 : 649 – 653 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt , F. A. , Ransen , J. D. and DeKosky , S. T. 1989 . Cognitive mental status examinations. . Clinics in Geriatric Medicine , 5 : 545 – 564 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shallice , T. 1987 . “ Impairments of semantic processing: multiple dissociations. ” . In The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Language , Edited by: Coltheart , M. , Sartori , G. and Job , R. 111 – 127 . London : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. 1988 . From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shindler , A. G. , Caplan , L. R. and Hier , D. B. 1984 . Intrusions and perseverations. . Brain and Language , 23 : 148 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjogren , H. 1952 . Clinical analysis of morbus Alzheimer and morbus Pick. . Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica , 82 : 68 – 115 . (suppl.)
   Google Scholar
• Smith , S. T. , Mann , V. A. and Shankweiler , D. 1986 . Spoken sentence comprehension by good and poor readers: a study with the Token Test. . Cortex , 22 : 627 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinnler , H. 1991 . “ The role of attention disorders in the cognitive breakdown of dementia. ” . In Handbook of Neupsychology, Vol. V. Aging and Dementia , Edited by: Boller , F. , Grafman , J. and Corkin , S. 79 – 122 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Spinnler , H. and Della Sala , S. 1988 . The role of clinical neuropsychology in the neurological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. . Neurology , 235 : 258 – 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Spinnler , H. and Tognoni , G. 1987 . Taratura e standardizzazione italiana di test neuropsicologici. . Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences , 6 : 21 – 120 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spreen , O. , Benton , A. L. and Fincham , R. 1965 . Auditory agnosia without aphasia. . Archives of Neurology , 13 : 84 – 92 . (Chicago)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sternberg , S. 1966 . High speed scanning in a human memory. . Science , 153 : 652 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swihart , A. A. , Panisset , M. , Becker , J. T. , Beyer , J. R. and Boller , F. 1989 . The Token Test: validity and diagnostic power in Alzheimer's disease. . Developmental Neuropsychology , 5 : 69 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swisher , L. P. and Sarno , M. T. 1969 . Token Test scores of three matched patient groups left-brain damaged with aphasia, right-brain damaged without aphasia and non-brain-damaged. . Cortex , 5 : 264 – 673 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tallal , P. 1975 . Perceptual and linguistic factors in the language impairment of developmental dysphasics: an experimental investigation with the Token test. . Cortex , 11 : 196 – 205 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vigotsky , J. D. 1962 . Language and thought , New York : Wiley . (Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press and).
   Google Scholar
• Walker , S. A. 1988 . Dementia and dysphasia: ‘like asking a blind man to describe an elephant’. . Aphasiology , 2 : 175 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitaker , H. A. 1971 . On the Representation of Language in the Human Brain , Edmonton : Linguistic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker , H. and Whitaker , H. A. 1972 . Linguistic theory and speech pathology. . Journal of Minnesota Speech and Hearing Association , 11 : 51 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilcock , J. K. , Hope , R. A. , Oppenheimer , C. , Reynolds , J. P. , Rossor , M. N. and Davies , M. B. 1989 . Recommended minimum data to be collected in research studies on Alzheimer's disease. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 52 : 693 – 700 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilks , K. K. 1941 . Determination of sample sizes for setting tolerance limits. . Annals of Mathematical Statistics , 12 : 91 – 96 .
   Google Scholar