Suicide in professional American football players in the past 95 years

References

• McKee AC, Stein TD, Nowinski CJ, Stern RA, Daneshvar DH, Alvarez VE, Lee HS, Hall G, Wojtowicz SM, Baugh CM, et al. The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain 2013;136:43–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern RA, Daneshvar DH, Baugh CM, Seichepine DR, Montenigro PH, Riley DO, Fritts NG, Stamm JM, Robbins CA, McHale L, et al. Clinical presentation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Neurology 2013;81:1122–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavett BE, Stern RA, McKee AC. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a potential late effect of sport-related concussive and subconcussive head trauma. Clinical Sports Medicine 2011;30:179–188, xi.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern RA, Riley DO, Daneshvar DH, Nowinski CJ, Cantu RC, McKee AC. Long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma: chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2011;3(10 Suppl 2):S460–467.
   Google Scholar
• Baugh CM, Stamm JM, Riley DO, Gavett BE, Shenton ME, Lin A, Nowinski CJ, Cantu RC, McKee AC, Stern RA. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: neurodegeneration following repetitive concussive and subconcussive brain trauma. Brain Imaging & Behavior 2012;6:244–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omalu BI, Bailes J, Hammers JL, Fitzsimmons RP. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, suicides and parasuicides in professional American athletes: the role of the forensic pathologist. American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology 2010;31:130–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omalu B. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Progress in Neurological Surgery 2014;28:38–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iverson GL. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and risk of suicide in former athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2014;48:162–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wortzel HS, Shura RD, Brenner LA. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and suicide: a systematic review. Biomed Research International 2013;2013:424280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maroon JC, Winkelman R, Bost J, Amos A, Mathyssek C, Miele V. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in contact sports: a systematic review of all reported pathological cases. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0117338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson GL. Suicide and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience 2016;28:9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron SL, Hein MJ, Lehman E, Gersic CM. Body mass index, playing position, race, and the cardiovascular mortality of retired professional football players. American Journal of Cardiology 2012;109:889–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martland HS. Punch drunk. Journal of the American Medical Association 1928;19:1103–1107.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts A. Brain damage in boxers: a study of prevalence of traumatic encephalopathy among ex-professional boxers. London: Pitman Medical Scientific Publishing Co.; 1969.
   Google Scholar
• McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, Hedley-Whyte ET, Gavett BE, Budson AE, Santini VE, Lee HS, Kubilus CA, Stern RA. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 2009;68:709–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omalu BI, Hamilton RL, Kamboh MI, DeKosky ST, Bailes J. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a National Football League Player: case report and emerging medicolegal practice questions. Journal of Forensic Nursing 2010;6:40–46.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner A, Iverson GL, McCrory P. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sport: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2014;48:84–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gardner CO. Genetic risk, number of previous depressive episodes, and stressful life events in predicting onset of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001;158:582–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe SM, Harkness KL. Life stress, the “kindling” hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychological Review 2005;112:417–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder EB, Nemeroff CB. The CRF system, stress, depression and anxiety-insights from human genetic studies. Molecular Psychiatry 2010;15:574–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000;157:1552–1562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim C, Newport DJ, Mletzko T, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB. The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008;33:693–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler KS, Hettema JM, Butera F, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003;60:789–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999;156:837–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson JH, Slater MA, Patterson TL, Grant I, Garfin SR. Prevalence, onset, and risk of psychiatric disorders in men with chronic low back pain: a controlled study. Pain 1991;45:111–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbain DA, Cutler R, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. Chronic pain–associated depression: antecedent or consequence of chronic pain? A review. Clinical Journal of Pain 1997;13:116–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell LC, Clauw DJ, Keefe FJ. Persistent pain and depression: a biopsychosocial perspective. Biological Psychiatry 2003;54:399–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N, Schultz LR, Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Lucia VC, Welch KM. Headache and major depression: is the association specific to migraine? Neurology 2000;54:308–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N, Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Schultz LR, Welch KM. Comorbidity of migraine and depression: investigating potential etiology and prognosis. Neurology 2003;60:1308–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM, Lemoine P. [Daytime consequences of insomnia complaints in the French general population]. Encephale 2004;30:222–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1069–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravven S, Bader C, Azar A, Rudolph JL. Depressive symptoms after CABG surgery: a meta-analysis. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2013;21:59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG. Natural history, predictors and outcomes of depression after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2013;202:14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng L, Chen D, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Hui R. Depression increases the risk of hypertension incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of Hypertension 2012;30:842–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medici M, Direk N, Visser WE, Korevaar TI, Hofman A, Visser TJ, Tiemeier H, Peeters RP. Thyroid function within the normal range and the risk of depression: a population-based cohort study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2014;99:1213–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarrouf FA, Artz S, Griffith J, Sirbu C, Kommor M. Testosterone and depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2009;15:289–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeap BB. Hormonal changes and their impact on cognition and mental health of ageing men. Maturitas 2014;79:227–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khera M. Patients with testosterone deficit syndrome and depression. Archivos Espanoles de Urologia 2013;66:729–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreutzer JS, Seel RT, Gourley E. The prevalence and symptom rates of depression after traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive examination. Brain Injury 2001;15:563–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seel RT, Kreutzer JS, Rosenthal M, Hammond FM, Corrigan JD, Black K. Depression after traumatic brain injury: a National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Model Systems multicenter investigation. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2003;84:177–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver JM, Kramer R, Greenwald S, Weissman M. The association between head injuries and psychiatric disorders: findings from the New Haven NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Brain Injury 2001;15:935–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes DE, Alexopoulos GS, Lopez OL, Williamson JD, Yaffe K. Depressive symptoms, vascular disease, and mild cognitive impairment: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2006;63:273–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djamshidian A, Friedman JH. Anxiety and depression in Parkinson’s disease. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 2014;16:285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskind MA. Diagnosis and treatment of depression comorbid with neurologic disorders. American Journal of Medicine 2008;121(11 Suppl 2):S28–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster T. Adverse life events proximal to adult suicide: a synthesis of findings from psychological autopsy studies. Archives of Suicide Research 2011;15:1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson T, Elliott P, Roberts R. The relationship between personal unsecured debt and mental and physical health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 2013;33:1148–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock MK, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Kessler RC. Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behavior: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular Psychiatry 2010;15:868–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox HC, Conner KR, Caine ED. Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: an empirical review of cohort studies. Drug & Alcohol Depend 2004;76(Suppl):S11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott KM, Hwang I, Chiu WT, Kessler RC, Sampson NA, Angermeyer M, Beautrais A, Borges G, Bruffaerts R, de Graaf R, et al. Chronic physical conditions and their association with first onset of suicidal behavior in the world mental health surveys. Psychosomatic Medicine 2010;72:712–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Hirsch JK, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Health status and suicide in the second half of life. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2010;25:371–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang NK, Crane C. Suicidality in chronic pain: a review of the prevalence, risk factors and psychological links. Psychological Medicine 2006;36:575–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooley JM, Franklin JC, Nock MK. Chronic pain and suicide: understanding the association. Current Pain & Headache Reports 2014;18:435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner KR, Houston RJ, Swogger MT, Conwell Y, You S, He H, Gamble SA, Watts A, Duberstein PR. Stressful life events and suicidal behavior in adults with alcohol use disorders: role of event severity, timing, and type. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 2012;120:155–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Q, Li H, Silenzio V, Caine ED. Suicide contagion: a systematic review of definitions and research utility. PLoS ONE 2014;9:e108724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang AC, Tsai SJ, Yang CH, Shia BC, Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Peng CK, Huang NE. Suicide and media reporting: a longitudinal and spatial analysis. Social Psychiatry& Psychiatric Epidemiology 2013;48:427–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisask M, Varnik A. Media roles in suicide prevention: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 2012;9:123–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir DR, Jackson JS, Sonnega A. National Football League Player Care Foundation: study of retired NFL players. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Schwenk TL, Gorenflo DW, Dopp RR, Hipple E. Depression and pain in retired professional football players. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2007;39:599–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez HM, Tarraf W, Whitfield KE, Vega WA. The epidemiology of major depression and ethnicity in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2010;44:1043–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottler LB, Ben Abdallah A, Cummings SM, Barr J, Banks R, R. Forchheimer Injury, pain, and prescription opioid use among former National Football League (NFL) players. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 2011;116:188–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar