The Applied Epistemology of Official Stories

References

• Abbasi, Kamran. 2020. “Covid-19: Politicisation, ‘Corruption,’ and Suppression of Science.” BMJ 371: m4425. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4425.
   Google Scholar
• Basham, Lee. 2018. “Conspiracy Theory Particularism, Both Moral and Epistemic, versus Generalism.” In Taking Conspiracy Theories Seriously, edited by M R. X. Dentith, 39–58. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. 2020. “The Canister on the Bed.” Radio 4 podcast. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08z33bp.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. 2022. “Ukraine: The Disinformation War.” File on 4 radio broadcast. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0017thr.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd-Barrett, Oliver. 2022. Conflict Propaganda in Syria: Narrative Battles. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003143079.
   Google Scholar
• Buenting, Joel, and Jason Taylor. 2010. “Conspiracy Theories and Fortuitous Data.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 40 (4): 567–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393109350750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairney, Paul. 2021. “The UK Government’s COVID-19 Policy: What Does “Guided by the Science” Mean in Practice?” Frontiers in Political Science 3. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2021.624068.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clerk, Joseph. 2023. “Twitter Files: Vast Censor Project Unleashed Against Politically Incorrect COVID-19 Speech.” Washington Times, March 17. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2023/mar/17/twitter-files-vast-censor-project-unleashed-agains/.
   Google Scholar
• Coady, David. 2003. “Conspiracy Theories and Official Stories.” International Journal of Applied Philosophy 17 (2): 197–209. https://doi.org/10.5840/ijap200317210.
   Google Scholar
• Coady, David. 2007. “Are Conspiracy Theorists Irrational?” Episteme 4 (2): 193–204. https://doi.org/10.3366/epi.2007.4.2.193.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, Ben. 2022. The Syrian Information and Propaganda War: The Role of Cognitive Bias. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93282-4.
   Google Scholar
• Courage Foundation. 2019. “Panel Criticizes ‘Unacceptable Practices’ in the OPCW’s Investigation of the Alleged Chemical Attack in Douma, Syria on April 7th 2018.” https://web.archive.org/web/20191023143504/https://couragefound.org/2019/10/opcw-panel-statement.
   Google Scholar
• Culloty, Eileen. 2021. “Evaluating Conspiracy Claims as Public Sphere Communication.” Journal for Cultural Research 25 (1): 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2021.1886421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Alessandra, Federica, and Kirsty Sutherland. 2021. “The Promise and Challenges of New Actors and New Technologies in International Justice.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 19 (1): 9–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqab034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lint, Willem. 2021. Blurring Intelligence Crime: A Critical Forensics. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0352-5.
   Google Scholar
• Dentith, M R. X. 2018. “Expertise and Conspiracy Theories.” Social Epistemology 32 (3): 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2018.1440021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dentith, M R. X. 2019. “Conspiracy Theories on the Basis of the Evidence.” Synthese 196 (6): 2243–2261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1532-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diesen, Glenn. 2022. Russophobia: Propaganda in International Politics. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1468-3.
   Google Scholar
• Flanagan, Padraic. 2021. “BBC Admits Syria Gas Attack Report Had Serious Flaws in “Victory for truth” After Complaint by Peter Hitchens.” Mail Online. September 5. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9958679/BBC-admits-Syria-gas-attack-report-flaws-complaint-Peter-Hitchens.html.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, Gavan Patrick. 2019. “Evidentiary Thresholds for Unilateral Aggression: Douma, Skripal and Media Analysis of Chemical Weapon Attacks as a Casus Belli.” Central European Journal of International & Security Studies 13 (3): 133–165. https://doi.org/10.51870/CEJISS.A130307.
   Google Scholar
• Great Barrington Declaration. 2020. https://gbdeclaration.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Grundmann, Reiner. 2017. “The Problem of Expertise in Knowledge Societies.” Minerva 55 (1): 25–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen, Kurtis. 2020. “Should Academics Debunk Conspiracy Theories?” Social Epistemology 34 (5): 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2020.1747118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen, Kurtis. 2022. Conspiracy Theories and the Failure of Intellectual Critique. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• HART (Health Advisory and Recovery Team). 2022. “The Crushing of Dissent Throughout the Covid Era.” October 8. https://www.hartgroup.org/the-crushing-of-dissent-throughout-the-covid-era/.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, Tim. Unpublished. “The Problem of Disinformation.” Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, Tim. 2019. Global Justice and Finance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842767.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, Tim. 2021. “Media Coverage of OPCW Whistleblower Revelations.” Wordpress Blog. https://timhayward.wordpress.com/2019/10/24/media-coverage-of-opcw-whistleblower-revelations/.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, Tim. 2022. “‘Conspiracy Theory’: The Case for Being Critically Receptive.” Journal of Social Philosophy 53 (2): 148–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/josp.12432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertsgaard, Mark. 2016. “How the Pentagon Punished NSA Whistleblowers.” The Guardian, May 22. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/22/how-pentagon-punished-nsa-whistleblowers.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, David J. 2011. “To Tell the Truth: On Scientific Counterpublics.” Public Understanding of Science 20 (5): 627–641. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662509359988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, David J. 2012. Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, Eliot. 2019. “Tulsi Gabbard’s Reports on Chemical Attacks in Syria - a Self-Contradictory Error Filled Mess.” Bellingcat.com. https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2019/08/04/tulsi-gabbards-reports-on-chemical-attacks-in-syria-a-self-contradictory-error-filled-mess/.
   Google Scholar
• Hitchens, Peter. 2019. “Sexed Up to Make War - An Astonishing Leak from the Poison Gas Watchdog the OPCW.” Mail Online. November 24. https://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2019/11/new-sexed-up-dossier-furore-explosive-leaked-email-claims-that-un-watchdogs-report-into-alleged-poison-gas-attack-by-assad-w.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hitchens, Peter. 2021. “Falklands Hero Lord West is ‘Insulted’ by the Foreign Office After He Casts Doubt on UN’s ‘Sexed-up’ Assad Gas Attack Dossier.” DailyMail.com. March 14. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9359721/PETER-HITCHENS-Falklands-hero-Lord-West-insulted-Foreign-Office.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, John P. 2022. “Citation Impact and Social Media Visibility of Great Barrington and John Snow Signatories for COVID-19 Strategy.” British Medical Journal Open 12 (2): e052891. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John Snow Memorandum. 2020. https://www.johnsnowmemo.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Keeley, Brian L. 1999. “Of Conspiracy Theories.” The Journal of Philosophy 96 (3): 109–126. https://doi.org/10.2307/2564659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, Chris, and David Miller. 2020. “UK Information Operations in the Time of Coronavirus.” Daily Maverick, September 30. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-09-30-uk-information-operations-in-the-time-of-coronavirus/.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, Neil. 2007. “Radically Socialized Knowledge and Conspiracy Theories.” Episteme 4 (2): 181–192. https://doi.org/10.3366/epi.2007.4.2.181.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, Neil. 2019. “Due Deference to Denialism: Explaining Ordinary People’s Rejection of Established Scientific Findings.” Synthese 196 (1): 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1477-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, Neil. 2021. “Echoes of Covid Misinformation.” Philosophical Psychology 36 (5). https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2021.2009452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, Neil. 2022. “Do Your Own Research!” Synthese 200 (5): 356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-022-03793-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, Neil, and Julian Savulescu. 2021. “After the Pandemic: New Responsibilities.” Public Health Ethics 14 (2): 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phab008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, Graham P., Esmee Hanna, Margaret McCartney, and Robert Dingwall. 2020. “Science, Society, and Policy in the Face of Uncertainty: Reflections on the Debate Around Face Coverings for the Public During COVID-19.” Critical Public Health 30 (5): 501–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2020.1797997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maté, Aaron. 2020a. “Bellingcat Smears OPCW Whistleblower, Journalists with False Letter, Farcical Claim.” Grayzone. October 28. https://thegrayzone.com/2020/10/28/draft-debacle-bellingcat-smears-opcw-whistleblower-journalists-with-false-letter-farcical-claims/.
   Google Scholar
• Maté, Aaron. 2020b. “Did Trump Bomb Syria on False Grounds?” The Nation, July 24. https://www.thenation.com/article/world/opcw-leaks-syria/.
   Google Scholar
• Maté, Aaron. 2020c. “New OPCW Whistleblower Slams ‘Abhorrent mistreatment’ of Douma Investigators.” Grayzone. March 12. https://thegrayzone.com/2020/03/12/opcw-whistleblower-mistreatment-douma-investigators/.
   Google Scholar
• Maté, Aaron. 2020d. “Questions for BBC on New White Helmets Podcast Series Attacking OPCW Whistleblowers.” Grayzone. November 30. https://thegrayzone.com/2020/11/30/questions-bbc-podcast-opcw-whistleblowers/.
   Google Scholar
• Maté, Aaron. 2020e. “The Failed Russiagate Playbook Can’t Stop Bernie Sanders.” The Nation, February 25. https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/bernie-sanders-russiagate/.
   Google Scholar
• Maurizi, Stefania. 2022. Secret Power: WikiLeaks and Its Enemies. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• McKeigue, Paul, Jake Mason, David Miller, and Piers Robinson. 2018. “Briefing Note: The Alleged Chemical Attack in Douma on 7 April 2018, and Other Alleged Chlorine Attacks in Syria Since 2014.” Working Group on Syria, Propaganda and Media. August 20 . https://syriapropagandamedia.org/working-papers/briefing-note-the-alleged-chemical-attack-in-douma-on-7-april-2018-and-other-alleged-chlorine-attacks-in-syria-since-2014.
   Google Scholar
• McKeigue, Paul, David Miller, Jake Mason, and Piers Robinson. 2019c. “How the OPCW’s Investigation of the Douma Incident Was Nobbled.” Working Group on Syria, Propaganda and Media. June 26. https://syriapropagandamedia.org/how-the-opcws-investigation-of-the-douma-incident-was-nobbled.
   Google Scholar
• McKeigue, Paul, David Miller, and Piers Robinson. 2019a. “Assessment by the Engineering Sub-Team of the OPCW Fact-Finding Mission Investigating the Alleged Chemical Attack in Douma in April 2018.” Working Group on Syria, Propaganda and Media. May 13. https://syriapropagandamedia.org/working-papers/assessment-by-the-engineering-sub-team-of-the-opcw-fact-finding-mission-investigating-the-alleged-chemical-attack-in-douma-in-april-2018.
   Google Scholar
• McKeigue, Paul, David Miller, and Piers Robinson 2019b. “Briefing Note on the Final Report of the OPCW Fact-Finding Mission on the Alleged Chemical Attack in Douma in April 2018.” Working Group on Syria, Propaganda and Media. April 11. https://syriapropagandamedia.org/working-papers/briefing-note-on-the-final-report-of-the-opcw-fact-finding-mission-on-the-alleged-chemical-attack-in-douma-in-april-2018.
   Google Scholar
• McKeigue, Paul, David Miller, and Piers Robinson. 2020. “Update on the OPCW’s Investigation of the Douma Incident.” Working Group on Syria, Propaganda and Media. https://syriapropagandamedia.org/update-on-the-opcws-investigation-of-the-douma-incident.
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, Mark. 2019. “Charity Given Warning After Corbyn Tweets.” The Times, November 5. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/charity-given-warning-after-corbyn-tweets-n0m9wlgcb.
   Google Scholar
• Melzer, Nils. 2022. The Trial of Julian Assange: A Story of Persecution. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Ian. 2022. Unmasked: The Global Failure of COVID Mask Mandates. New York: Post Hill Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, Fraser. 2022. “The Lockdown Files: Rishi Sunak on What We Weren’t Told.” The Spectator, August 27. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-lockdown-files-rishi-sunak-on-what-we-werent-told/.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, An, and Scifo. Salvatore. 2018. “Mapping the Citizen News Landscape: Blurring Boundaries, Promises, Perils, and Beyond.” In Journalism, edited by Tim P. Vos, 373–390. Berlin: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501500084-019.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, Frances. 2019. “Law, Language and Justice.” In Legal Linguistics Beyond Borders: Language and Law in a World of Media, Globalisation and Social Conflicts, edited by Friedemann Vogel, 253–288. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• OPCW (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons). 2019. “Report of the Fact-Finding Mission Regarding the Incident of Alleged Use of Toxic Chemicals as a Weapon in Douma, Syrian Arab Republic, on 7 April 2018.” OPCW Technical Secretariat S/1731/2019. https://www.opcw.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019/03/s-1731-2019%28e%29.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Oreskes, Naomi, and Eric M. Conway. 2010. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. London: Bloomsbury Press.
   Google Scholar
• Origgi, Gloria. 2015. “What is an Expert That a Person May Trust Her? Towards a Political Epistemology of Expertise.” HUMANA MENTE Journal of Philosophical Studies 8 (28): 159–168. https://www.humanamente.eu/index.php/HM/article/view/85.
   Google Scholar
• Panuk, Zeynep. 2021. “COVID-19 and the Paradox of Scientific Advice.” Perspectives on Politics 20 (2): 562–576. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592721001201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar, Inderjeet. 2004. Think Tanks and Power in Foreign Policy. New York: Macmillan Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230000780.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Piers. 2019. “Expanding the Field of Political Communication: Making the Case for a Fresh Perspective Through ‘Propaganda Studies’.” Frontiers in Communication. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2019.00026/full.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Piers. 2022. “Democracies and War Propaganda in the 21st Century.” Working Group on Syria, Propaganda and Media. https://syriapropagandamedia.org/working-papers-2/democracies-and-war-propaganda-in-the-21st-century.
   Google Scholar
• SAPEA (Science Advice for Policy by European Academies). 2019. Making Sense of Science for Policy Under Conditions of Complexity and Uncertainty. Berlin: SAPEA. https://doi.org/10.26356/MASOS.
   Google Scholar
• Sidley, Gary. 2021. “A Year of Fear.” The Critic, March 23. https://thecritic.co.uk/a-year-of-fear/.
   Google Scholar
• Sidley, Gary. 2022. “Britain’s Unethical Covid Messaging Must Never Be Repeated.” The Spectator, February 6. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/britain-s-unethical-covid-messaging-must-never-be-repeated/.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, Alex. 2020. “Governments Cannot Just ‘Follow the Science’ on COVID-19.” Nature Human Behaviour 4 (6): 560–560. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0894-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, Stephen. 2014. The Politics of Expertise. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315884974.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, Michael, and Jett Goldsmith. 2021. “How an Email Sting Operation Unearthed a Pro-Assad Conspiracy—And Russia’s Role in It.” New Lines Magazine, April 20. https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/how-an-email-sting-operation-unearthed-a-pro-assad-conspiracy-and-russias-role-in-it/.
   Google Scholar
• WikiLeaks. 2019. “OPCW Douma Docs.” https://wikileaks.org/opcw-douma/.
   Google Scholar
• Yearley, Steven. 2005. Making Sense of Science: Understanding the Social Study of Science. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446222218.
   Google Scholar