Do comprehensive plans plan to prevent displacement? An analysis of four regions experiencing gentrification in the United States

References

• Atkinson, R., & Bridge, G. (2005) Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism (London: Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Balsas, C. (2012) What about plan evaluation: Integrating evaluation in urban planning studio’s pedagogy, Planning Practice & Research, 27(4), pp. 475–494. doi:10.1080/02697459.2012.680274.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, L. K. (2020) Equity planning when the rubber meets the road: Adopting inclusionary housing policies in Portland, Oregon, in: R. Willson (Ed) Reflective Planning Practice, pp. 152–173 (New York: Routledge). doi:10.4324/9780429290275.
   Google Scholar
• Benton, M. (2022) The glorious future never came: An interpretive narrative analysis of the 1947 St. Louis City Plan, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 42(3), pp. 413–423. doi:10.1177/0739456X19826216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berke, P., & Godschalk, D. (2009) Searching for the good plan: A meta-analysis of plan quality studies, Journal of Planning Literature, 23(3), pp. 227–240. doi:10.1177/0885412208327014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancur, J. J. (2002) The politics of gentrification: The case of West Town in Chicago, Urban Affairs Review, 37(6), pp. 780–814. doi:10.1177/107874037006002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkley, C., & Stahmer, C. (2021) What is in a plan?: Using natural language processing to read 461 California city general plans, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 44(2), pp. 632–648. doi:10.1177/0739456X21995890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Department of Housing & Community Development (2020) AB 686 summary of requirements in Housing Element Law Government Code Section 8899.50, 65583(c)(5), 65583(c)(1), 65583.2(a). (Sacramento, CA: State of California - Business, Consumer Services and Housing Agency). Available at https://www.hcd.ca.gov/community-development/housing-element/housing-element-memos/docs/ab686_summaryhousingelementfinal_04222020.pdf (accessed 22 November 2023).
   Google Scholar
• California Department of Housing & Community Development (2023) Affirmatively furthering fair housing. (Sacramento, CA: State of California). Available at https://www.hcd.ca.gov/planning-and-community-development/affirmatively-furthering-fair-housing (accessed 22 November 2023).
   Google Scholar
• California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (2014) NEPA and CEQA: Integrating federal and state environmental reviews. (Sacramento, CA: State of California). Available at https://opr.ca.gov/ceqa/docs/NEPA_CEQA_Handbook_Feb2014.pdf (accessed 22 November 2023).
   Google Scholar
• California Housing Partnership (2022) Affordable housing map & benefits calculator. (San Francisco, CA: California Housing Partnership). Available at https://chpc.net/datatools/affordablehomes/ (accessed 18 November 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Chapple, K. (2017) Income inequality and urban displacement: The new gentrification, New Labor Forum, 26(1), pp. 84–93. doi:10.1177/1095796016682018.
   Google Scholar
• Chapple, K., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2019) Transit-Oriented Displacement or Community Dividends? Understanding the Effects of Smarter Growth on Communities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
   Google Scholar
• Chapple, K., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2021) White paper on anti-displacement strategy effectiveness. (Berkeley, CA: Urban Displacement Project). Available at https://www.urbandisplacement.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/19RD018-Anti-Displacement-Strategy-Effectiveness.pdf (accessed 22 April 2024).
   Google Scholar
• Chapple, K., Loukaitou-Sideris, A., Miller, A., & Zeger, C. (2022) The role of local housing policies in preventing displacement: A literature review, Journal of Planning Literature, 38(2), pp. 200–214. doi:10.1177/08854122221137859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapple, K., Thomas, T., & Zuk, M. (2021) Urban displacement project. (Berkeley, CA: Urban Displacement Project). Available at https://www.urbandisplacement.org/ (accessed 18 November 2023).
   Google Scholar
• City of Berkeley (2002) Introduction (Berkeley, CA: City of Berkeley). Available at https://berkeleyca.gov/sites/default/files/documents/01_Introduction-FINAL.pdf (accessed 12 October 2021).
   Google Scholar
• City of La Verne (1998) Small Town, Big Picture: City of La Verne General Plan. (La Verne, CA: City of La Verne). Available at https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59766cd7d1758efea63f3349/t/599dabe6c534a51e57409467/1503505417726/LaVerneGeneralPlan.pdf (accessed 28 July 2021).
   Google Scholar
• City of Oakland (2014) Final Draft 2015-2023 Oakland Housing Element. (Oakland, CA: City of Oakland). Available at https://oaklandca.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/government/o/PBN/OurOrganization/PlanningZoning/oak050271.pdf (accessed 28 July 2021).
   Google Scholar
• City of Portland (2020) 2035 Comprehensive Plan as Amended, Effective March 2020. (Portland, OR: City of Portland). Available at https://efiles.portlandoregon.gov/Record/13555558 (accessed 20 March 2021).
   Google Scholar
• City of San Jose (2011) Envision San José 2040. (San Jose, CA: City of San Jose). Available at https://www.sanjoseca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/22359/637928744399330000 (accessed 1 October 2023).
   Google Scholar
• City of San Jose (2015) Chapter 4: Housing Element. (San Jose, CA: City of San Jose). Available at https://www.hcd.ca.gov/housing-elements/docs/san_jose_5th_draft100314.pdf (accessed 12 April 2024).
   Google Scholar
• Curran, W. (2007). “From the frying pan to the oven”: Gentrification and the experience of industrial displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Urban Studies, 44(8), 1427–1440. doi:10.1080/00420980701373438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran, W. (2018) “Mexicans love red” and other gentrification myths: Displacements and contestations in the gentrification of Pilsen, Chicago, USA, Urban Studies, 55(8), pp. 1711–1728. doi:10.1177/0042098017736503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado, E., & Swanson, K. (2021) Gentefication in the barrio: Displacement and urban change in Southern California, Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(7), pp. 925–940. doi:10.1080/07352166.2019.1680245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of City Planning, City of New York (2008) Community Board 9, Borough of Manhattan: 197-A Plan for Community District 9: Hamilton Heights, Manhattanville, Morningside Heights. New York City: City of New York. Available at https://www.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/community/197a-plans/mn9_hamilton_manhattanville_197a.pdf (accessed 1 October 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, R., McQuade, T., & Qian, F. (2019) The effects of rent control expansion on tenants, landlords, and inequality: Evidence from San Francisco, American Economic Review, 109(9), pp. 3365–3394. doi:10.1257/aer.20181289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easton, S., Lees, L., Hubbard, P., & Tate, N. (2020) Measuring and mapping displacement: The problem of quantification in the battle against gentrification, Urban Studies, 57(2), pp. 286–306. doi:10.1177/0042098019851953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finio, N. (2022) Measurement and definition of gentrification in urban studies and planning, Journal of Planning Literature, 37(2), pp. 249–264. doi:10.1177/08854122211051603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, X., & Tang, Z. (2013) Planning for drought-resilient communities: An evaluation of local comprehensive plans in the fastest growing counties in the US, Cities, 32: pp. 60–69. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2013.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons, J. (2023) Examining the long-term influence of New Deal era redlining on contemporary gentrification, Urban Studies, 60(14), pp. 2816–2834. doi:10.1177/00420980231160469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, R. L. (1964) London: Aspects of Change (London: MacGibbon & Kee).
   Google Scholar
• Goetz, E. G., Williams, R. A., & Damiano, A. (2020) Whiteness and urban planning, Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(2), pp. 142–156. doi:10.1080/01944363.2019.1693907.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough, M. Z. (2015) Reconciling livability and sustainability: Conceptual and practical implications for planning, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35(2), pp. 145–160. doi:10.1177/0739456X15570320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyadeen, D., & Seasons, M. (2016) Plan evaluation: Challenges and directions for future research, Planning Practice & Research, 31(2), pp. 215–228. doi:10.1080/02697459.2015.1081335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, N., Grant, J. L., & Habib, M. A. (2017) Planners’ perceptions of why Canadian communities have too many plans, Planning Practice & Research, 32(3), pp. 243–258. doi:10.1080/02697459.2017.1279918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamnett, C., & Williams, P. (1980) Social change in London: A study of gentrification, The London Journal, 6(1), pp. 51–66. doi:10.1179/ldn.1980.6.1.51.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, L. D., & Knaap, G.-J. (2018) Autonomous panning: Using plans as signals, Planning Theory, 17(2), pp. 274–295. doi:10.1177/1473095216669868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005) Three approaches to qualitative content analysis, Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), pp. 1277–1288. doi:10.1177/1049732305276687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyra, D. S. (2015) The back-to-the-city movement: Neighbourhood redevelopment and processes of political and cultural displacement, Urban Studies, 52(10), pp. 1753–1773. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014539403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwaniec, D., & Wiek, A. (2014) Advancing sustainability visioning practice in planning–The general plan update in Phoenix, Arizona, Planning, Practice & Research, 29(5), pp. 543–568. doi:10.1080/02697459.2014.977004.
   Google Scholar
• Jelks, N. O., Jennings, V., & Rigolon, A. (2021) Green gentrification and health: A scoping review, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), pp. 907. doi:10.3390/ijerph18030907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees, L. (2003) Super-gentrification: The case of Brooklyn Heights, New York City, Urban Studies, 40(12), pp. 2487–2509. doi:10.1080/0042098032000136174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester, T. W., & Hartley, D. A. (2014) The long term employment impacts of gentrification in the 1990s, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 45, pp. 80–89. doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2014.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, D., Comey, J., & Padilla, S. (2007) In the face of gentrification: Case studies of local efforts to mitigate displacement, Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law, 16(3), pp. 238–315. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26843936
   Google Scholar
• Ley, D. (1986) Alternative explanations for inner-city gentrification: A Canadian assessment, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 76(4), pp. 521–535. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2562708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, L., Warner, M. E., & Homsy, G. C. (2020) When do plans matter?, Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(1), pp. 60–74. doi:10.1080/01944363.2019.1667262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh, C. G. (2011) Assessing and interpreting non-conformance in land-use planning implementation, Planning Practice & Research, 26(3), pp. 271–287. doi:10.1080/02697459.2011.580111.
   Google Scholar
• Loh, C. G., Ashley, A., Durham, L., & Williams, A. (2021) Municipal arts and cultural plans: Implementation and impact, Planning Practice & Research, 38(2), pp. 177–195. doi:10.1080/02697459.2023.2178704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh, C. G., & Kim, R. (2021) Are we planning for equity? Equity goals and recommendations in local comprehensive plans, Journal of the American Planning Association, 87(2), pp. 181–196. doi:10.1080/01944363.2020.1829498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Los Angeles City Planning (2022) Plans and Policies: Existing Community Plans (Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles City Planning). Available at https://planning.lacity.org/plans-policies/community-plans (accessed 20 November 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Lyles, W., & Stevens, M. (2014) Plan quality evaluation 1994–2012: Growth and contributions, limitations, and new directions, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 34(4), pp. 433–450. doi:10.1177/0739456X14549752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullenbach, L. E., & Wilhelm Stanis, S. A. (2022) Climate change adaptation plans: Inclusion of health, equity, and green space, Journal of Urban Affairs, 46(4), pp. 701–716. doi:10.1080/07352166.2022.2091449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman, S. (2011) The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Preis, B., Janakiraman, A., Bob, A., & Steil, J. (2020) Mapping gentrification and displacement pressure: An exploration of four distinct methodologies, Urban Studies, 58(2), pp. 405–424. doi:10.1177/0042098020903011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey-Musolf, D. (2017) State mandates, housing elements, and low-income housing production, Journal of Planning Literature, 32(2), pp. 117–140. doi:10.1177/0885412217693569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayle, L. (2015) Investigating the connection between transit-oriented development and displacement: Four hypotheses, Housing Policy Debate, 25(3), pp. 531–548. doi:10.1080/10511482.2014.951674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, L., Wood, S., Burgy, D., Eley, C., Guerra, M., Howard, T., Ledesma, E., Mitra, A., Ochoa, M., Perkins, A., Stowell, C., & Vazquez, M. (2019) Planning for Equity Policy Guide (Chicago, IL: American Planning Association) Available at https://planning-org-uploaded-media.s3.amazonaws.com/publication/download_pdf/Planning-for-Equity-Policy-Guide-rev.pdf (accessed 20 November 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Sandoval, G. F. (2018) Planning the barrio: Ethnic identity and struggles over transit-oriented, development-induced gentrification, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 41(4), pp. 410–424. doi:10.1177/0739456X18793714.
   Google Scholar
• San Francisco Planning Department (2014) 2014 Housing Element. (San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Planning Department). Available at https://generalplan.sfplanning.org/2014HousingElement-AllParts_ADOPTED_web.pdf (accessed 20 October 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Sarmiento, C. S., & Sims, J. R. (2015) Façades of equitable development: Santa Ana and the affordable housing complex, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35(3), pp. 323–336. doi:10.1177/0739456X15586629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, P. (2018) The Scales of Gentrification, Planning Magazine. (Chicago, IL: American Planning Association). Available at https://www.planning.org/planning/2018/dec/scalesofgentrification/ (accessed 20 October 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Smith, G. S., Breakstone, H., Dean, L. T., & Thorpe, R. J., Jr. (2020) Impacts of gentrification on health in the US: A systematic review of the literature, Journal of Urban Health, 97(6), pp. 845–856. doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00448-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. (1979) Toward a theory of gentrification a back to the city movement by capital, not people, Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4), pp. 538–548. doi:10.1080/01944367908977002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solis, M. (2020) Racial equity in planning organizations, Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(3), pp. 297–303. doi:10.1080/01944363.2020.1742189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers, B. T. (2021) Reclaiming the chocolate city: Soundscapes of gentrification and resistance in Washington, DC, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 39(1), pp. 30–46. doi:10.1177/0263775820978242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tett, A., & Wolfe, J. M. (1991) Discourse analysis and city plans, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 10(3), pp. 195–200. doi:10.1177/0739456X9101000306.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, T., Hartmann, C., Driscoll, A., Chapple, K., Cash, A., Elias, R. R., & Zuk, M. (2020) The Urban Displacement Replication Project. (Berkeley, CA: Urban Displacement Project). Available at https://www.urbandisplacement.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/udp_replication_project_methodology_10.16.2020-converted.pdf (accessed 20 November 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Wylyn, E., Newman, K., Schafran, A., & Lee, E. (2010) Displacing New York, Environment and Planning A, 42(11), pp. 2602–2623. doi:10.1068/a42519.
   Google Scholar
• Zuk, M. (2019) Preventing gentrification-induced displacement in the U.S.: A review of the literature and a call for evaluation research, in: K. B. Anacker, M. T. Nguyen, & D. P. Varady (Eds) The Routledge Handbook of Housing Policy and Planning, pp. 302–316 (New York: Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Zuk, M., Bierbaum, A. H., Chapple, K., Gorska, K., & Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2018) Gentrification, displacement, and the role of public investment, Journal of Planning Literature, 33(1), pp. 31–44. doi:10.1177/0885412217716439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar