Cocaine-associated stroke: three cases and rehabilitation considerations

References

• GARRISON, S. J. and ROLAK, L. A.: Rehabilitaion of the stroke patient. In: J. A. DeLisa (editor) Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practice, 2nd edn (Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company), pp. 801–824,1993.
   Google Scholar
• STRICKLAND, T. L. and STEIN, R.: Cocaine-induced cerebrovascular impairment: challenges to neuropsychological assessment. Neuropsychology Review, 5: 69–79,1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MENDLESON, J. H. and MELLO, N. K: Cocaine and other commonly abused drugs. In K. J. Isselbacher, E. Braunwald, J. D. Wilson, J. B. Martin, A. S. Fauci and D. L. Kasper (editors). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th edn (New York: McGraw-Hill), pp. 2429–2433, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• RITCHIE, j. M. and GREENE, N. M.: Local anesthetics. In A. G. Gilman, T. W. Rail, A. S. Nies and P. Taylor (editors), Pharmacological Basis of Theraputics, 8th edn (New York: Pergamon Press), pp. 311–331,1990.
   Google Scholar
• KOKKINOS, J. and LEVINE, S. R.: Stroke. Neurological Clinics, 11: 577–590,1993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FREDERICKS, R. K., LEFKOWITZ, D. S., CHALLA, V. R. et al.: Cerebral vasculitis associated with cocaine abuse. Stroke, 22: 1437–1439, 1991.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KAUFMAN, M. J., LEVIN, J. M., ROSS, M. H. et al.: Cocaine-induced cerebal vasconstriction detected in humans with a magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA, 279: 376–380, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KONZEN, J. P., LEVINE, S. R. and GARCIA, J. N.: Vasospasm and thrombus formation as possible mechanisms of stroke related to alkaloidal cocaine. Stroke, 26: 1114–1118, 1995.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LEVINE, S. R., BRUST, J. C. M., FUTRELL, N. et al.: Cerebovascular complications of the use of the 'crack' form of alkaloidal cocaine. New England Journal of Medicine, 323: 699–704, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• SAUER, C. M.: Recurrent embolic stroke and cocaine-related cardiomyopathy. Stroke, 22: 1203–1205, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN, K., ROGERS, T. and KAVANAUGH, A.: Central nervous system angiopathy associated with cocaine abuse. Journal of Rheumatology 22: 780–782, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRUST, J. C. M.: Clinical, radiological, and pathological aspects of cerebrovascular disease associ-ated with drug abuse. Stroke, 24: 1129–1135, 1993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• QURESHE, A. I., AKBAR, M. S., CZANDER_, E. et al.: Crack cocaine use and stroke in young patients. Neurology, 48: 341–345, 1997.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• POST, R. M.: Cocaine psychoses: a continuum model. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132: 225–231, 1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALLOWAY, M. P.: Neurochemical interactions of cocaine with dopaminergic systems. Trends in Pharmalogical Science, 9: 452–454, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• VOLKOW, N. D., WOLF, A. P., DEWEY, S. et al.: Measurements of postsynaptic dopamine receptors in chronic cocaine abusers. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 30: 730, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• ARDILA, A., ROSSFIT I, M. and STRUMWASSER, S.: Neuropsychological deficits in cocaine abusers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 57: 73–79, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STRICKLAND, T. L., MENA, I., VILLANUEVA-MEYER, J. et al.: Cerebral perfusion and neuro-psychological consequences of chronic cocaine use. Journal of Neuropsycharity and Clinical Neuroscience, 5: 419–427, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EVAN, R., GUALTIERI, T. and PATTERSON, D.: Treatment of chronic closed head injury with psychostimulant drugs: a controlled case study and appropriate evaluation procedure. Journal of Nervous Mental Diseases, 175: 106–110, 1987.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHYTE, J., HAR T., SCHUSTER K., et al.: Effects of methylphenidate on attention function after traumatic brain injury: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 76: 440–450, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• KAELIN, D. L., CIFU, D. X. and MATTHIES, B.: Methylphenidate effect on attention deficit in the acutely brain injured adult. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 77: 6–9, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WROBLEWSKI, B. A. and GLENN, M. B.: Pharmacological treatment of arousal and cognitive deficits. Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 9: 19–42, 1994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CATSMAN-BERREVOETS, C. E. and HARSKANIP, F.: Compulsive pre-sleep behavior and apathy due to bilateral thalamic stroke: response to bromocriptine. Neurology, 38: 647–649, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• ROSENTHAL, M, CHRISTENSEN, B. K. and ROSS, T. P.: Depression following traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 79: 90–103, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRADE, C., REDFORD, B., CHROSTOWSKI, J. et al.: Methylphenidate in early poststroke recovery: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 79: 1047–1050, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STARKSTEIN, S. E. and ROBINSON, R. G.: Depression in cerebrovascular disease. In: S. E. Starkstein and R. Robinson (editors), Depression in Neurological Disease (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press), pp. 28–49, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• KLEINMAN, P. H., MILLER, A. D., MILLMAN, R. B. et al.: Psychopathology among cocaine abusers entering treatment. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 178: 442–447, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORNELIUS, J. R., SALLOUM, I. M., THASE, M. E. et al.: Fluoxetine versus placebo in depressed alcoholic cocaine abusers. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 34: 117–121, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PETRAKIS, I., CARR_OLL, K. M., NIGH, C. et al.: Fluoxetine treatment of depressive disorders in methadone-maintained opioid addicts. Drug and Alcohol Dependancy, 50: 221–226, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• TERRY, P. and KATZ, J. L.: Dopaminergic mediation of the discriminative stimulus effects of bupropion in rats. Psychopharmacology-Berlin, 134: 201–212, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAVOUSSI, R .J., SEGRAVES, R. T., HUGHES, A. R. et al.: Double-blind comparison of bupropion sustained release and sertraline in depressed outpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58: 532–537, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANTWELL, D. P.: ADHD through the life span: the role of bupropion in treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59: 92–94, 1998.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DUNNER, D. L., ZISOOK, S., BILLOW, A. A. et al.: A prospective safety surveillance study for bupropion sustained release in the treatment of depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59: 366–373, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WROBLEWSKI, B. W., MCC OLGAN, K., SMITH, K. et al.: The incidence of seizures during tricyclic antidepressant drug treatment in a brain injured population. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10: 124–128, 1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INOUE, T TSUCHIYA, K., MIURA, J. et al.: Bromocriptine treatment of tricyclic and hetrocyclic antidepressant-resistant depression. Biological Psychiatry, 40: 151–153, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• FIEDLER, R. C., GRANGER, C. V. and RUSSELL, C. F: Uniform Data System for medical rehabili-tation: report offirst admission for 1997. American Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation 77: 444–450, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar