Forum

References

• Allport , D. and Funnell , E. 1981 . Components of the mental lexicon . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London) , 5295 : 397 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Blumstein , S. E. , Alexander , M. P. , Ryalls , J. H. , Katz , W. and Dworetzky , B. 1987 . On the nature of the Foreign Accent Syndrome: A case study . Brain and Language , 31 : 215 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bybee , J. 1994 . A view of phonology from a cognitive and functional perspective . Cognitive Linguistics , 5 : 285 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Caramazza , A. , Berndt , R. and Basili , A. 1983 . The selective impairment of phonological processing: A case study . Brain and Language , 18 : 128 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomsky , N. and Halle , M. 1968 . The sound pattern of English , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Code , C. 1998 . Models, theories and heuristics in apraxia of speech . Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics , 12 : 47 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. 1981 . Disorders of reading and their implications for models of normal reading . Visible Language , 15 : 245 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. , Curtis , B. , Atkins , P. and Haller , M. 1993 . Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel distributed processing approaches . Psychological Review , 100 : 589 – 608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darley , F. , Aronson , A. and Brown , J. 1975 . Motor speech disorders , Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Dell , G. 1988 . The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Test of predictions from a connectionist model . Journal of Memory and Language , 27 : 124 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dronkers , N. 1996 . A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation . Nature , 384 : 159 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. , Miller , D. and Sin , G. 1983 . Wernicke's aphasia and normal language processing: A case study in cognitive neuropsychology . Cognition , 15 : 111 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromkin , V. 1973 . Speech errors as linguistic evidence , The Hague : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Graff-Radford , N. R. , Cooper , W. E. , Colsher , P. L. and Damasio , A. R. 1986 . An unlearned foreign “accent” in a patient with aphasia . Brain and Language , 28 : 86 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankamer , J. 1989 . “ Morphological parsing and the lexicon ” . In Lexical representation and process , Edited by: Marslen-Wilson , W. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hardcastle , W. 1987 . “ Electropalatographic study of articulation disorders in verbal dyspraxia ” . In Phonetic approaches to speech production in aphasia and related disorders , Edited by: Ryalls , J. H. Boston : College Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Hough , M. S. and Klich , R. J. 1987 . Effects of word length on lip EMG activity in apraxia of speech . Clinical Aphasiology , 15 : 271 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Ingram , J. C. L. , McCormack , P. F. and Kennedy , M. 1992 . Phonetic analysis of a case of foreign accent syndrome . Journal cf Phonetics , 20 : 457 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh , M. and Sasanuma , S. 1984 . “ Articulatory movements in apraxia of speech ” . In Apraxia of speech: Physiology, acoustics, linguistics, management , Edited by: Rosenbek , J. C. , McNeil , M. R. and Aronson , A. E. San Diego : College-Hill Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. H. 1879 . “ On affections of speech from disease of the brain ” . In Selected writings of John Hughlings Jackson, Vol.2 , Edited by: Taylor , J. London : Staple Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jakobson , R. and Halle , M. 1956 . Fundamentals of language , The Hague : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Johns , D. and Darley , F. 1970 . Phonemic variability in apraxia of speech . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 13 : 556 – 583 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kay , J. and Ellis , A. 1987 . A cognitive neuropsychological case study of anomia: Implications for psychological models of word retrieval . Brain , 110 : 613 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller , E. 1987 . “ The cortical representations of motor processes of speech ” . In Motor and sensory processes of language , Edited by: Keller , E. and Gopnik , M. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kelso , J. and Tuller , B. 1981 . Toward a theory of apractic syndrome . Brain and Language , 12 : 224 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent , R. and Rosenbek , J. 1983 . Acoustic patterns of apraxia of speech . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 26 : 231 – 249 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimura , D. 1993 . Neuromotor mechanisms in human communication , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• La Pointe , L. and Johns , D. 1975 . Some phonemic characteristics in apraxia of speech . Journal of Communication Disorders , 8 : 259 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebrun , Y. 1990 . Apraxia of speech: A critical review . Journal of Neurotinguistics , 5 ( 4 ) : 379 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Lecours , A. R. and Lhermitte , F. 1976 . The “pure form” of the phonetic disintegration syndrome (pure anarthria); Anatomo-clinical report of a historical case . Brain and Language , 3 : 88 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. J. M. 1989 . Speaking: From intention to articulation , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. J. M. 1992 . Accessing words in speech production: Stages, processes, representations . Cognition , 42 : 1 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. and Wheeldon , L. 1994 . Do speakers have access to a mental syllabary? . Cognition , 50 : 39 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luria , A. R. 1966 . The Higher cortical Junctions in Man , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• McNeil , M. R. , Hashi , M. and Southwood , H. 1994 . Acoustically derived perceptual evidence for coarticulatory deficits in conduction aphasia and apraxia of speech . Clinical Aphasiology , 22 : 203 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , N. 1999 . “ Changing ideas in apraxia of speech ” . In Neurogenic communication disorders , Edited by: Papathanadiou , I. London : Whurr .
   Google Scholar
• Morrison , C. , Ellis , A. and Quinlan , P. T. 1992 . Age of acquisition, not frequency, affects object naming, not object recognition . Memory and Cognition , 20 : 705 – 714 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton , J. 1980 . “ The logogen model and orthographic structure ” . In Cognitive processes in spelling , Edited by: Frith , U. London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nespoulous , J-L. , Code , C. , Virbel , J. and Lecours , A. R. 1998 . Hypotheses on the dissociation between referential and modalizing verb al behaviour in aphasia . Applied Psycholinguistics , 19 : 311 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman , D. and Shallice , T. 1980 . “ Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behaviour ” . In Consciousness and self-regulation. Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Davidson , R. , Schwartz , G. and Sapiro , D. New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbek , J. 1985 . “ Treating apraxia of speech ” . In Clinical management of neurogenic communicative disorders , Edited by: Johns , D. F. Boston : Little Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. 1988 . Motor control and learning , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Shattuck-Hufnagel , S. 1979 . “ Speech errors as evidence for a serial-ordering mechanism in sentence production ” . In Sentence processing: Psycholinguistic studies presented to Merrill Garrett , Edited by: Cooper , W. E. and Walker , E. C. T. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Shattuck-Hufnagel , S. 1992 . The role of word structure in segmental serial ordering . Cognition , 42 : 213 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks , R. , Helm , N. and Albert , M. 1974 . Aphasia rehabilitation resulting from melodic intonation therapy . Cortex , 10 : 303 – 316 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Square-Storer , P. 1989 . “ Traditional therapies for apraxia of speech reviewed and rationalised ” . In Acquired apraxia of speech in aphasie adults , Edited by: Square-Storer , P. Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Stemberger , J. P. 1989 . Speech errors in early child language production . Journal of Memory and Language , 28 : 164 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemberger , J. P. and MacWhinney , B. 1986 . Form-orientated inflectional errors in language processing . Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 329 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TaIo , E. S. 1980 . “ Slips of the tongue in normal and pathological speech ” . In Errors in linguistic performance , Edited by: Fromk , V. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van Lancker , D. 1987 . “ Nonpropositional speech: Neurolinguistic studies ” . In Progress in the psychology of language, Vol. 3 , Edited by: Ellis , A. W. London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Varley , R. A. , Whiteside , S. P. and Luff , H. 1999 . Dual-route speech encoding in normal and apraxic speakers: Some durational evidence . Journal of Medical Speech and Language Pathology , 7 : 127 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside , S. P. and Varley , R. A. 1998 . A reconceptualisation of apraxia of speech: A synthesis of evidence . Cortex , 34 : 221 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeigler , W. and von Cramon , D. 1985 . Anticipatory coarticulation in a patient with apraxia of speech . Brain and Language , 26 : 117 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeigler , W. and von Cramon , D. 1986 . Disturbed coarticulation in apraxia of speech: Acoustic evidence . Brain and Language , 29 : 34 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeigler , W. and Jaeger , M. 1993 . Aufgabenhierarchien in der Sprechapraxie—Therapie under der metrische' Übungsansatz . Neurolinguistik , 7 : 17 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Zwitserlood , P. 1989 . The locus of the effects of sentential-semantic context in spoken word processing . Cognition , 32 : 25 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermann , H. , Hertrich , I. and Ziegler , W. 1993 . Prosodie disorders in neurologic diseases—a review of the literature . Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie , 61 : 241 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard , K. J. , Granier , J. P. and Robin , D. A. 2000 . Understanding the nature of apraxia of speech: Theory, analysis, and treatment . Aphasiology , 14 : 969 – 995 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell-Berti , R. , Krakow , R. A. , Geifer , C. A. and Boyce , S. E. 1995 . “ Anticipatory and carryover effects: Implications for models of speech production ” . In Producing speech: Contemporary issues for Katherine Safford Harris , Edited by: Bell-Berti , F. and Raphael , L. J. 77 – 98 . New York : American Institute of Physics .
   Google Scholar
• Blumstein , S. E. , Alexander , M. P. , Ryalls , J. H. , Katz , W. and Dworetzky , B. 1987 . On the nature of the foreign accent syndrome: A case study . Brain and Language , 31 : 215 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce , S. E. , Krakow , R. A. , Bell-Berti , F. and Geifer , C. E. 1990 . Converging sources of evidence for dissecting articulately movements into core gestures . Journal of Phonetics , 18 : 173 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browman , C. P. and Goldstein , L. 1995 . “ Gestural syllable position effects in American English ” . In Producing speech: Contemporary issues for Katherine Safford Harris , Edited by: Bell-Berti , F. and Raphael , L. J. 19 – 34 . New York : American Institute of Physics .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , H. and Robin , D. A. 1998 . Generalised motor programme and parameterisation accuracy in apraxia of speech and conduction aphasia . Aphasiology , 12 : 699 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Code , C. 1998 . Models, theories, and heuristics in apraxia of speech . Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics , 12 : 47 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogil , G. and Mayer , J. 1998 . Selective phonological impairment: A case of apraxia of speech . Phonology , 15 : 143 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Dogil , G. , Mayer , J. and Vollmer , K. A representational account for apraxia of speech . Fourth Symposium of the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association . New Orleans, Louisiana.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin , J. P. , Abkarian , G. G. and Johns , D. 1988 . Apraxia of speech: The effectiveness of a treatment regimen . Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders , 53 : 280 – 294 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eastern , T. A. 1972 . On the normal use of reflexes . American Scientist , 60 : 591 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. W. and Young , A. W. 1996 . Human cognitive neuropsychology: A textbook with readings , Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , C. 1977 . Timing control in speech production , Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Linguistics Club .
   Google Scholar
• Hageman , C. F. , Robin , D. A. , Moon , J. B. and Folkins , J. W. 1994 . Oral motor tracking in normal and apraxic speakers . Clinical Aphasiology , 22 : 219 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelso , J. A. S. 1995 . Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press/Bradford .
   Google Scholar
• Kelso , J. A. S. , Southard , D. L. and Goodman , D. 1979 . On the nature of human interlimb coordination . Science , 203 : 1029 – 1031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelso , J. A. S. and Tuller , B. 1981 . Toward a theory of apractic syndromes . Brain and Language , 12 : 224 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenstowicz , M. 1994 . Phonology in generative grammar , Cambridge, MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Kent , R. D. and Adams , S. G. 1989 . “ The concept and measurement of coordination in speech disorders ” . In Perspectives on the coordination of movement , Edited by: Wallace , S. A. 415 – 451 . North-Holland : Elsevier Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Kent , R. D. and McNeil , M. R. 1987 . “ Relative timing of sentence repetition in apraxia of speech and conduction aphasia ” . In Phonetic approaches to speech production in aphasia and related disorders , Edited by: Ryalls , J. H. 181 – 220 . Boston, MA : College-Hill Press .
   Google Scholar
• Knock , T. R. , Ballard , K. J. , Robin , D. A. and Schmidt , R. A. 2000 . Influence of order of stimulus presentation on speech motor learning: A principled approach to treatment for apraxia of speech . Aphasiology , 14 : 653 – 668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay , D. G. 1972 . The structure of words and syllables: Evidence from errors in speech . Cognitive Psychology , 3 : 210 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay , D. J. 1978 . “ Speech errors inside the syllable ” . In Syllables and segments , Edited by: Bell , A. and Hooper , J. B. 201 – 212 . Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• McNeil , M. R. , Robin , D. A. and Schmidt , R. A. 1997 . “ Apraxia of speech: Definition, differentiation, and treatment ” . In Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders , Edited by: McNeil , M. R. 311 – 344 . New York : Thieme .
   Google Scholar
• McNeil , M. R. , Odell , K. and Tseng , C. H. 1991 . Toward the integration of resource allocation into a general theory of aphasia . Clinical Aphasiology , 20 : 21 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Robin , D. A. 1992 . Developmental apraxia of speech: Just another motor problem . American Journal of Speech-language Pathology , 1 : 19 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Rochon , E. , Caplan , D. and Waters , G. 1990 . Short-term memory processes in patients with apraxia of speech: Implications for the nature and structure of the auditory verbal short-term memory system . Journal of Neurolinguistics , 5 : 237 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , M. A. and Storkel , H. L. 1998 . Reprogramming phonologically similar utterances: The role of phonetic features in pre-motor encoding . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 42 : 258 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , M. A. and Storkel , H. L. 1999 . Planning speech one syllable at a time: The reduced buffer capacity hypothesis in apraxia of speech . Aphasiology , 13 : 793 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. 1975 . A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning . Psychological Review , 82 : 225 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. and Bjork , R. A. 1992 . New conceptualizations of practice: Common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training . Psychological Science , 3 : 207 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. and Lee , T. D. 1999 . Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis , (3rd Edn) , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Shattuck-Hufnagel , S. 1986 . The representation of phonological information during speech production planning: Evidence from vowel errors in spontaneous speech . Phonology Yearbook , 3 : 117 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Square-Storer , P. A. 1989 . “ Traditional therapies for apraxia of speech-reviewed and rationalized ” . In Acquired apraxia of speech in aphasie adults , Edited by: Square-Storer , P. A. 145 – 161 . Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Takayama , Y. , Sugishita , M. , Kido , T. , Ogawa , M. and Akiguchi , I. 1993 . A case of foreign accent syndrome without aphasia caused by a lesion of the left precentral gyms . Neurology , 43 : 1361 – 1363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelen , E. and Smith , L. B. 1994 . A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press/Bradford .
   Google Scholar
• Turvey , M. T. 1977 . “ Preliminaries to a theory of action with reference to vision ” . In Perceiving, acting, and knowing: Toward an ecological psychology , Edited by: Shaw , R. and Bransford , J. 211 – 265 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Van der Merwe , A. 1997 . “ A theoretical framework for the characterization of pathological speech sensorimotor control ” . In Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders , Edited by: McNeil , M. R. 1 – 25 . New York : Thieme .
   Google Scholar
• Wambaugh , J. L. and Doyle , P. J. 1994 . Treatment for acquired apraxia of speech: A review of efficacy reports . Clinical Aphasiology , 22 : 231 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Wambaugh , J. L. , Kalinyak-Fliszar , M. M. , West , J. E. and Doyle , P. J. 1998a . Effects of treatment for sound errors in apraxia of speech and aphasia . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 41 : 725 – 743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wambaugh , J. L. , West , J. E. and Doyle , P. J. 1998b . Treatment for apraxia of speech: Effects of targeting sound groups . Aphasiology , 12 : 731 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wambaugh , J. L. , Martinez , A. L. , McNeil , M. R. and Rogers , M. A. 1999 . Sound production treatment for apraxia of speech: Overgeneralization and maintenance effects . Aphasiology , 13 : 821 – 837 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertz , R. T. , LaPointe , L. L. and Rosenbek , J. C. 1984 . Apraxia cf speech in adults: The disorder and its management , San Diego, CA : Singular Publishing Group .
   Google Scholar
• Browman , C. P. and Goldstein , L. 1992 . Articulatory phonology: An overview . Phonetica , 49 : 155 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Code , C. 1998 . Models, theories and heuristics in apraxia of speech . Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics , 12 : 47 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croot , K. Articulatory processing and “phonological” impairment: Two case studies . British Aphasiology Society Biennial International Conference . September 13–15 , London.
   Google Scholar
• Darley , F. L. , Aronson , A. E. and Brown , J. R. 1975 . Motor speech disorders , Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Dell , G. S. 1986 . A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production . Psychological Review , 93 : 283 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy , J. R. 1995 . Motor speech disorders: Substrates, differential diagnosis and managements , St Louis : Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. W. and Young , A. W. 1988 . Human cognitive neuropsychology , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Fey , M. E. 1985 . Articulation and phonology: Inextricable constructs in speech pathology . Human Communication Canada , 9 : 7 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins , S. 1992 . “ An introduction to task dynamics ” . In Papers in laboratory phonology 11: Gesture, segment, prosody , Edited by: Docherty , G. J. and Ladd , D. R. 9 – 25 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Itoh , M. and Sasanuma , S. 1984 . “ Articulatory movements in apraxia of speech ” . In Apraxia of speech: Physiology, acoustics, linguistics, management , Edited by: Rosenbek , J. C. , McNeil , M. R. and Aronson , A. E. 135 – 165 . San Diego : College-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Keller , E. 1987 . “ The cortical representation of motor processes of speech ” . In Motor and sensory processes of language , Edited by: Keller , E. and Gopnik , M. 125 – 162 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kent , R. D. 1997 . “ Gestural phonology: Basic concepts and applications in speech-language pathology ” . In The new phonologies: Developments in clinical linguistics , Edited by: Ball , M. J. and Kent , R. D. 247 – 268 . San Diego : Singular .
   Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. J. M. and Wheeldon , L. 1994 . Do speakers have access to a mental syllabary? . Cognition , 50 : 239 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , N. and Saffran , E. M. 1997 . Language and auditory-verbal short-term memory impairments: Evidence for common underlying processes . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 14 : 641 – 682 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil , M. R. , Doyle , P. J. and Wambaugh , J. 2000 . “ Apraxia of speech: A treatable disorder of motor planning and programming ” . In Aphasia and language: Theory to practice , Edited by: Nadeau , S. E. , Gonzalez Rothi , L. J. and Crosson , B. New York : Guilford Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , N. 1991 . “ Apraxia of speech ” . In The characteristics of aphasia , Edited by: Code , C. 131 – 154 . Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , M. A. and Storkel , H. L. 1999 . Planning speech one syllable at a time: The reduced buffer capacity hypothesis in apraxia of speech . Aphasiology , 13 : 793 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidenberg , M. S. and McClelland , J. L. 1989 . A distributed developmental model of word recognition and naming . Psychological Review , 96 : 523 – 568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Square-Storer , P. 1989 . “ Traditional therapies for apraxia of speech-reviewed and rationalised ” . In Acquired apraxia of speech in aphasie adults: Theoretical and clinical issues , Edited by: Square-Storer , P. 145 – 161 . Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Van der Merwe , A. 1997 . “ A theoretical framework for the characterization of pathological speech sensorimotor control ” . In Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders , Edited by: McNeil , M. R. 1 – 25 . New York : Thieme .
   Google Scholar
• Baum , S. 1999 . Compensation for jaw fixation by aphasie patients under conditions of increased articulatory demands . Aphasiology , 13 : 513 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , N. 1935 . Problems of the interrelationship of coordination and localisation . Archives OF Biological Science , 38 Reprinted in Whiting, H. Ed. (1984). Human motor actions. Amsterdam, North Holland
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein , N. 1967 . The coordination and regulation of movement , London : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Browman , C. and Goldstein , L. 1992 . Articulatory phonology: An overview . Phonetica , 49 : 155 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browman , C. and Goldstein , L. 1997 . “ The gestural phonology model ” . In Speech production: Motor control, brain research and fluency disorders , Edited by: Hulstijn , W. , Peters , H. and Van Lieshout , P. Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , H. and Robin , D. 1998 . Generalized motor programme and parameterization accuracy in apraxia of speech and conduction aphasia . Aphasiology , 12 : 699 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , J. 1998 . Cognitive reality and the phonological lexicon . Journal of Neurolinguistics , 11 : 295 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogil , G. and Mayer , J. 1998 . Selective phonological impairment: A case of apraxia of speech . Phonology , 15 : 143 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , C. 1985 . “ Current perspectives on language and speech production-a critical review ” . In Speech science , Edited by: Daniloff , R. London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Goldinger , S. 1997 . “ Words and voices. Perception and production in an episodic lexicon ” . In Talker variability in speech processing , Edited by: Johnson , K. San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , G. and Baum , S. 1999 . Role of phonological neighbourhood in aphasie speech errors . Brain & Language , 69 : 346 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley , T. 1984 . A critique of top-down serial processing models of speech production . Cognitive Science , 8 : 191 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley , T. 1993 . Connectionist approaches to language disorders . Aphasiology , 7 : 221 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hough , M. and DeMarco , S. 1996 . “ Phonemic retrieval in apraxia of speech ” . In Disorders of motor speech , Edited by: Robin , D. , Yorkston , K. and Beukelman , D. Baltimore : Brookes .
   Google Scholar
• Hough , M. and DeMarco , S. 1998 . “ Phonemic retrieval in apraxia of speech revisited ” . In Neuromotor speech disorders , Edited by: Cannito , M. , Yorkston , K. and Beukelman , D. Baltimore : Brookes .
   Google Scholar
• Kelso , S. and Tuller , B. 1981 . Toward a theory of apractic syndromes . Brain & Language , 12 : 224 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liss , J. 1998 . Error revision in the spontaneous speech of apraxic speakers . Brain & Language , 62 : 342 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum , C. and Ellis , A. 1999 . Why do some aphasies show an advantage on some tests of nonpropositional (automatic) speech? . Brain & Language , 70 : 95 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil , M. , Liss , J. , Tseng , C. and Kent , R. 1990 . Effects of speech rate on the absolute and relative timing of apraxic and conduction aphasie sentence production . Brain & Language , 38 : 135 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil , M. , Robin , D. and Schmidt , R. 1997 . “ Apraxia of speech: Definition, differentiation and treatment ” . In Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders , Edited by: McNeil , M. New York : Thieme .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , N. 1995 . Pronunciation errors in acquired speech disorders . European Journal of Disorders of Communication , 30 : 346 – 362 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller , N. 2000 . “ Changing ideas in apraxia of speech ” . In Acquired neurogenic communication disorders , Edited by: Papathanasiou , I. London : Whurr .
   Google Scholar
• Müller , R-A. 1992 . Modularism, holism, connectionism: Old conflicts and new perspectives in aphasiology and neuropsychology . Aphasiology , 6 : 443 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , M. and Storkel , H. 1999 . Planning speech one syllable at a time: Reduced buffer capacity hypothesis in apraxia of speech . Aphasiology , 13 : 793 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , M. , Redmond , J. and Alarcon , N. 1999 . Parameters of semantic and phonologic activation in speakers with aphasia with and without apraxia of speech . Aphasiology , 13 : 871 – 886 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffran , E. 1999 . Word retrieval and its disorders . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 16 : 777 – 790 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , M. , Saffran , E. , Bloch , D. and Dell , G. 1994 . Disordered speech production in aphasie and normal speakers . Brain and Language , 47 : 52 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwood , M. and Chatterjee , A. 1999 . Simultaneous activation of reading mechanisms: Evidence from a case of deep dyslexia . Brain & Language , 67 : 1 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand , E. and McNeil , M. 1996 . Effects of length and linguistic complexity on temporal acoustic measures in apraxia of speech . Journal of Speech & Hearing Research , 39 : 1018 – 1033 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Lancker , D. 1987 . “ Nonpropositional speech ” . In Progress in the psychology of language, vol 3 , Edited by: Ellis , A. London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Varley , R. , Whiteside , S. and Luff , H. 1999 . Apraxia of speech as a disruption of word-level schemata . Journal of Medical Speech Language Pathology , 7 : 127 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitevitch , M. and Luce , P. 1999 . Probabalistic phonotactics and neighbourhood activation in spoken word recognition . Journal of Memory & Language , 40 : 374 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weismer , G. and Liss , J. 1991 . “ Reductionism is a dead-end in speech research ” . In Dysarthria and apraxia of speech , Edited by: Moore , C. , Yorkston , K. and Beukelman , D. Baltimore : Brookes .
   Google Scholar
• Weismer , G. , Tjaden , K. and Kent , R. 1995 . Can articulatory behaviour in motor speech disorders be accounted for by theories of normal speech production . Journal of Phonetics , 23 : 149 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromkin , V. A. 1971 . The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances . Language , 47 : 27 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimura , O. and Lovins , J. B. 1978 . “ Syllables as concatenative phonetic units ” . In Syllables and segments , Edited by: Bell , A. and Hooper , J. H. Amsterdam : North Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Hillis , A. E. 1994 . “ Contributions from cognitive analyses ” . In Language intervention strategies in adult aphasia , Edited by: Chapey , R. 207 – 219 . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Kucera , H. and Francis , W. N. 1967 . Computational analysis of present-day American English , Providence : Brown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. J. M. 1989 . Speaking: From intention to articulation , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , M. A. and Storkel , H. L. 1998 . Reprogramming phonologically similar utterances: The role of phonetic features in pre-motor encoding . Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research , 47 ( 2 ) : 258 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , M. A. and Storkel , H. L. 1999 . Planning speech one syllable at a time: The reduced buffer capacity hypothesis in apraxia of speech . Aphasiology , 13 ( 9/11 ) : 793 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. 1988 . Motor control and learning , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Varley , R. A. , Whiteside , S. P. and Luff , H. 1999 . Dual-route speech encoding in normal and apraxic speakers: Some durational evidence . Journal of Medical Speech and Language Pathology , 7 : 127 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicklegren , W. A. 1969 . “ Context-sensitive coding, associative memory, and serial order in (speech) behavior ” . In Psychological Review 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Jeannerod , M. 1997 . The cognitive neuroscience of action , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. J. M. 1989 . Speaking. From intention to articulation , Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. J. M. , Roelofs , A. and Meyer , A. S. 1999 . A theory of lexical access in speech production . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 22 : 1 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levelt , W. J. M. and Wheeldon , L. R. 1994 . Do speakers have access to a mental syllabary? . Cognition , 50 : 239 – 2691 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , C. A. and Ruark , J. L. 1996 . Does speech emerge from earlier appearing oral motor behaviors? . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 39 : 1034 – 1047 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulder , T. and Hochstenbach , J. “ Motor control and learning: Implications for neurological rehabilitation ” . In Handbook of neurological rehabilitation , Edited by: Greenwood , R. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc . in press
   Google Scholar
• Munhall , K. G. , Löfqvist , A. and KeIso , J. A. S. 1994 . Lip larynx coordination in speech: Effects of mechanical perturbations to the lower lip . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 95 : 3605 – 3616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1995 . British National Corpus , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. D. A. and Watson , F. L. 1987 . First in, first out: Word learning age and spoken word frequency as predictors of word familiarity and word naming latency . Memory and Cognition , 15 : 208 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caramazza , A. and Hillis , A. 1990 . Where do semantic errors come from? . Cortex , 26 : 95 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , E. V. and Andersen , E. S. 1979 . Spontaneous repairs: Awareness in the process of language acquisition . Papers and Reports on Child Language Development , 16 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Deger , K. and Ziegler , W. Aspects of speech motor programming in patients with apraxia of speech . Proceedings of the 5th Seminar on Speech Production: Models and Data & CREST Workshop on Models of Speech Production: Motor Planning and Articulatory Modelling . May 61–64 .
   Google Scholar
• Dell , G. S. 1988 . The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from connectionist model . Journal of Memory and Language , 27 : 124 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop , J. M. and Marquardt , T. P. 1977 . Linguistic and articulatory aspects of single word production in apraxia of speech . Cortex , 13 : 17 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. W. , Miller , D. and Sin , G. 1983 . Wernicke's aphasia and normal language processing: A case study in cognitive neuropsychology . Cognition , 15 : 111 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , W. N. and Kucera , H. 1982 . Frequency analysis cf English usage , Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Frith , U. 1985 . “ Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia ” . In Surface dyslexia , Edited by: Patterson , K. E. , Marshall , J. C. and Coltheart , M. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Jeannerod , M. 1997 . The cognitve neuroscience of action , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Hardison , D. , Marquardt , T. P. and Peterson , H. A. 1977 . Effects of selected linguistic variables on apraxia of speech . Journal cf Speech and Hearing Research , 20 : 334 – 343 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heilman , K. M. 1993 . “ Apraxia ” . In Clinical neuropsychology , 3rd Edn. , Edited by: Heilman , K. M. and Valenste , E. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Locke , J. L. 1997 . A theory of neurolinguistic development . Brain and Language , 58 : 265 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , A. D. 1974 . Some objections to the term apraxia of speech . Journal cf Speech and Hearing Disorders , 39 : 53 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers , M. A. and Storkel , H. L. 1998 . Reprogramming phonologically similar utterances: The role of phonetic features in pre-motor encoding . Journal cf Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 41 ( 2 ) : 258 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , M. A. and Storkel , H. L. 1999 . Planning speech one syllable at a time: The reduced buffer capacity hypothesis in apraxia of speech . Aphasiology , 13 : 793 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , B. L. 1990 . Elicitation of slips of the tongue from young children: A new method and preliminary observations . Applied Psycholinguistics , 11 : 131 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemberger , J. P. 1985 . “ An interactive activation model of language production ” . In Progress in the psychology cf language , Edited by: Ellis , A. W. Vol. 1 , Hove, , UK : Laurence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Stemberger , J. P. 1989 . Speech errors in early child language production . Journal of Memory and Language , 28 : 164 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , H. 1986 . Slips of the tongue in very young children . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 15 : 309 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar