Sex, race, ADHD, and prior concussions as predictors of concussion recovery in adolescents

References

• National Federation of State High School Associations. 2017-18 High school athletics participation survey results; 2018. https://www.nfhs.org/ParticipationStatistics/ParticipationStatistics/.
   Google Scholar
• Bryan MA, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Comstock RD, Rivara F. Sports- and recreation-related concussions in US youth. Pediatrics. 2016;138(1):e20154635–e20154635. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-4635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ransom DM, Vaughan CG, Pratson L, Sady MD, McGill CA, Gioia GA. Academic effects of concussion in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2015;135(6):1043–50. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker JG, Leddy JJ, Darling SR, Rieger BP, Mashtare TL, Sharma T, Willer BS. Factors associated with problems for adolescents returning to the classroom after sport-related concussion. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2015;54(10):961–68. doi:10.1177/0009922815588820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• List J, Ott S, Bukowski M, Lindenberg R, Floel A. Cognitive function and brain structure after recurrent mild traumatic brain injuries in young-to-middle-aged adults. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:228. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manley G, Gardner AJ, Schneider KJ, Guskiewicz KM, Bailes J, Cantu RC, Castellani RJ, Turner M, Jordan BD, Randolph C, et al. A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(12):969–77. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang AL, Sing DC, Rugg CM, Feeley BT, Senter C. The rise of concussions in the adolescent population. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(8):2325967116662458. doi:10.1177/2325967116662458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves JM, Rivara FP, Vavilala MS. Health care costs 1 year after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(10):e35–41. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giza CC, Kutcher JS, Ashwal S, Barth J, Getchius TS, Gioia GA, Gronseth GS, Guskiewicz K, Mandel S, Manley G, et al. Summary of evidence-based guideline update: evaluation and management of concussion in sports: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American academy of neurology. Neurology. 2013;80(24):2250–57. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828d57dd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M, Guskiewicz KM, Halstead M, Herring SA, Kutcher JS, Pana A, Putukian M, Roberts WO, et al. American medical society for sports medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(1):15–26. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumba-Brown A, Yeates KO, Sarmiento K, Breiding MJ, Haegerich TM, Gioia GA, Turner M, Benzel EC, Suskauer SJ, Giza CC, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury among children. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(11):e182853. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan CD, Zuckerman SL, Lee YM, King L, Beaird S, Sills AK, Solomon, GS. Predictors of postconcussion syndrome after sports-related concussion in young athletes: A matched case-control study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;15(6):589-598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz P, Moser RS, Covassin T, Karpf R. Early indicators of enduring symptoms in high school athletes with multiple previous concussions. Neurosurgery. 2011;68(6):1562–67. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820e382e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannix R, Iverson GL, Maxwell B, Atkins JE, Zafonte R, Berkner PD. Multiple prior concussions are associated with symptoms in high school athletes. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2014;1(6):433–38. doi:10.1002/acn3.70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chand MR, Kanwar S, Calvo C, Peck E. Influence of sex and previous concussion history on postconcussive recovery in young athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2017;1. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey KP, Hall EE, Patel K, Barnes KP, Ketcham CJ. Potential factors influencing recovery from concussion in collegiate student-athletes. J Concussion. 2017;1:205970021770708. doi:10.1177/2059700217707084.
   Google Scholar
• Asken BM, McCrea MA, Clugston JR, Snyder AR, Houck ZM, Bauer RM. “Playing through it”: delayed reporting and removal from athletic activity after concussion predicts prolonged recovery. J Athl Train. 2016;51(4):329–35. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.5.02.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau BC, Collins MW, Lovell MR. Cutoff scores in neurocognitive testing and symptom clusters that predict protracted recovery from concussions in high school athletes. Neurosurgery. 2012;70(2):371–79. doi:10.1227/NEU.0b013e31823150f0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson GL, Wojtowicz M, Brooks BL, Maxwell BA, Atkins JE, Zafonte R, Berkner, PD. High school athletes with ADHD and learning difficulties have a greater lifetime concussion history. J Atten Disord. 2016:108705471665741. doi:10.1177/1087054716657410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson LD, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, Hammeke T, Barr W, Randolph C, McCrea MA. Multiple self-reported concussions are more prevalent in athletes with ADHD and learning disability. Clin J Sport Med. 2016;26(2):120–27. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon KG, Clugston JR, Dec K, Hainline B, Herring SA, Kane S, Kontos AP, Leddy JJ, McCrea MA, Poddar SK, et al. American medical society for sports medicine position statement on concussion in sport. Clin J Sport Med. 2019;29(2):87–100. doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiger A, Goldwater E, Deibert E. Does mechanism of injury play a role in recovery from concussion? J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2015;30(3):E52-E56.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg MA, Andrea J, Meehan W, Mannix R. Time interval between concussions and symptom duration. Pediatrics. 2013;132(1):8–17. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-0432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Womble MN, McAllister-Deitrick J, Marchetti GF, Reynolds E, Collins MW, Elbin RJ, Kontos AP Risk factors for vestibular and oculomotor outcomes after sport-related concussion. Clin J Sport Med. 2019:1. doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller JH, Gill C, Kuhn EN, Rocque BG, Menendez JY, O’Neill JA, Agee BS, Brown ST, Crowther M, Davis RD, et al. Predictors of delayed recovery following pediatric sports-related concussion: A case-control study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;17(4):491–96. doi:10.3171/2015.8.PEDS14332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis-Hayes C, Gossett JD, Levine WN, Shams T, Harada J, Mitnick J, Noble J. Sex-specific outcomes and predictors of concussion recovery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017;25(12):818–28. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor KL, Baker MM, Dalton SL, Dompier TP, Broglio SP, Kerr ZY. Epidemiology of sport-related concussions in high school athletes: national athletic treatment, injury and outcomes network (NATION), 2011-2012 through 2013-2014. J Athl Train. 2017;52(3):175–85. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard C, Ditchman N, Nersessova K, Foster N, Wehman P, West M, Riedlinger B, Monasterio E, Shaw B, Neblett J, et al. Post-concussion symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury: findings from a paediatric outpatient clinic. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(6):544–50. doi:10.3109/09638288.2016.1152602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman SL, Apple RP, Odom MJ, Lee YM, Solomon GS, Sills AK. Effect of sex on symptoms and return to baseline in sport-related concussion. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;13(1):72–81. doi:10.3171/2013.9.PEDS13257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretzin AC, Covassin T, Fox ME, Petit KM, Savage JL, Walker LF, Gould D. Sex differences in the clinical incidence of concussions, missed school days, and time loss in high school student-athletes: part 1. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(9):2263–69. doi:10.1177/0363546518778251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock S, Grim R, Barron TF, Wagenheim A, Hu YE, Hendell M, Deitch J, Deibert E. Factors associated with delayed recovery in athletes with concussion treated at a pediatric neurology concussion clinic. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015;31(11):2111–16. doi:10.1007/s00381-015-2846-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramley H, Heverley S, Lewis MM, Kong L, Rivera R, Silvis M. Demographics and treatment of adolescent posttraumatic headache in a regional concussion clinic. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;52(5):493–98. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostyun RO, Hafeez I. Protracted recovery from a concussion: A focus on gender and treatment interventions in an adolescent population. Sports Health. 2015;7(1):52–57. doi:10.1177/1941738114555075.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas DJ, Coxe K, Li H, Pommering TL, Young JA, Smith GA, Yang J. Length of recovery from sports-related concussions in pediatric patients treated at concussion clinics. Clin J Sport Med. 2017. doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell DR, Stracciolini A, Geminiani E, Meehan WP 3rd. Dual-task gait differences in female and male adolescents following sport-related concussion. Gait Posture. 2017;54:284–89. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.03.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto SM, Twichell MF, Henry LC. Predictors of pharmacological intervention in adolescents with protracted symptoms after sports-related concussion. Pm & R. 2017;9(9):847–55. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.12.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ono KE, Burns TG, Bearden DJ, McManus SM, King H, Reisner A. Sex-based differences as a predictor of recovery trajectories in young athletes after a sports-related concussion. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(3):748–52. doi:10.1177/0363546515617746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes L Jr., Tworig J, Casini J, Morgan I, O’Brien K, Oceanic P,Dabney K. Implication of socio-demographics on cognitive-related symptoms in sports concussion among children. Sports Med Open. 2016;2(1):38. doi:10.1186/s40798-016-0058-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houck Z, Asken B, Clugston J, Perlstein W, Bauer R. Socioeconomic status and race outperform concussion history and sport participation in predicting collegiate athlete baseline neurocognitive scores. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2018;24(1):1–10. doi:10.1017/S1355617717000716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontos AP, Elbin RJ 3rd, Covassin T, Larson E. Exploring differences in computerized neurocognitive concussion testing between African American and White athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2010;25(8):734–44. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace J, Covassin T, Moran R, Deitrick JM. Factors contributing to disparities in baseline neurocognitive performance and concussion symptom scores between black and white collegiate athletes. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018;5(4):894–900. doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0437-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal SS, Ott SD, Padhye NS, Meininger JC, Armstrong TS. Clinical and demographic predictors of concussion resolution in adolescents: A retrospective study. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2019;8(1):50–60. doi:10.1080/21622965.2017.1381099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojcik SM. predicting mild traumatic brain injury patients at risk of persistent symptoms in the Emergency department. Brain Inj. 2014;28(4):422–30. doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.884241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange RT, Iverson GL, Rose A. Depression strongly influences postconcussion symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2011;26(2):127–37. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181e4622a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson GL, Silverberg ND, Mannix R, Maxwell BA, Atkins JE, Zafonte R, Berkner PD. Factors associated with concussion-like symptom reporting in high school athletes. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(12):1132–40. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsford J, Cameron P, Fitzgerald M, Grant M, Mikocka-Walus A, Schonberger M. Predictors of postconcussive symptoms 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology. 2012;26(3):304–13. doi:10.1037/a0027888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh FY, Lavori PW. Sample-size calculations for the cox proportional hazards regression model with nonbinary covariates. Control Clin Trials. 2000;21(6):552–60. doi:10.1016/S0197-2456(00)00104-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qiu W, Chavarro J, Lazarus R, Rosner B, Ma J. powerSurvEpi: power and sample size calculation for survival analysis of epidemiological studies. R package version 0.0.9; 2015. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=powerSurvEpi.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks BL, Mrazik M, Barlow KM, McKay CD, Meeuwisse WH, Emery CA. Absence of differences between male and female adolescents with prior sport concussion. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014;29(3):257–64. doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin T, Moran R, Wilhelm K. Concussion symptoms and neurocognitive performance of high school and college athletes who incur multiple concussions. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2885–89. doi:10.1177/0363546513499230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hang B, Babcock L, Hornung R, Ho M, Pomerantz WJ. Can computerized neuropsychological testing in the emergency department predict recovery for young athletes with concussions? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015;31(10):688–93. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000000438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teel EF, Marshall SW, Shankar V, McCrea M, Guskiewicz KM. Predicting recovery patterns after sport-related concussion. J Athl Train. 2017;52(3):288–98. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell DR, Beasley M, Vopat L, Meehan WP 3rd. The effect of prior concussion history on dual-task gait following a concussion. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(4):838–44. doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley TA, Vallabhajosula S, Oldham JR, Munkasy BA, Evans KM, Krazeise DA, Ketcham CJ, Hall EE. Evidence of a conservative gait strategy in athletes with a history of concussions. J Sport Health Sci. 2016;5(4):417–23. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2015.03.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Goikoetxea M, Cortese S, Aznarez-Sanado M, Magallon S, Luis EO, Alvarez Zallo N, Castro-Manglano P, Soutullo C, Arrondo G. Risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact of ADHD medications: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e018027. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alosco ML, Fedor AF, Gunstad J. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for concussions in NCAA division-I athletes. Brain Inj. 2014;28(4):472–74. doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.887145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson GL, Atkins JE, Zafonte R, Berkner PD. Concussion history in adolescent athletes with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurotrauma. 2016;33(23):2077–80. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikolajczyk R, Horn J, Schmedt N, Langner I, Lindemann C, Garbe E. Injury prevention by medication among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A case-only study. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(4):391–95. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio S, Cantu RC, Cassidy D, Echemendia RJ, Castellani RJ, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017:bjsports-2017-097699. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covassin T, Savage JL, Bretzin AC, Fox ME. Sex differences in sport-related concussion long-term outcomes. Int J Psychophysiol. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.09.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace J, Covassin T, Beidler E. Sex differences in high school athletes’ knowledge of sport-related concussion symptoms and reporting behaviors. J Athl Train. 2017. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.3.05.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DA, Elsass JA, Miller AJ, Reed LE, Reneker JC. Differences in symptom reporting between males and females at baseline and after a sports-related concussion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(7):1027–40. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0335-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard CO, Ponsford JA, McKinlay A, McKenzie D, Krieser D. Predictors of post-concussive symptoms in young children: injury versus non-injury related factors. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2016;22(8):793–803. doi:10.1017/S1355617716000709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris JC, Schindler SE, McCue LM, Moulder KL, Benzinger TLS, Cruchaga C, Fagan AM, Grant E, Gordon BA, Holtzman DM, et al. Assessment of racial disparities in biomarkers for alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(3):264. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.4249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christino MA, Fantry AJ, Vopat BG. Psychological aspects of recovery following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015;23(8):501–09. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr ZY, Mihalik JP, Guskiewicz KM, Rosamond WD, Evenson KR, Marshall SW. Agreement between athlete-recalled and clinically documented concussion histories in former collegiate athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(3):606–13. doi:10.1177/0363546514562180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar