319
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Compatible solutes and fatty acid composition of five marine intertidal microphytobenthic Wadden Sea diatoms exposed to different temperature regimes

&
Pages 337-358 | Received 14 Sep 2012, Accepted 02 May 2013, Published online: 03 Jun 2013

References

  • Ackman R.G., Tocher C.S. & McLachlan J. 1968. Marine phytoplankton fatty acids. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25: 1603–1620. doi: 10.1139/f68-145
  • Admiraal W. & Peletier H. 1980. Influence of seasonal variations of temperature and light on the growth rate of cultures and natural populations of intertidal diatoms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2: 35–43. doi: 10.3354/meps002035
  • Admiraal W., Peletier H. & Brouwer T. 1984. The seasonal succession patterns of diatom species on an intertidal mudflat: an experimental analysis. Oikos 42: 30–40. doi: 10.2307/3544606
  • Admiraal W., Peletier H. & Laane R.W.P.M. 1986. Nitrogen metabolism of marine planktonic diatoms; excretion, assimilation and cellular pools of free amino acids in seven species with different cell size. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 98: 241–263. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(86)90216-9
  • Agatz M., Asmus R.M. & Deventer B. 1999. Structural changes in the benthic diatom community along a eutrophication gradient on a tidal flat. Helgoland Marine Research 2: 92–101. doi: 10.1007/PL00012144
  • Allan G.G., Lewin J. & Johnson P.G. 1972. Marine polymers. IV. Diatom polysaccharides. Botanica Marina 15: 102–108. doi: 10.1515/botm.1972.15.2.102
  • Aronoff S. 1967. Techniques of radiobiochemistry. Hafner Publishing, New York. 119 pp.
  • Aspinall D. & Paleg L.G. 1981. Proline accumulation: physiological aspects. In: Physiology and biochemistry of drought resistance in plants (Ed. by D. Aspinall & L.G. Paleg), pp. 206–241. Academic Press, Sydney.
  • Awwad H.K. & Adelstein S.J. 1966. A quantitative method for the determination of the specific radioactivity of sulfur-containing amino acids separated by paper chromatography. Analytical Biochemistry 16: 433–437. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(66)90225-9
  • Bates L.S., Waldren R.P. & Teare I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205–207. doi: 10.1007/BF00018060
  • Bligny R., Roby C. & Douce R. 1989. Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies in higher plant cells. In: Nuclear magnetic resonance in agriculture (Ed. by P.E. Pfeffer & W.V. Gerasimowicz), pp. 72–87. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton.
  • Bregoff H.M., Roberts E. & Delwiche C.C.D. 1953. Paper chromatography of quaternary ammonium bases and related compounds. Journal of Biological Chemistry 205:565–574.
  • Brito A., Newton A., Tett P. & Fernandes T.F. 2009. Temporal and spatial variability of microphytobenthos in a shallow lagoon: Ria Formosa (Portugal). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 83: 67–76.
  • Brown M.R. 1991. The amino-acid and sugar composition of 16 species of microalgae used in mariculture. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 145: 77–99. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(91)90007-J
  • Brown M.R. & Jeffrey S.W. 1992. Nutritional properties of microalgae used in mariculture: An overview. In: Proceedings of the national aquaculture workshops (Ed. by G.L. Allan & W. Dall), pp. 174–179. Pt. Stephens, Salamander Bay, NSW, Australia.
  • Brown M.R. & Jeffrey S.W. 1995. The amino acid and gross composition of marine diatoms potentially useful for mariculture. Journal of Applied Phycology 7: 521–527. doi: 10.1007/BF00003938
  • Brown M.R., Dunstan G.A., Norwood S.J. & Miller K.A. 1996. Effects of harvest stage and light on the biochemical composition of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Journal of Phycology 32: 64–73.
  • Brown M.R., Jeffrey S.W., Volkman J.K. & Dunstan G.A. 1997. Nutritional properties of microalgae for mariculture. Aquaculture 151: 315–331. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01501-3
  • Cahoon L.B. 1999. The role of benthic microalgae in neritic ecosystems. In: Oceanography and marine biology: an annual review (Ed. by A.D. Ansell, R.N. Gibson & M. Barnes), pp. 47–86. Taylor & Francis, London.
  • Chang Y.C. & Lee T.M. 1999. High temperature-induced free proline accumulation in Gracilaria tenuistipitata (Rhodophyta). Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 40: 289–294.
  • Chen T. & Murata N. 2002. Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 5: 250–257. doi: 10.1016/S1369-5266(02)00255-8
  • Colijn F. & Koeman R. 1975. Das Mikrophytobenthos der Watten. Strande und Riffe um den Hohen Knechtsand in der Wesermiindung. Forschungsstelle Norderney, Jahresbericht 26: 53–83.
  • Colijn F. & Nienhuis H. 1977. The intertidal microphytobenthos of the “Hohe Weg” shallows in the German Wadden Sea. Forschungsstelle Norderney, Jahresbericht 29: 149–174.
  • Colijn F. & de Jonge V.N. 1984. Primary production of microphytobenthos in the Ems-Dollard Estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 14: 185–196. doi: 10.3354/meps014185
  • Collos Y., Husseini-Ratrema J., Bec B., Vaquer A., Lam Hoai T., Rougier C., Pons V. & Souchu P. 2005. Pheopigment dynamics, zooplankton grazing rates and the autumnal ammonium peak in a Mediterranean lagoon. Hydrobiologia 550: 83–93. doi: 10.1007/s10750-005-4365-1
  • Daume S., Long B.M. & Crouch P. 2003. Changes in amino acid content of an algal feed species (Navicula sp.) and their effect on growth and survival of juvenile abalone (Haliotis rubra). Journal of Applied Phycology 15: 201–207. doi: 10.1023/A:1023853628544
  • Delauney A.J. & Verma D.P.S. 1993. Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants. Plant Journal 4: 215–223. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1993.04020215.x
  • DeNicola D.M. 1996. Periphyton responses to temperature. In: Algal ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems (Ed. by R.J. Stevenson, M.L. Bothwell & R.L. Lowe), pp. 149–181. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • Dickson D.M.J. & Kirst G.O. 1986. The role of β-dimethylsulphoniopropionate, glycine betaine and homarine in the osmoacclimation of Platymonas subcordiformis. Planta 167: 536–543. doi: 10.1007/BF00391230
  • Dickson D.M.J. & Kirst G.O. 1987. Osmotic adjustment in marine eukaryotic algae: the role of inorganic ions, quaternary ammonium, tertiary sulfonium and carbohydrate solutes: 1. diatoms and a rhodophyte. New Phytologist 106: 645–655. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00165.x
  • Donald K.M., Scanlan D.J., Carr N.G., Mann N.M. & Joint I. 1997. Comparative phosphorus nutrition of the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus WH7803 and the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Journal of Plankton Research 19: 1793–1813. doi: 10.1093/plankt/19.12.1793
  • Dunstan G.A., Volkman J.K., Barrett S.M., Leroi J.M. & Jeffrey S.W. 1994. Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from fourteen species of diatom (Bacillariophyceae). Phytochemistry 35: 155–161. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90525-9
  • Edwards D.M., Reed R.H., Chudek J.A., Foster R. & Stewart W.D.P. 1987. Organic solute accumulation in osmotically-stressed Enteromorpha intestinalis. Marine Biology 95: 583–592. doi: 10.1007/BF00393102
  • Enright C.T., Newkirk G.F., Craigie J.S. & Castell J.D. 1986. Growth of juvenile Ostrea edulis L. fed Chaetoceros calcitrans Schütt of varied chemical composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 96: 15–26. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(86)90010-9
  • Eppley R.W. 1968. An incubation method for estimating the carbon content of phytoplankton in natural samples. Limnology and Oceanography 13: 574–582. doi: 10.4319/lo.1968.13.4.0574
  • Eppley R.W. 1972. Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea. Fishery Bulletin 70: 1063–1085.
  • Eppley R.W. & Sloan R. 1966. Growth rates of marine phytoplankton: correlation with light absorption by cell chlorophyll a. Physiologia 19: 47–59. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1966.tb09073.x
  • Fujii S., Nishimoto N., Notoya N. & Hellebust J.A. 1995. Growth and osmoregulation of Chaetoceros muelleri in relation to salinity. Plant Cell Physiology 36: 759–764.
  • Garza-Sánchez F., Chapman D.J. & Cooper J.B. 2009. Nitzschia ovalis (Bacillariophyceae) mono lake strain accumulates 1,4/2,5 cyclohexanetetrol in response to increased salinity. Journal of Phycology 45: 395–403. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00667.x
  • Georlette D., Blaise V., Collins T., D'Amico S., Gratia E., Hoyoux A., Marx J.C., Sonan G., Feller G. & Gerday C. 2004. Some like it cold: biocatalysis at low temperatures. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 28: 25–42. doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2003.07.003
  • Grasshoff K., Ehrhardt M., Kremling K. & Almgren T. 1983. Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim. 419 pp.
  • Grasshoff K., Kremling K. & Ehrrhardt M. 1999. Methods of seawater analysis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 3rd ed. 600 pp.
  • Guillard R.R. 1975. Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates. In: Culture of marine invertebrate animals (Ed. by W.L. Smith & M.H. Chanley), pp. 26–60. Plenum Press, New York.
  • Haberstroh P.R. & Ahmed S.I. 1986. Resolution by high pressure liquid chromatography of intracellular and extracellular free amino acids of a nitrogen deficient marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve, pulsed with nitrate or ammonium. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 101: 101–117. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(86)90044-4
  • Hare P.D. & Cress W.A. 1997. Metabolic implications of stress-induced accumulation in plants. Plant Growth Regulation 21: 79–102. doi: 10.1023/A:1005703923347
  • Harrison S.J. 1985. Heat exchanges in muddy intertidal sediments: Chichester harbour, West Sussex, England. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 20: 477–490.
  • Harrison S.J. & Phizacklea A.P. 1987. Vertical temperature gradients in muddy intertidal sediments in the Forth estuary, Scotland. Limnology and Oceanography 32: 954–963. doi: 10.4319/lo.1987.32.4.0954
  • Harrison P.J., Thompson P.A. & Calderwood G.S. 1990. Effects of nutrient and light limitation on the biochemical composition of phytoplankton. Journal of Applied Phycology 2: 45–55. doi: 10.1007/BF02179768
  • Harwood J.L. 1988. Fatty acid metabolism. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 39: 101–138. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.39.060188.000533
  • Harwood J.L. 1998. Membrane lipids in algae. In: Lipids in photosynthesis: Structure, function and genetics (Ed. by P.A. Siegenthaler & N. Murata), pp. 53–64. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
  • Hayashi T. & Konosu S. 1977. Quaternary ammonium bases in the adductor muscle of fan-mussel. Bulletin of the Japanese Society for the Science of Fish 43: 343–348. doi: 10.2331/suisan.43.343
  • Helliot B. & MortainBertrand A. 1999. Accumulation of proline in Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyceae) in response to light transition and cold adaptation. Effect on cryopreservation. Cryobiological Letters 20: 287–296.
  • Herbert D., Phipps P.J. & Strange R.E. 1971. Chemical analysis of microbial cells. In: Methods in microbiology (Ed. by J.R. Norris & D.W. Ribbons), pp. 210–244. Vol. 5B. Academic Press, New York.
  • Hochachka P.W. & Somero G.N. 1984. Temperature adaptation. In: Biochemical adaptation (Ed. by P.W. Hochachka & G.N. Somero), pp. 355–449. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Hopkins J.T. 1964. A study of the diatoms of the Ouse estuary, Sussex. I. The movement of the mud-flat diatoms in response to some chemical and physical changes. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 43: 653–663. doi: 10.1017/S0025315400025595
  • Iba K. 2002. Acclimative response to temperature stress in higher plants: approaches of gene engineering for temperature tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology 53: 225–245. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100201.160729
  • Jackson A.E., Ayer S.W. & Laycock M.V. 1992. The effect of salinity on growth and amino acid composition in the marine diatom Nitzschia pungens. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 2198–2201. doi: 10.1139/b92-272
  • Jahnke J. 1982. Laborversuche zur Beziehung zwischen Wachstum und Photosyntheserate yon sechs planktischen, marinen Diatomeenarten. PhD thesis, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Germany. 169 pp.
  • Jahnke J. 1989. The light and temperature dependence of growth rate and elemental composition of Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel and P. pouchetii (Hat.) Lagerh. in batch cultures. Netherland Journal of Sea Research 23: 15–21. doi: 10.1016/0077-7579(89)90038-0
  • James C.M., Al-Hinty S. & Salman A.E. 1989. Growth and ω3 fatty acid and amino acid composition of microalgae under different temperature regimes. Aquaculture 77: 337–357. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(89)90218-4
  • de Jonge V.N. & Colijn F. 1994. Dynamics of microphytobenthos biomass in the Ems estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 104: 185–196. doi: 10.3354/meps104185
  • Jørgensen E.G. 1968. The adaptation of plankton algae. II. Aspects of the temperature adaptation of Skeletonema costatum. Plant Physiology 21: 423–427. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1968.tb07266.x
  • Karsten U., Wiencke C. & Kirst G.O. 1991. Growth pattern and β-dimethylsulphonio-propionate (DMSP) content of green macroalgae at different irradiance. Marine Biology 108: 151–155. doi: 10.1007/BF01313483
  • Kasamatsu N., Hirano T., Kudoh S., Odate T. & Fukuchi M. 2004. Dimethylsulfonio-propionate production by psychrophilic diatom isolates. Journal of Phycology 40: 874–878. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03122.x
  • Kates M. & Volcani B.E. 1966. Lipid composition of diatoms. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 116: 264–278. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(66)90009-9
  • Kirst G.O. 1996. Osmotic adjustment in phytoplankton and macroalgae: the use of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). In: Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds (Ed. by R.P. Kiene, P.T. Visscher, M.D. Keller & G.O. Kirst), pp. 121–129. Plenum Press, New York.
  • Kishitani S., Takanami T., Suzuki M., Oikawa M. & Yokoi S. 2000. Compatibility of glycinebetaine in rice plants: evaluation using transgenic rice plants with a gene for peroxisomal betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from barley. Plant Cell Environment 23: 107–114. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00527.x
  • Klaus R. & Ripphahn J. 1983. Quantitative dünnschichtchromatographische Analyse von Zuckern, Zuckersäuren und Polyalkoholen. Journal of Chromatography 244: 99–124.
  • Krell A. 2006. Salt stress tolerance in the psychrophilic diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. PhD thesis, University of Bremen, Bremen. 124 pp.
  • Krell A., Funck D., Plettner I., John U. & Dieckmann G. 2007. Regulation of proline metabolism under salt stress in the psychrophilic diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 43: 753–762. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00366.x
  • Kuznetsov V.V., Rakitin V.Y. & Zholkevich V.N. 1999. Effects of preliminary heat-shock treatment on accumulation of osmolytes and drought resistance in cotton plants during water deficiency. Plant Physiology 107: 399–406. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100405.x
  • Lebeau T. & Robert J.M. 2003. Diatom cultivation and biotechnology relevant products: Part II. Current and putative products. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 60: 624–632.
  • Liebezeit G. & Behrends B. 1999. Determination of amino acids. In: Methods of seawater analysis (Ed. by K. Grasshoff, K. Kremling & M. Ehrhardt), pp. 541–546. 3rd ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
  • Lorenzen C.J. 1967. Determination of chlorophyll and pheopigments: spectrophotometric equations. Limnology and Oceanography 12: 343–346. doi: 10.4319/lo.1967.12.2.0343
  • MacIntyre H.L., Geider R.J. & Miller D.C. 1996. Microphytobenthos: The ecological role of the “secret garden” of unvegetated, shallow-water marine habitats. 1. Distribution, abundance and primary production. Estuaries 19: 186–201. doi: 10.2307/1352224
  • Mague T.H., Friberg E., Hughes D.J. & Morris I. 1980. Extracellular release of carbon by marine phytoplankton; a physiological approach. Limnology and Oceanography 25: 262–279. doi: 10.4319/lo.1980.25.2.0262
  • Maxwell D.P., Falk S., Trick C.G. & Huner N.P. 1994. Growth at low temperature mimics high-light-acclimation in Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Physiology 105: 535–543.
  • Minghou J., Shuzhu P., Yongyao P. & Hong N. 1986. Amino acid content of marine phytoplankton. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 5: 457–464.
  • Mock T. & Kroon B.M.A. 2002. Photosynthetic energy conversion under extreme conditions. I. Important role of lipids as structural modulators and energy sink under N-limited growth in Antarctic sea ice diatoms. Phytochemistry 61: 41–51. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00216-9
  • Morris I. & Glover H.E. 1974. Questions on the mechanism of temperature adaptation in marine phytoplankton. Marine Biology 24: 147–154. doi: 10.1007/BF00389349
  • Mortensen S.H., Brsheim K.Y., Rainuzzo J.R. & Knutsen G. 1988. Fatty acid and elemental composition of the marine diatom Chaetoceros gracilis Schütt. Effects of silicate deprivation, temperature and light intensity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 122: 173–l85. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(88)90183-9
  • Myklestad S.M. 1995. Release of extracellular products by phytoplankton with special emphasis on polysaccharides. Science of the Total Environment 165: 155–164. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04549-G
  • Nothnagel J. 1995. The effects of salinity and light intensity on the osmolyte concentrations, cell volumes and growth rates of the Antarctic sea-ice diatoms Chaetoceros sp. and Navicula sp. with emphasis on the amino acid proline. Reports on Polar Research 161: 1–127.
  • Parsons T., Maita Y. & Lalli M. 1984. A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. First ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 105 pp.
  • Paul J.S. 1979. Osmoregulation in the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis. Journal of Phycology 15: 280–284. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1979.tb02639.x
  • Plettner I. 2002. Stressphysiologie bei antarktischen Diatomeen - Ökophysiologische Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung von Prolin bei der Anpassung an hohe Salinitäten und tiefe Temperaturen. PhD thesis, University of Bremen, Bremen. 242 pp.
  • Reed R.H. 1983. The osmotic response of Polysiphonia lanosa from marine and estuarine sites: evidence for incomplete recovery of turgor. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 68: 169–193. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(83)90158-2
  • Renaud S.M., Parry D.L. & Thinh L.V. 1994. Microalgae for use in tropical aquaculture I: Gross chemical and fatty acid composition of twelve species of microalgae from the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Applied Phycology 6: 337–345. doi: 10.1007/BF02181948
  • Renaud S.M., Zhou H.C., Parry D.L., Thinh L.-V. & Woo K.C. 1995. Effect of temperature on the growth, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of recently isolated tropical microalgae Isochrysis sp., Nitzschia closterium, Nitzschia paleacea, and commercial species Isochrysis sp. (clone T.ISO). Journal of Applied Phycology 7: 595–602. doi: 10.1007/BF00003948
  • Robinson S.P. & Jones G.P. 1986. Accumulation of glycinebetaine in chloroplasts provides osmotic adjustment during salt stress. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 13: 659–668. doi: 10.1071/PP9860659
  • Saks N.M., Lee J.J., Muller W.A. & Tietjen J.H. 1974. Growth of salt marsh microcosms subjected to thermal stress. In: United States atomic energy agency symposium series conference 730505 (Ed. by J.W. Gibbons & R.R. Sharitz), pp. 391–398. National Technical Information Service, Springfield.
  • Sargent J.R., Henderson R.J. & Tocher D.R. 1989. The lipids. In: Fish nutrition (Ed. by J.E. Halver), pp. 153–218. Academic Press, New York.
  • Sarthou G., Timmermans K.R. & Blain S. 2005. Growth physiology and fate of diatoms in the ocean: A review. Journal of Sea Research 53: 25–42. doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2004.01.007
  • Sato N. & Murata N. 1980. Temperature shift-induced responses in lipids in the blue-green alga, Anabaena variabilis: the central role of diacylmonogalactosyl glycerol in thermo-adaptation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 619: 353–366. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(80)90083-1
  • Schindler D.W., Curtis P.J., Parker B.R. & Stainton M.P. 1996. Consequences of climate warming and lake acidification for UV-B penetration in North American boreal lakes. Nature 379: 705–708. doi: 10.1038/379705a0
  • Scholz B. & Liebezeit G. 2012a. Compatible solutes in three marine intertidal microphytobenthic Wadden sea diatoms exposed to different salinities. European Journal of Phycology 47: 393–407. doi: 10.1080/09670262.2012.720714
  • Scholz B. & Liebezeit G. 2012b. Microphytobenthic dynamics in a Wadden Sea intertidal flat – Part I: Seasonal and spatial variations of diatom communities in relation to macronutrient availability. European Journal of Phycology 47: 105–119. doi: 10.1080/09670262.2012.663793
  • Scholz B. & Liebezeit G. 2012c. Microphytobenthic dynamics in a Wadden Sea intertidal flat – Part II: Seasonal and spatial variation of non-diatom community components in relation to abiotic parameters. European Journal of Phycology 47: 120–137. doi: 10.1080/09670262.2012.665251
  • Scholz B. & Liebezeit G. 2012d. Growth responses of 25 benthic marine Wadden Sea diatoms isolated from the Solthörn tidal flat (southern North Sea) in relation to varying culture conditions. Diatom Research 27: 65–73. doi: 10.1080/0269249X.2012.660875
  • Sheets E.B. & Rhodes D. 1996. Determination of DMSP and other onium compounds in Tetraselmis subcordiformis by plasma desorption mass spectrometry. In: Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds (Ed. by R.P. Keine, P.T. Visscher, M.D. Keller & G.O. Kirst), pp. 55–63. Plenum Press, New York.
  • Shifrin N.S. & Chisholm S.W. 1981. Phytoplankton lipids: interspecific differences and effects of nitrate, silicate and light-dark cycles. Journal of Phycology 17: 374–384. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1981.00374.x
  • Smayda T.J. 1969. Experimental observations on the influence of temperature, light and salinity on cell division of the marine diatom Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. Journal of Phycology 5: 150–157. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1969.tb02596.x
  • Snoeijs P., Busse S., Potapova M. 2002. The importance of diatom cell size in community analysis. Journal of Phycology 38: 265–272. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01105.x
  • Staats N., Stal L.J. & Mur L.R. 2000. Exopolysaccharide production by the epipelic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium: effects of nutrient conditions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 1: 13–27. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00166-0
  • Stefels J., Gieskes W.W.C. & Dijkhuizen L. 1996. Intriguing functionality of the production and conversion of DMSP in Phaeocystis sp. In: Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds (Ed. by R.P. Keine, P.T. Visscher, M.D. Keller & G.O. Kirst), pp. 305–315. Plenum Press, New York.
  • Stines A.P., Naylor D.J., Hoj P.B. & van Heeswijck R. 1999. Proline accumulation in developing grapevine fruit occurs independently of changes in the levels of Δ 1-pyrroline-S-carboxylate synthetase mRNA or protein. Plant Physiology 120: 923–931. doi: 10.1104/pp.120.3.923
  • Summers P.S., Nolte K.D., Cooper A.J.L., Borgeas H., Leustek T., Rhodes D. & Hanson A.D. 1998. Identification and stereospecificity of the first three enzymes of 3-dimethyl-sulfoniopropionate biosynthesis in a chlorophyte alga. Plant Physiology 116: 369–378. doi: 10.1104/pp.116.1.369
  • Suzuki Y. & Takahashi M. 1995. Growth responses of several diatom species isolated from various environments to temperature. Journal of Phycology 31: 880–888. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1995.00880.x
  • Takagi H., Sakai K., Morida K. & Nakamori S. 2000. Proline accumulation by mutation or disruption of the proline oxidase gene improves resistance to freezing and desiccation stresses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiology Letters 184: 103–108. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08998.x
  • Thompson P.A., Guo M.-X. & Harrison P.J. 1992. Effects of variation in temperature. I. On the biochemical composition of eight species of marine phytoplankton. Journal of Phycology 28: 481–488. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1992.00481.x
  • Treichel S. 1986. The influence of NaCl on Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in proline-accumulating cell suspension cultures of Mesembyanthemum nodiflorum and other halophytes. Plant Physiology 67: 173–181. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb02440.x
  • Uemura M. & Steponkus P.L. 2003. Modification of the intracellular sugar content alters the incidence of freeze induced membrane lesions of protoplasts isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Plant Cell and Environment 26: 1083–1096. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01033.x
  • Underwood G.J.C. & Krompkamp J. 1999. Primary production by phytoplankton and micro-phytobenthos in estuaries. Advances in Ecological Research 29: 93–153. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60192-0
  • Underwood G.J.C., Paterson D.M. & Parkes R.J. 1995. The measurement of microbial carbohydrate exopolymers from intertidal sediments. Limnology and Oceanography 40: 1243–1253. doi: 10.4319/lo.1995.40.7.1243
  • Van Bergeijk S.A., Van der Zee C. & Stal L.J. 2003. Uptake and excretion of dimethylsuphoniopropionate is driven by salinity changes in the marine benthic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. European Journal of Phycology 38: 341–349. doi: 10.1080/09670260310001612600
  • Vogel R.H. & Kopac M.J. 1960. Some properties of ornithine δ-transaminase from neurospore. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 37: 539–540. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(60)90517-5
  • Volkman J.K., Jeffrey S.W., Nichols P.D., Rogers G.I. & Garland C.D. 1989. Fatty acid and lipid composition of 10 species of microalgae used in mariculture. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 128: 219–240. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(89)90029-4
  • Vos P.C., de Boer P.L. & Misdorp R. 1988. Sediment stabilization by benthic diatoms in intertidal sandy shoals: qualitative and quantitative observations. In: Tide-influenced sedimentary environments and facies (Ed. by P.L. De Boer, A. Van Gelder & S.D. Nio), pp. 511–526. D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
  • Wolfstein K. & Stal L.I. 2002. Production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by benthic diatoms: effect of irradiance and temperature. Marine Ecology Progress Series 236: 13–22. doi: 10.3354/meps236013
  • Wöstmann R. & Liebezeit G. 2008. Allochthonous organic matter as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus source on a sandbank island (Kachelotplate, Lower Saxonian Wadden Sea, Germany). Marine Biodiversity 38: 153–161.
  • Yang C.W. & Kao C.H. 1999. Importance of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase to proline accumulation caused by water stress in detached rice leaves. Plant Growth Regulation 27: 189–192.
  • Yoch D.C. 2002. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate: its sources, role in the marine food web, and biological degradation to dimethylsulfide. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 5804–5815. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.5804-5815.2002
  • Zhang Z., Xiao Z. & Linhardt R.J. 2009. Thin layer chromatography for the separation and analysis of acidic carbohydrates. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 32: 1711–1732. doi: 10.1080/10826070902956402

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.