Spatial planning in small islands: the need to discuss the concept of ecological structure

References

• Ahern, J. (1995) Greenways as a planning strategy, Landscape and Urban Planning, 33, pp. 131–155. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(95)02039-V.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahern, J. (2007) Green infrastructure for cities: The spatial dimension, in: V. Novotny & P. Brown (Eds) Cities of the Future: Towards Integrated Sustainable Water and Landscape Management, pp. 267–283 (London: IWA).
   Google Scholar
• Albert, C. & Von Haaren, C. (2014) Implications of applying the green infrastructure concept in landscape planning for ecosystem services in peri-urban areas: An expert survey and case study, Planning Practice & Research. doi:10.1080/02697459.2014.973683.
   Google Scholar
• Angelis, D. I. & Lee, C.-Y. (1996) Strategic investment analysis using activity based costing concepts and analytical hierarchy process techniques, International Journal of Production Research, 34(5), pp. 1331–1345. doi:10.1080/00207549608904968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, M. A. & McMahon, E. T. (2002) Green Infrastruture: Smart Conservation for the 21st Century, Sprawl Watch Clearinghouse Monograph Series (Washington, DC: The Conservation Fund and Sprawl Watch Clearinghouse). Available at http://www.sprawlwatch.org/greeninfrastructure.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, J. E., Gaston, K. J. & Armsworth, P. R. (2009) Public understanding of protected area designation, Biological Conservation, 142, pp. 3196–3200. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, J. & Banzhaf, S. (2007) What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units, Ecological Economics, 63, pp. 616–626. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briguglio, L. & Kisanga, E. J. (Eds) (2004) Economic Vulnerability and Resilience of Small States, (Malta & Britain: The Islands and Small States Institute of the University of Malta & The Commonwealth Secretariat). ISBN: 978-99909-49-22-3.
   Google Scholar
• Calado, H., Quintela, A. & Porteiro, J. (2007) Integrated coastal zone management strategies on small islands, Journal of Coastal Research, SI50(Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium), pp. 125–129. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/ourcoast/download.cfm?fileID=1055
   Google Scholar
• Calado, H., Vergílio, M., Fonseca, C., Gil, A., Moniz, F., Silva, S. F., Moreira, M., Bragagnolo, C., Silva, C. & Pereira, M. (2014) Developing a planning and management system for protected areas on small islands (The Azores archipelago, Portugal): The SMARTPARKS Project, Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 14(2), pp. 335–344. Available at http://www.aprh.pt/rgci/pdf/rgci-496_Calado.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• COM. (2011a) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Regional Policy Contributing to Sustainable Growth in Europe 2020, No. 17 Final (Brussels: European Commission). Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0017&qid=1436456776654&from=EN
   Google Scholar
• COM. (2011b) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Our Life Insurance, Our Natural Capital: An EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, No. 244 Final (Brussels: European Commission). Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0244&from=EN.
   Google Scholar
• COM. (2013) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Green infrastructure (GI) – Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital, No. 249 Final (Brussels: European Commission). Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2013:0249:FIN
   Google Scholar
• Condé, S. & Richard, D. (2002) Biogeographical Regions in Europe – The Macaronesian Region – Volcanic Islands in the Ocean, in: EEA, EEA Report No. 1/2002 – Europe’s biodiversity – Biogeographical regions and seas, European Environment Agency. Available at http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/report_2002_0524_154909/biogeographical-regions-in-europe/MacaronesiaReg.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Decree-Law No. 239/2012 of 2012 November 2, First Amendment to Decree-Law No. 166/2008 of August 22 which Establishes the Legal Regime of National Ecological Reserve. Available at http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2012/11/21200/0630806346.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Decree-Law No. 46/2009 of 2009 February 20, Amends (Sixth Amendment) and Republishes the Decree-Law No. 380/99 of September 22, which Establishes the Portuguese Legal Framework of the territorial management instruments. Available at https://dre.pt/application/file/602179
   Google Scholar
• De Groot, R., Van der Perk, J., Chiesura, A. & van Vliet, A. (2003) Importance and threat as determining factors for criticality of natural capital, Ecological Economics, 44, pp. 187–204. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00273-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L. & Willemen, L. (2010) Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making, Ecological Complexity, 7, pp. 260–272. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groot, R. S., Wilson, M. A. & Boumans, R. M. J. (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services, Ecological Economics, 41, pp. 393–408. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00089-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EC. (2010) Green Infrastructure (European Commission Publications Office). Available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/greeninfrastructure.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• EC. (2012) The Multifunctionality of Green Infrastructure, Science for Environment Policy – In Depth Reports (European Commission). Available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/docs/Green_Infrastructure.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EEA. (2014) Spatial Analysis of Green Infrastructure in Europe Technical Report No. 2/2014, (Luxembourg: European Environment Agency). doi:10.2800/11170.
   Google Scholar
• Egoh, B., Reyers, B., Rouget, M., Richardson, D. M., Le Maitre, D. C. & van Jaarsveld, A. S. (2008) Mapping ecosystem services for planning and management, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 127, pp. 135–140. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2008.03.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil, A., Calado, H., Yu, Q., Lobo, A. & Vieira, C. (2011) Mapping the ecological structure in small islands − The case-study of S. Miguel island (Archipelago of the Azores, Portugal), in: A. Gil (Ed) Using Remote Sensing Data to Support the Development of Methods for Territorial and Natural Resources’ Characterization, Assessment, Planning and Management, pp. 32–43, Doctoral dissertation, University of the Azores. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/1331
   Google Scholar
• Green, B. (1996) Countryside Conservation, 3rd ed. (London: E & FN Spon). ISBN: 0-419-21880-7.
   Google Scholar
• Hauck, J., Schweppe-Kraft, B., Albert, C., Görg, C., Jax, K., Jensen, R., Fürst, C., Maes, J., Ring, I., Hönigová, I., Burkhard, B., Mehring, M., Tiefenbach, M., Grunewald, K., Schwarzer, M., Meurer, J., Sommerhäuser, M., Priess, J. A., Schmidt, J. & Grêt-Regamey, A. (2013) The promise of the ecosystem services concept for planning and decision-making, GAIA – Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 22(4), pp. 232–236. Available at http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oekom/gaia/2013/00000022/00000004/art00006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IG. (2015) Defining Governance – What is Governance? (Institute On Governance (IG)). Available at http://iog.ca/defining-governance/(accessed 15 October 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Kambites, C. & Owen, S. (2006) Renewed prospects for green infrastructure planning in the UK, Planning Practice and Research, 21(4), pp. 483–496. doi:10.1080/02697450601173413.
   Google Scholar
• Lucius, I., Dan, R. & Caratas, D. (2011) Green Infrastructure – Sustainable Investments for the Benefit of Both People and Nature (SURF-nature project). Available at http://www.surf-nature.eu/uploads/media/Thematic_Booklet_Green_Infrastructure.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Magalhães, M. R. (Coord) (2013) Estrutura Ecológica Nacional – Uma proposta de delimitação e regulamentação [National Ecological Structure - A proposal for delimitation and regulation], 1st ed. (Lisboa: ISA Press). ISBN: 978-972-8669-53-9.
   Google Scholar
• Mazza, L., Bennett, G., De Nocker, L., Gantioler, S., Losarcos, L., Margerison, C., Kaphengst, T., McConville, A., Rayment, M., ten Brink, P., Tucker, G. & van Diggelen, R. (2011) Green Infrastructure Implementation and Efficiency, Final Report for the European Commission, DG Environment on Contract ENV.B.2/SER/2010/0059, Brussels and London: Institute for European Environmental Policy. Available at http://www.ieep.eu/assets/898/Green_Infrastructure_Implementation_and_Efficiency.pdf
   Google Scholar
• MEA. (2003) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment, A Report of the Conceptual Framework Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Washington, DC: Island Press). Available at http://pdf.wri.org/ecosystems_human_wellbeing.pdf
   Google Scholar
• MEA. (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Synthesis, A Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Washington, DC: Island Press). Available at http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mell, I. C. & Roe, M. (2007) Green infrastructure – Innovative landscape planning for multi-functional environments? Paper presented at the meeting of Fábos Landscape Planning and Greenways Symposium, Amherst, MA, March.
   Google Scholar
• Mimura, N., Nurse, L., McLean, R. F., Agard, J., Briguglio, L., Lefale, P., Payet, R. & Sem, G. (2007) Small Islands, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 687–716. Available at http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter16.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Morton, B., Britton, J. C. & Martins, A. M. (1998) Ecologia Costeira dos Açores [Coastal Ecology of the Azores] (Ponta Delgada: Sociedade Afonso Chaves).
   Google Scholar
• Mulongoy, K. J. & Chape, S. (Eds) (2004) Protected Areas and Biodiversity – An Overview of Key Issues (Montreal/Cambridge, UK: CBD Secretariat /UNEP-WCMC). ISBN: 92-804-2404-5.
   Google Scholar
• Mulongoy, K. J., Webbe, J., Ferreira, M. & Mittermeier, C. (2006) The Wealth of Islands – A Global Call for Conservation, Special Issue of the CBD Technical Series (Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity). ISBN: 92-9225-049-3. Available at https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/island-brochure-en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Naumann, S., Davis, M., Kaphengst, T., Pieterse, M. & Rayment, M. (2011) Design, Implementation and Cost Elements of Green Infrastructure Projects, Final Report to the European Commission, DG Environment, Contract No. 070307/2010/577182/ETU/F.1, Ecologic Institute and GHK Consulting. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/biodiversity/pdf/GI_DICE_FinalReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Petit, J. & Prudent, G. (Eds) (2010) Climate Change and Biodiversity in the European Union Overseas Entities (Gland: IUCN). ISBN: 978-2-8317-1315-1.
   Google Scholar
• PMAB. (2005) Plano Municipal de Ambiente do Barreiro, Programa de Acção – Corredores Verdes e Estrutura Ecológica – Bases Territoriais para um Futuro Sustentável [Environmental municipal plan for Barreiro, action programme - Green corridors and ecological structure - territorial basis for a sustainable future] (Lisbon: Centro de Estudos sobre Cidades e Vilas Sustentáveis, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente and Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia/Universidade Nova de Lisboa).
   Google Scholar
• Regional Legislative Decree No. 15/2012/A of 2012 April 2, Establishes the Legal Regime of Nature Conservation and Biodiversity Protection. Available at http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2012/04/06600/0162501713.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Regional Legislative Decree No. 18/2011/M of 2011 August 11, Establishes a Transitional Regime for the Application to Madeira Autonomous Region of the Legal Framework of the National Ecological Reserve and the National Agricultural Reserve.
   Google Scholar
• Regional Legislative Decree No. 20/2008/A of 2008 July 9, Creates the Island Natural Park of Pico. Available at https://dre.pt/application/file/456372
   Google Scholar
• Regional Legislative Decree No. 32/2008/A of 2008 July 28, Establishes the Legal Regime of the Regional Agricultural Reserve. Available at https://dre.pt/application/file/454636
   Google Scholar
• Regional Legislative Decree No. 35/2012/A of 2012 August 16, Defines the Coordination Regime for the Territorial Management System, the General Land Use Regime and the Regime for Elaboration, Accompaniment, Approval, Execution and Evaluation of the Azores Autonomous Region Territorial Management Instruments. Available at http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2012/08/15800/0449204561.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rietbergen, S., Hammond, T., Sayegh, C., Hesselink, F. & Mooney, K. (2007) Island Voices – Island Choices: Developing Strategies for Living with Rapid Ecosystem Change in Small Islands (Gland: IUCN). ISBN: 978-2-8317-1030-3.
   Google Scholar
• Sandström, C. & Widmark, C. (2007) Stakeholders’ perceptions of consultations as tools for co-management – A case study of the forestry and reindeer herding sectors in northern Sweden, Forest Policy and Economics, 10, pp. 25–35. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2007.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEP. (2015) Ecosystem Services and the Environment, In-depth Report 11 produced for the European Commission, DG Environment by the Science Communication Unit, UWE (Bristol: Science for Environment Policy). Available at http://ec.europa.eu/science-environment-policy
   Google Scholar
• Stankey, G. H., Cole, D. N., Lucas, R. C., Petersen, M. E. & Frissell, S. S. (1985) The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) System for Wilderness Planning, (Ogden: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station). Available at http://www.fs.fed.us/cdt/carrying_capacity/lac_system_for_wilderness_planning_1985_GTR_INT_176.pdf10.5962/bhl.title.109310
   Google Scholar
• Suárez de Vivero, J. L. (1995) Atlantic archipelagic regions: Self-government and ocean management in the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, Ocean & Coastal Management, 27, pp. 47–71. doi:10.1016/0964-5691(95)00028-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundseth, K. (2009) Natura 2000 in the Macaronesian Region (Luxembourg: European Commission Environment Directorate General). doi:10.2779/81690.
   Google Scholar
• SWD. (2013) Commission Staff Working Document on Technical information on Green Infrastructure (GI), No. 155 Final (Brussels: European Commission). Available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/docs/green_infrastructures/1_EN_autre_document_travail_service_part1_v2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• TWB. (2013) What is Governance? (The World Bank (TWB)). Available at http://go.worldbank.org/G2CHLXX0Q0 (accessed 15 October 2015).
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2016) Consolidation of Cape Verde protected Areas. Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=2279 (accessed 13 March 2016).
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme. (2016) 1382 Cape Verde – Ecosystem Management in and Around Protected Areas. Available at http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/focus_areas/ecosystems_and_biodiversity/projects/cape_verde_-_ecosystemmanagementinprotectedareas.html (accessed 13 March 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Vergílio, M. H. S. & Calado, H. M. G. P. (2015) The concept of the Portuguese national ecological reserve: Constraints and impossibilities in the Azores archipelago, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(6), pp. 1015–1033. doi:10.1080/09640568.2014.907134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, H. (2011) Understanding green infrastructure: The development of a contested concept in England, Local Environment, 16(10), pp. 1003–1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2011.631993.10.1080/13549839.2011.631993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanakis, S. H., Solomon, A., Wishart, N. & Dublish, S. (1998) Multi-attribute decision making: A simulation comparison of select methods, European Journal of Operational Research, 107, pp. 507–529. doi:10.1016/S0377-2217(97)00147-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar